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Results for “AIR POLLUTION, RADIOACTIVE”

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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Hot particles in the environment: assessment of dose and health detriment.

Hot particles, highly radioactive particles made up of fission products or actinides and being small enough to become airborne, defy many of the dose models and risk concepts in use by the health physics community. At environmental exposures, both on the level of populations and tissues, dose distributions become very skewed; only few persons or tissue cells being exposed at correspondingly higher levels. Fallout from Chernobyl showed a numerically small subfraction of the aerosol particles containing activities of up to 10 kBq 103-ruthenium or up to 0.3 Bq 242-curium in single particles. The implications of these hot particles on the dosimetry after uptake are great since the locally accumulated dose, for example in the pulmonary region, may reach up to 10 MSv. For inhalation as well as for ingestion, theoretical considerations predict a decrease in the effectiveness of particulate radioactivity as compared to monomeric activity. This hypothesis is also supported by experimental and epidemiological evidence from the examination of the radiation effects of particulate alpha-emitters deposited in the lung.

Accidents↗
PubMed1988

Radon in homes: determining risks and preventing exposures.

Knowledge about the effects of radon disintegration products and their levels in the nation's homes indicates that in a small proportion of homes these radioactive substances are increasing the inhabitants' risks of lung cancer. Testing for the problem and reducing its magnitude are the homeowner's responsibility. While practical methods for testing are known, they may not be easily available in all regions. Present understanding of the techniques of prevention and remediation is less satisfactory.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

An extensive indoor 222Rn/220Rn monitoring in Shillong, India.

The behaviour of ubiquitous radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn) and their progeny in the indoor atmosphere generally reflects a complex interplay between a number of processes, the most important of which are radioactive alpha-decay, ventilation, attachment to aerosols and deposition on surfaces. The present work involved a long-term (1997-2000) passive monitoring of 222Rn and 220Rn in the indoor environment of Shillong, Meghalaya. The north-east region of India being a zone of high seismicity, the indoor radon and thoron map of the region will provide a better insight and a valuable database for any study related to radon and thoron anomalies.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1986

Guidelines for radiation protection.

Guidelines for radiation protection originate from numerous federal, state, and local agencies. Webster defines a guideline as a line by which one is guided, especially as an outline (as by a government) of policy or conduct. Guidelines in radiation protection can be either mandatory or advisory. Regulations by federal, state, and local governments for the use of radioactive materials define operating practices. Adherence to these regulations is required by law and there are penalties for noncompliance. Regulations generally constitute the minimum requirements for good practice and are usually supplemented by less formal recommendations from regulatory agencies and advisory groups. The regulatory guides published by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and by radiation control groups of agreement states are intended to assist the user of radioactive material in maintaining compliance with regulations. These guides recommend good practice but are not mandatory in that the user can propose alternatives to the regulatory agencies to meet the regulations. Many groups serve in an advisory capacity in formulating reports and recommendations for the safe use of radioactive material. The most prominent and influential among these are the National Council in Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Often the recommendations of these advisory groups evolve into either regulatory guidelines or regulations for the use of radioactive materials. At the present time, the backbone of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's regulations relating to the medical use of radionuclides, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation" (10CFR20) and "Human Use of Byproduct Material (10CFR35), are undergoing extensive review with major revisions anticipated within the very near future. These proposed changes could have a significant impact on the practice of nuclear medicine. The changes will have some influence on radiation safety practice as it relates to the radiation worker, the patient, and the environment.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1999

Absorbed dose from traversing spherically symmetric, Gaussian radioactive clouds.

If a large radioactive cloud is produced, sampling may require that an airplane traverse the cloud. A method to predict the absorbed dose to the aircrew from penetrating the radioactive cloud is needed. Dose rates throughout spherically symmetric Gaussian clouds of various sizes, and the absorbed doses from traversing the clouds, were calculated. Cloud size is a dominant parameter causing dose to vary by orders of magnitude for a given dose rate measured at some distance. A method to determine cloud size, based on dose rate readings at two or more distances from the cloud center, was developed. This method, however, failed to resolve the smallest cloud sizes from measurements made at 1,000 m to 2,000 m from the cloud center.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Correlation test between indoor radon and surficial gamma radiation in Northern Virginia.

In northern Virginia, significant indoor radon differences occur due to soil chemistry, home heating system and precipitation. Homes constructed on soil over some geological units had indoor radon that exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Concentration Level of 4 picoCuries/liter for home buyers. Seasons with more precipitation tend to have higher average indoor radon. Homes with electrical heating systems averaged almost 50% higher indoor radon than homes with gas or oil furnaces. Comparisons between indoor radon and soil radon show a positive correlation, suggesting that soil aero radioactivity measurements can delineate areas with a high potential for indoor radon.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1999

Measurement of airborne radon concentrations at several sites in a radioactivity research laboratory.

Radon-222 is a natural, gaseous, radioactive nuclide released from the ground and building materials into the air. Radon and its daughter nuclides can be an important disturbance factor for the measurement of environmental radioactivity. Radon concentrations in air in a radiation laboratory were measured with PICO-RAD detectors, which directly adsorb radon gas on activated charcoal. Generally, radon concentration increased in the absence of ventilation; a high concentration was observed in a radioisotope storage room without ventilation. Concentrations were low in other rooms used for experiments and measurement, which suggests that the radiation control practice in this laboratory is satisfactory and that the influence of natural radon gas on the measurement of radioactivity is negligible.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗