SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “peer functioning”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 325 records · Page 18Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Associations among family relationships, antisocial peers, and adolescents' externalizing behaviors: gender and family type differences.

This study investigated the relations among parenting, sibling relationship, peer group, and adolescent externalizing behaviors. With data obtained from a sample of 341 male and 313 female adolescents (M age = 14.4 years) and their parents and siblings from nonstepfamilies and stepfather families, cross-sectional analyses supported the hypothesis that the contributions of parental negativity, parental monitoring, and sibling negativity to adolescents' externalizing behaviors would operate directly and also indirectly through deviant peer associations. The findings of multigroup comparison analyses suggested that the relationships between family and peer correlates and adolescent externalizing behaviors vary as a function of family type and adolescent gender.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Teacher- versus peer-mediated instruction: an ecobehavioral analysis of achievement outcomes.

In three experiments, we compared the effects of instructional arrangements that varied in: teacher versus peer mediators, methods used, levels of student academic responding generated, and content taught and tested. Instructional arrangements (i.e., tasks, structure, teacher position, teacher behavior) and students' levels of academic responding were measured by an observation system which served as an index of the independent variables. Students' accuracy on weekly spelling, arithmetic, and vocabulary tests and pre- and post-standardized achievement tests (Experiments 2 and 3 only) were the dependent variables. Results indicated that the classwide peer tutoring, compared to the teacher's procedure, produced more student academic responding and higher weekly test scores, regardless of treatment order or subject matter content (Experiment 1). The four lowest performing students in each class, in particular, benefited from peer tutoring, often performing as well as the other students. These findings were replicated in Experiments 2 and 3 wherein content taught/tested was also manipulated. Standardized test score gains were higher in those areas in which peer tutoring was used longest. Issues related to the functional analysis of instruction and achievement gain are discussed.

Achievement↗

PubMed1997

Bowel function, mental health, and psychosocial function in adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease.

Congenital intestinal malformations are uncommon and may pose lasting somatic difficulties. Patients with anorectal anomalies have a high frequency of persistent faecal dysfunction and psychosocial problems. This study examined whether adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease have more psychosocial problems than their healthy peers. Nineteen adolescents (mean age 15.7 years) with Hirschsprung's disease were assessed for bowel function, anorectal physiology, mental health, and psychosocial functioning by physical examinations, semistructured interview, and standardised questionnaires. The adolescents were compared with controls. The parents of 13 adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease were interviewed and completed questionnaires. Thirty two per cent of the adolescents with Hirschsprung's disease had significant impairment of continence, but no more psychopathology (16%) nor psychosocial dysfunction as a group than their healthy peers. Faecal incontinence was associated with poorer psychosocial functioning and parental criticism. The fact that a significant number of patients with Hirschsprung's disease have incontinence into adulthood indicates the need for parental counselling, encouraging realistic expectations about continence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

A multidimensional, case-control study of women with self-identified chronic vulvar pain.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to conduct a multidimensional evaluation of women with chronic vulvar pain. DESIGN: Fifty-seven women with self-identified vulvar pain were contrasted with 74 healthy control women. Measures were selected based on a multidimensional perspective and included questionnaires related to the core aspects of chronic pain: Pain severity, physical disability, affective distress, and marital satisfaction. RESULTS: In comparison with controls, women with vulvar pain reported significantly greater physical disability and affective distress. In women with vulvar pain, pain severity was not related to physical disability and affective distress. While women with vulvar pain scored in the normal range for marital satisfaction, they reported significantly less marital satisfaction than controls. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that the experience of persistent vulvar pain in general, rather than the level of intensity of the pain, accounts for disturbances in functioning and emotional well-being. In comparison with their peers, but not with norms, women with vulvar pain reported less marital satisfaction. A multidimensional approach to the assessment of chronic vulvar pain will lead to a greater understanding of the psychosocial functioning of women with this condition.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Individual risk and social risk as interacting determinants of victimization in the peer group.

This study evaluated the hypothesis that the behavior problems that place children at risk for victimization by peers are associated with victimization primarily when children are also at social risk for victimization. Social risk was defined as lacking supportive friends or as being rejected by the peer group. Participants were 229 boys and girls in the 3rd through 7th grades (M age = 11 years 2 months). As predicted, behavior problems (internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and physical weakness) were more strongly related to victimization when children had few friends, had friends who were incapable of fulfilling a protective function (e.g., were physically weak), or were rejected by peers than when children had more friends, had friends capable of defending them, or were better liked by peers. Results illustrate the principle that individual risk variables depend on social context for expression.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Creating and being created: the changing panorama of paediatric rehabilitation.

Paediatric rehabilitation as a discipline is rapidly changing, especially during the last decades. In the past, paediatric rehabilitation was characterized by merely adult intervention strategies in a miniaturized form, delivered by a merely adult patients-oriented profession. Theories on childhood development, however, changed, as did the focus of interventions: from impairments to function, from the child itself to family, community and peers. The call for outcome-oriented and evidence-based medicine lastly, changed paediatric rehabilitation into a mature paediatric profession with it's own scientific framework. This is reflected among other things in the increasing number of paediatric measures and instruments specifically geared to the paediatric rehabilitation profession, for example the Gross Motor Function Measure, Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory and Movement ABC. More recently, paediatric exercise physiologists are pointing to the benefits of an active lifestyle and training for patients with chronic diseases and disabilities. Several studies have evaluated the effects of such training programmes and came up with positive results. It shows that paediatric rehabilitation continues to develop as a dynamic profession, having growth, childhood development and childhood activities as it's core business.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Relationship between social perception and peer status in children with learning disabilities.

This study was undertaken to examine the social perceptual skill deficit theory in explaining the low peer acceptance of children with learning disabilities. The quality of tests measuring social perception was also examined. Thirty 9- to 12-year-old children with learning disabilities and a matched control group were given two measures of social perception: a laboratory task and a behavior rating scale. The behavior rating scale was completed by the children's teachers. In addition, the Peer Acceptance Scale (Bruininks, Rynders, & Gross, 1974) was administered to assess peer status. Results showed that the children with learning disabilities differed significantly from their nondisabled peers on each of the three measures-the children with learning disabilities obtained lower social perception and peer acceptance scores. However, the relationships between sociometric status and social perception varied as a function of task. A small but significant correlation wa found between the behavior rating scale and peer status. The laboratory task was not correlated with either the behavior rating scale or peer status. Results are discussed in terms of the psychometric properties of laboratory versus naturalistic measures of social perception and the importance of establishing the external validity of social skill measures by correlating them with outcome measures such as peer status.

Child↗

PubMed1998

Peer relationship problems in children with Tourette's disorder or diabetes mellitus.

Peer relationships, social skills, self-esteem, parental psychopathology, and family functioning of children with Tourette's disorder and a chronic disease control group of children with diabetes mellitus were compared. Children with Tourette's disorder had poorer peer relationships than their classmates and were more likely to have extreme scores reflecting increased risk for peer relationship problems than children with diabetes mellitus, but did not report self-esteem problems or social skills deficits. Measures of peer relationships were not related to severity or duration of tics. Children with Tourette's disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder were at increased risk for poor peer relationships. The psychosocial problems of children with Tourette's disorder do not appear to be the generic result of having a chronic disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Exaggerated responsiveness to thyrotrophin releasing hormone: a risk factor in women with coronary artery disease.

Thyroid function tests were performed and thyroid antibodies and serum cholesterol concentrations measured in 12 women aged 60 years or under with severe coronary artery disease proved by coronary angiography. This group was compared with 11 women with normal coronary angiography. Ten out of the 12 women with coronary artery disease had an exaggerated response of thyroid stimulating hormone to thyrotrophin releasing hormone compared with two out of 11 controls (p less than 0.008). The mean serum cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in those with coronary artery disease than in the controls. Thyroid antibodies were present in four of those with coronary artery disease and one of the controls. There was no difference in the risk factors for coronary artery disease between the two groups except for cigarette smoking. Eleven out of 12 in the coronary artery disease group smoked cigarettes compared with four out of 11 in the control group (p less than 0.01). Minimal impairment of thyroid function is an important risk factor for coronary artery disease in women.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2001

Cognitive, and behavioural and emotional functioning of young children awaiting elective cardiac surgery or catheter intervention.

AIMS: To assess the cognitive, and behavioural and emotional functioning of children aged 3 months to 7 years shortly before elective cardiac surgery or elective interventional catheterisation. METHODS: We used the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, to measure cognitive functioning. The Child Behavior Checklist was used to assess behavioural and emotional problems. RESULTS: We found no significant differences in mean cognitive scores for children scheduled for cardiac surgery or interventional catheterisation when compared with reference groups. This was also the case for children awaiting cardiac surgery as opposed to those awaiting interventional catheterisation, and for those below as compared to those above the age of 2.5 years. Overall, our results regarding behavioural and emotional functioning were comparable to those of normative reference groups. The only difference found was that the children scheduled for cardiac surgery and aged from 2 to 3 years had significantly higher scores on the Child Behavior Checklist than did peers from normative groups. CONCLUSION: Cognitive, and behavioural and emotional functioning, both for young children awaiting elective cardiac surgery and interventional catheterisation, can be considered as quite favourable.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1987

Risk factors in schizophrenia: the Stony Brook High-Risk Project.

The goals of the Stony Brook High-Risk Project are to identify precursor patterns, environmental stressors, and protective factors that are differentially predictive of psychopathology. In phase I we assessed 219 families and 544 children aged 7-15, including 31 families and 80 children with a schizophrenic parent, 70 families and 154 children with a unipolar depressed parent, 58 families and 134 children with a bipolar parent, and 60 normal control families with 176 children. A 3-year followup was conducted on 84 percent of the sample, and an additional followup is underway. Our data include measures of: (1) psychological functioning of the parents; (2) the environment, including family functioning, marital adjustment, and parenting practices; (3) child adjustment, including peer, or teacher, parent, and self-ratings; (4) early signs or precursors to the development of schizophrenia or affective disorder, including cognitive slippage, attentional deficits, hedonic capacity, depressogenic attributional styles, and subsyndromal affective patterns. Considerable deviance in family functioning, expressed in conflict, marital discord, and parenting skills, was characteristic of the families with an ill parent, and this discord was related to child adjustment. Children with a schizophrenic parent showed multiple and extensive cognitive, attentional, and social impairments, and at the 18+ followup, 22.8 percent of them compared with 9.6 percent of the normal controls were assigned a DSM-III diagnosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Impact of peer review in reduction of permanent pacemaker implantations.

Because of a sharp increase in the number of permanent pacemakers inserted at The Brooklyn Hospital between 1972 and 1976, a peer-review committee was established to monitor subsequent pacemaker implantation. Total initial implants declined from 48 to 22 per year in the two years that followed. The number of implantations for sinoatrial bradycardias declined from 50 to 27 and the number of implantations for intraventricular conduction defects declined from 32 to five in the two years after peer review, compared with the two years before. There was no change in the number of pacemakers implanted for complete or advanced heart block. Almost 10% of patients who received a pacemaker between 1972 and 1976 had other conditions that might have accounted for the events that precipitated the decision to implant a pacemaker. The symptoms for which the pacemaker was implanted persisted in 19% of patients, despite a normally functioning pacemaker system. Patients receiving a permanent pacemaker before peer review had a 17% one-year and a 43% three-year mortality. When a more critical patient selection process was instituted, a smaller percentage remained symptomatic (9% vs 19%) and three-year survival rate was improved (86% vs 57%). From 1977 through 1978, when permanent pacemaker implantations declined, the number of hospital, medical service, and coronary care unit admissions increased. It is concluded that peer review can have substantial impact on permanent pacemaker implantations.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗

PubMed1991

Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered children.

This study of attention-deficit-disordered children revealed that females were more frequently retained in school and evidenced greater impairment on spatial memory tasks. Moreover, there was a trend for girls to be older at the time of referral. With age, the girls evidenced more severity across a wider array of measures, including cognitive functioning, poorer academic achievement, and more problems with peers.

Achievement↗

PubMed1995

IPRO's Health Care Quality Improvement Program.

IPRO is a peer-review organization in New York State that functions under a contract with the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services for assuring quality of care for Medicare patients. In 1993, IPRO initiated its Health Care Quality Improvement Program (HCQIP). The purpose of this program is to develop information on patterns of care and outcomes, to share this with health care providers, and in so doing effect measurable improvements in care and outcomes. In order to achieve improvements in the quality of care, IPRO has initiated a series of cooperative projects which combine pattern analysis and feedback. These cooperative projects cover a broad range of medical care issues and areas. They have demonstrated that IPRO, providers, and physicians can collaborate to establish and implement efforts to achieve the ultimate goal of improved quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries.

Aged↗

PubMed2026

Use of wearable technologies for physical activity promotion in older adults: A systematic review.

This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251055299), examined the use of wearable technologies for promoting physical activity (PA) in adults aged 60 years and older. Searches across five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane) identified 2438 records, of which only six randomized controlled trials published between 2021 and 2025 met inclusion criteria, with sample sizes ranging from 36 to 551 participants and mean ages between 65 and 79 years. Given the small number of included studies, findings should be interpreted as preliminary. The studies ranged from the standalone use of commercial trackers (Fitbit, Polar, ActiGraph) to multicomponent interventions combining wearables with physiotherapist feedback, telephone counseling, web-based platforms, or interactive cognitive-motor training. Wearables used alone, as in the REACT trial, produced small or non-significant PA effects. In contrast, interventions integrating devices with personalized feedback, professional support, or digital platforms, such as PROMOTE and TASMANIA, were associated with more consistent improvements in PA, physical function, and cognitive outcomes. Multicomponent programs, such as PEER and ICMT, reported broader benefits, including cognition, balance, and reductions in sedentary behavior, though these findings derive from individual trials and require replication. Risk of bias, assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2 (RoB 2.0), was rated as "some concerns" for five studies and low for only one, mainly due to gaps in randomization reporting, missing data, and lack of preregistration. Tentatively, and based on a very limited evidence base, wearables may have greater impact when embedded within broader behavioral systems, incorporating feedback, coaching, or interactive components, rather than when used in isolation as passive monitoring tools. Adherence and psychosocial outcomes appeared related to comfort and perceived usefulness among older adults, though larger and more robust trials are needed to confirm these patterns.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

The EARLY ALLIANCE prevention trial: an integrated set of interventions to promote competence and reduce risk for conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure.

Describes the EARLY ALLIANCE interventions, an integrated set of four programs designed to promote competence and reduce risk for early-onset conduct disorder, substance abuse, and school failure. These interventions are evaluated as part of a prevention trial that begins at school entry and targets child functioning and socializing practices across multiple contexts (school, peer group, family) and multiple domains (affective, social, and achievement coping-competence). The paper presents the conceptual foundation of the four interventions, including a synopsis of the risk and protective factors associated with conduct disorder and related outcomes, and of the coping-competence model driving EARLY ALLIANCE. The developmental rationale, intended impact, and procedures are described for each intervention: a universally administered classroom program and indicated, peer, reading-mentoring, and family programs. Interventions are currently being tested in a prevention trial, which is briefly summarized.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

How did Project Northland reduce alcohol use among young adolescents? Analysis of mediating variables.

Project Northland is a randomized trial designed to create, implement and evaluate multilevel, community-wide strategies to prevent alcohol use among adolescents. This paper will focus on the mediating outcomes of the early adolescent phase of Project Northland when the students in the study cohort were in Grades 6-8. The project was conducted in 24 school districts and adjacent communities in northeastern Minnesota. The intervention consisted of social-behavioral curricula in schools, peer leadership activities, parental involvement and education, and community-wide activities. At the end of 3 years of intervention, significantly fewer students in the intervention school districts reported alcohol use than students in the reference districts. Mediation analyses were conducted to investigate if the intervention's effects on mediating variables could explain the reduction in alcohol use. Important mediators of Project Northland's effect on alcohol use were: (1) peer influence to use, including normative estimates, (2) functional meanings of alcohol use, (3) attitudes and behaviors associated with alcohol and drug problems like stimulus seeking, rule violations and bad judgement, and (4) parent-child alcohol-related communication around alcohol use. In addition, among those who did not use alcohol at baseline, self-efficacy to refuse offers of alcohol was a significant mediator.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Psychosocial adjustment in children with port-wine stains and prominent ears.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate psychosocial adjustment in children with port-wine stain (PWS) and children with prominent ears (PE). METHOD: Thirty-two children aged 7 to 16 years with facial PWS and 42 children with PE were evaluated using the Harter Self-Perception Profile, the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Disfigurement Perception Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist. Results were compared with normative data for the local population or with a control group. Profile scores were correlated with severity of the PWS or prominence of the ears. RESULTS: Children with PE had poorer self-perception, higher concentration anxiety, and more internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and they were more withdrawn and had more social problems than children with PWS. The children with PWS functioned as well as or better than nondisfigured peers on measurements of psychosocial adjustment, while children with PE scored lower than nondisfigured peers on measures of self-perception and parent-rated social and attention problems. There was no correlation between degree of disfigurement and level of psychosocial adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial adjustment varied according to the nature of the disfigurement or deformity and was unrelated to the severity of the disfigurement.

Adaptation, Psychological↗