Human factors in selected multi-engine jet aircraft accidents.
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The paper examines fatal Canadian military air display accidents occurring between March 1, 1956, and March 1, 1974. They are discussed in detail from a human factors point of view. It was found that single and separated pilots tended to be at high risk compared with their married counterparts and most of the fatally injured pilots had less than 2,000 h total flying time. Time on type was shown to be less important than total flight time, and age in itself was unrelated to the incidence of fatal accidents. Spontaneity and deviation from prearranged plans was featured in many of the accidents. Human failure in the cockpit appears to be less frequent in air display fatalities than in fatal accidents occurring in routine operations; however, human failure in supervision accounted for 30% of the display accident cause factors, a figure much higher than in nonaerobatic fatal accidents. Finally, evidence indicates that it is possible to select and operate an aerobatic team in which the risk of a fatality is low, provided a few simple guidelines are observed by the team selectors and the team members.
Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between injuries and drowning as a cause of death in aircraft-accident fatalities. There are certain anatomic and chemical changes that are compatible with drowning, but there is no single change that is diagnostic of drowning. Drowning is a diagnosis that can be made only after all other causes of death have been excluded. Only after a complete review of the circumstances surrounding the accident and the performance of a thorough autopsy can a correct diagnosis be made when there is a possibility of drowning.
Approximately 2-3% of all fatal air accidents may be attributed to suicide, and in many other accidents in aviation there are grounds for inferring that self-destructive or suicidal behavior was involved. Narcissistic personality traits are of paramount importance for the choice of this suicide method. Precursors include undetected depressions, alcoholism, and family problems of pilots.
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