PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

The influence of analgesic drugs in road crashes.

The involvement in road crashes of two classes of drug referred to as analgesics is discussed. Evidence for the effect on traffic safety of each drug group is examined in terms of their behavioural pharmacology and of the available epidemiological data. In the case of the antipyretic analgesics, such as aspirin, there is no evidence to suggest any causative involvement in road crashes. In view of the striking differences in the supply and manner of use of the legal and illegal narcotic analgesics, these are examined separately. The behavioural pharmacology of intravenously administered heroin suggests that any drug induced deficit in driving performance is not due to any effect on psychomotor function, but might be expected from the effect of the drug on mood states. Methadone, as used in treatment schedules for narcotic dependence produces no significant effect on measures of human skills performance. Epidemiological data are contradictory though the suggestion is that the involvement of the narcotic analgesic drugs in road crashes is unlikely to be a source of significant concern. A suggestion is made that a closer examination be undertaken of the involvement in road crashes of the more widely available narcotic drugs codeine and propoxyphene when they are taken together with alcohol.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

5-[[omega-(Dialkylamino)alkoxy]methylene]-1,3,3-trimethyl-2- oxabicyclo [2.2.2.]octan-6-ones with hypotensive, local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic and other activities.

The synthesis of 5-[[omega-(dialkylamino)alkoxy]methylene]-1,3,3-trimethyl-2- oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-6-ones by reaction of (+)-5-(hydroxymethylene)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octan- 6-one with a series of omega-(chloroalkyl)dialkylamines in the presence of potassium carbonate is described. Some compounds showed strong hypotensive, local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic activity in rats and mice, as well as moderate analgesic, antipyretic and in vitro platelet antiaggregating activity.

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic↗
PubMed1990

Studies on Ruta chalepensis, an ancient medicinal herb still used in traditional medicine.

An ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Ruta chalepensis was studied for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic and CNS depressant activities. The extract produced a significant inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet granuloma in rats. The studies on spontaneous motor activity in mice and conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) in rats showed a dose-dependent depression of the central nervous system in treated animals. Reduction of yeast-induced hyperthermia in mice confirmed its reputed antipyretic activity. The extract did not produce any significant changes in prothrombin time and fibrinogen level. It also failed to produce any analgesic activity in the hot plate reaction-time test in mice. Phytochemical screening of the aerial parts of the plant showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, tannins, volatile oil, sterols and/or triterpenes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Long-term acetaminophen (paracetamol) treatment causes liver and kidney ultra-structural changes during rat pregnancy.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is an analgesic-antipyretic drug virtually devoid of typical anti-inflammatory activity and hence free of some of the side-effects of aspirin and related agents (e.g. gastric erosion and bleeding complications). The worldwide use of paracetamol as a household analgesic, including during pregnancy, prompted us to investigate its potentially deleterious effects in that setting. Pregnant rats were treated with paracetamol (150, 500 or 1,500 mg/kg, once a day by gavage) from the first day up to term pregnancy. In the group treated with the lowest doses, no histological changes were noticed in maternal and fetal livers or kidneys when examined under light or electron microscopy. With the higher doses, however, various dose-dependent effects of paracetamol were observed, namely necrotic areas of the liver seen with light microscope and further confirmed by electron microscopy. The kidneys revealed degeneration and necrotic foci under light microscopy with ultrastructural derangements. Electronmicrographs of the liver revealed hepatocytes bearing translucent bodies as a consequence of a dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum. There were signs of necrosis both in the hepatocytes (lysis of mitochondria and presence of lipid droplets) and renal tissue (mitochondrial cytolysis in convoluted tubules). Our data point out the fact that both maternal and fetal tissues can be adversely affected by paracetamol.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1984

3-Alkyl-2-aryl-3H-naphth[1,2-d]imidazoles, a novel class of nonacidic antiinflammatory agents.

Novel 3-alkyl-2-aryl-3H- naphth [1,2-d]imidazoles were synthesized and evaluated as antiinflammatory agents in the carrageenin-induced paw edema, cotton pellet induced granuloma, and adjuvant-induced polyarthritis assays in rats. The analgesic, antipyretic, and gastroulcerogenic effects were also tested. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. One of the compounds, 3-(1-methylethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H- naphth [1,2-d]imidazole (35), was selected for clinical trials as a nonacidic antiinflammatory and analgesic agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Skin pathology caused by drugs].

175 patients suffering from acute drug-induced skin pathologies were examined with particular reference to age of onset, clinical type and causative agent. The most common pathology was urticaria, followed by eczematous and exanthematic eruptions. The drugs most frequently responsible for such reactions were the analgesic-antipyretic-anti-inflammatory group, topical products and antibiotics. These data are discussed in detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Multi-residue determination of anti-inflammatory analgesics in sera by liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) are analgesic, antipyretic, and, as their name implies, anti-inflammatory drugs, which are widely used for the treatment of a variety of human and veterinary disease conditions in which control of pain and inflammation is desired. Acetaminophen (ACE) is a common over-the-counter analgesic. Detection of a variety of widely used NSAIDs and ACE in fluid and tissue samples is an important diagnostic tool. A sensitive and selective analytical method has been developed for simultaneous screening of 12 NSAIDs and ACE by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface set to operate in the negative ion mode of MS. Following sample preparation, all analytes were separated on a C18-reversed-phase column with a gradient elution of acetonitrile and acetic acid. Full-scan mass spectral fragmentation profiles were established for each analyte and individual extracted ion chromatograms were used for quantitation. Linearity of detection was observed over the 0.05-25.0 microg/mL range of standard concentrations. The instrument limits of detection (LOD), based on an individual analyte quantitation ions, fell between 0.05 and 1.0 microg/mL for all compounds. The matrix LODs were determined to be 0.05 microg/mL for phenylbutazone (m/z 307); 0.1 microg/mL for indomethacin (m/z 312), flunixin (m/z 295), and piroxicam (m/z 330); 0.5 microg/mL for ACE (m/z 150), diclofenac (m/z 250), ketoprofen (m/z 209), and mefenamic acid (m/z 240); 1.0 microg/mL for oxyphenbutazone (m/z 323); 5.0 microg/mL for ibuprofen (m/z 205), salicylic acid (m/z 137), and tolmetin (m/z 212); and 10 microg/mL for naproxen (m/z 185).

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed2006

Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of Semecarpus anacardium LINN. Nut milk extract in experimental inflammatory conditions.

Immunomodulatory effects of Semecarpus anacardium LINN. nut milk extract (SA) were investigated in adjuvant induced arthritis by studying the alterations in humoral and cell mediated immune responses and also the anti-inflammatory effects by evaluating the changes in paw edema, tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase activities. Pharmacological studies were also conducted with SA and indomethacin on experimental animals for evaluating the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and ulcerogenic activities. The alterations in the humoral and cell mediated immunity were significantly reverted back to near normal levels on treatment with SA. The drug significantly reduced the elevation in the paw edema, TNF-alpha, nitric oxide and myeloperoxidase levels when compared with adjuvant induced arthritic animals, which shows the anti-inflammatory activity of the drug. SA showed strong anti-inflammatory effects in xylene-induced ear edema and formalin-induced inflammation. In analgesic test, the extract elicited a potential activity on both acetic acid-induced writhing response as well as hot plate test showing its central and peripheral mediated action. The drug also elicited antipyretic action in yeast-induced hyperemia in rats. In addition, the extract did not produce any ulceration on gastric mucosa during ulcerogenic test and did not produce any serious adverse effects. All these effects are nearly similar to the activities of indomethacin except the ulceration where indomethacin produced significant ulceration. From this study, the protective immunological and pharmacological role of SA is demonstrated.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1990

[Postoperative pain therapy with 1-methadone and metamizole. A randomized study within the scope of intravenous on-demand analgesia].

Methadone, a potent long-acting opioid analgesic, is only seldom prescribed for postoperative pain relief in Germany. It was the aim of the present investigation to evaluate its efficacy and to establish an adequate dose range using intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), as well as to determine possible drug interactions with the antipyretic analgesic metamizol (dipyrone). 120 patients recovering from elective major abdominal, gynaecological or orthopaedic surgery under standardized balanced anaesthesia were randomly allocated to three groups to self-administer intravenous 1-methadone. Demand doses were 0.573 mg (group LD), 1.145 mg (group HD) or 0.573 mg to which 50 mg metamizol (dipyrone) were added (group LM). Infusion rate was set to 0.137 mg 1-methadone/h in every group, lockout time was 1 min. Hourly maximum dose was set to 5.95 mg 1-methadone/h. During an average PCA duration of 21 hours patients demanded mean dosages of 16.4 mg (LD), 18.7 mg (HD) or 13.4 mg (LM) 1-methadone. Although individual variation in drug consumption was high, effective pain relief was possible in all cases. Cardiovascular and respiratory status during the observation period was always normal. 88-93% of patients preferred PCA in comparison with earlier experienced conventional postoperative pain treatment. It is concluded that patients are able to control adequate drug consumption, i.e. to avoid overdosage, by adjusting demand frequency if variable demand dosages are offered. Thus 13-19 mg 1-methadone per day can be recommended as reasonable dose range for pain relief during the early postoperative period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Accidental poisoning in New Zealand.

OBJECTIVE: To examine mortality and morbidity associated with accidental poisoning in New Zealand for the period of 1993-97, and make comparisons with international trends. METHODS: Poison Centre call data, and mortality and public hospital discharge data from the New Zealand Health Information Service were examined. Mortality and hospitalization rates were calculated. Statistical trends were examined using Poisson regression. RESULTS: Poison Centre calls regarding household agents and therapeutics were most frequent. Accidental poisoning with analgesics, antipyretics and antirheumatics (18%) was a common cause of hospitalization. Children under 5 years had the highest hospitalization rates, but were less at risk of death by accidental poisoning than other age groups. Common causes of death from accidental poisoning included utility gas/carbon monoxide (16%), psychotropic agents (16%), and analgesics, etc. (15%). Mortality rates varied between 0.54 and 0.72/100,000 population. CONCLUSION: Mortality rates in New Zealand are lower than in many countries, but hospitalization rates are higher. Possible explanations and prevention implications are discussed.

Accidents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of piroxicam, a new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent.

Piroxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, possesses analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits platelet aggregation in animal models. Its elimination half-life is 38 hours, and hepatic metabolism to inactive metabolites is the primary route of elimination. Less than 10% of a dose appears unchanged in the urine. Clinical studies demonstrate that piroxicam's analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties are useful in the management of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Limited clinical studies suggest that piroxicam may be useful in the management of acute gouty arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute musculoskeletal disorders, and as an analgesic. The gastrointestinal system is the major site of adverse effects. Piroxicam is currently marketed in 20 mg capsules and once daily dosing has proven effective for many patients.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Risks and benefits of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in children: a comparison with paracetamol.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) possess antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. They are frequently used in children and have numerous therapeutic indications, the most common ones being fever, postoperative pain and inflammatory disorders, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and Kawasaki disease. Their major mechanism of action is through inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by blockade of cyclo-oxygenase (COX). The disposition of most NSAIDs has been mainly studied in infants > or = 2 years of age. Compared with adults, the volume of distribution and clearance of NSAIDs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen (infants aged between 3 months and 2.5 years), ketorolac and nimesulide were increased in children. The elimination half-life was similar in children to that in adults. These pharmacokinetic differences might be clinically significant with the need for higher loading and/or maintenance doses in children. Ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and acetaminophen are the most frequently used agents for fever reduction in children. Over the past 20 years, because of the association between ASA use and Reye's syndrome, most of the interest has been directed toward ibuprofen and acetaminophen. In view of its comparable antipyretic efficacy, but superior tolerability profile, acetaminophen, when used appropriately with age-adapted formulations, should remain the first-line therapy in the treatment of childhood fever. At the moment, there is no scientific evidence to recommend simultaneous use of these two antipyretic drugs. Most NSAIDs provide mild to moderate analgesia, with the exception of ketorolac which has a strong analgesic activity. The analgesic efficacy of ketorolac, ketoprofen, diclofenac and ibuprofen in the treatment of postoperative pain has been mainly studied following a single dose, in children of > or = 1 year of age undergoing minor surgeries. In this setting, when used either alone or in adjunct to caudal or epidural anaesthesia, they were associated with an opioid-sparing effect and were well tolerated. With the exception of ketorolac use in children undergoing tonsillectomy, where controversy exists regarding the risk of postoperative haemorrhage, NSAIDs have not been associated with an increased risk of perioperative bleeding. NSAIDs are the first-line therapy in JIA. They appear to be equally effective and tolerated, with the exception of ASA which is associated with more adverse effects. ASA has been used for many years in the treatment of Kawasaki disease and is part of the standard modality of treatment in combination with intravenous gammaglobulins. More recently, lung inflammation associated with cystic fibrosis (CF) has become a new target for NSAIDs. Despite promising preliminary results with ibuprofen, numerous questions need to be answered before this new strategy becomes part of the conventional treatment of patients with CF. In summary, NSAIDs are effective in reducing fever, alleviating pain and reducing inflammation in children, with a good tolerance profile. Pharmacokinetic studies are needed to characterise the disposition of NSAIDs in very young infants in order to use them rationally. To date, no studies have been published on the disposition, tolerability and efficacy of specific COX-2 inhibitors in children. Further clinical experience with these agents in adults is warranted before undergoing trials with specific COX-2 inhibitors in children.

Acetaminophen↗
PubMed1985

Pharmacology of new glutarimide compounds.

New glutarimide compounds were synthesized by incorporating piperidine (compounds 1 to 7), diethylamine (8 and 9), morpholine moities (10 to 13), and alkyl derivatives of 3,5 dicyanoglutarimide (14 to 20) at position -1 of the nitrogen atom. Only compounds 1 to 7 at a dose of 8 mg/kg i.p. caused hypermotility, ataxia, tachypnoea and mild tremors in mice. At higher doses (32 mg/kg i.p.), all compounds induced tonic and clonic convulsions, respiratory paralysis and death. The LD50 values of compounds 1 to 20 in mice range from 152 to 488 mg/kg i.p. and for compounds 21 to 23, the p.o. values are 484, 500 and 525 mg/kg. The relative toxicity of compounds 1 to 7 and 14 to 20 showed inverse ratio in their numbers. Basic compounds 21 to 23 at high dose levels (64 mg/kg i.p.) induced only hypnotic depression. No change was observed in organ-wise histopathological study except patchy necrosis at the site of injection of basic compounds. The CNS pharmacological studies were negative with reference to anti-convulsion, analgesic, antipyretic tests by conventional methods except at higher doses (32 or 64 mg/kg i.p.), which exhibited synergistic effects in mice and rats.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1988

Pharmacological study of the new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent 4'-acetamidophenyl-2-(5'-p-toluyl-1'-methylpyrrole)acetate.

Antiinflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and gastrointestinal ulcerogenic activities of 4-acetamidophenyl-2-(5'-p-toluyl-1'-methylpyrrole)acetate (AU 8001), a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, have been investigated and compared with those of tolmetin at equimolar doses in experimental animals. 1. AU 8001 showed inhibitory action on acute and subacute inflammation such as carrageenin hind paw edema and pellet-induced granuloma formation, with an activity similar to that of tolmetin. However, AU 8001 was more active as an antiarthritic agent than tolmetin. AU 8001 had no topical antiinflammatory effect. 2. The analgesic activities of AU 8001 measured by the writhing test and the Randall-Selitto method were comparable to those of tolmetin. Both compounds were ineffective in the hotplate test. 3. AU 8001 also had antipyretic activity but its potency was inferior to tolmetin and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). 4. AU 8001 elicited almost negligible side effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The ulcerogenic activity of AU 8001, in particular, was extremely weak in relation to tolmetin, indometacin and ASA. 5. AU 8001 caused no appreciable changes in the general behaviour of animals after oral administration.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Aspirin, pain and inflammation].

SUBJECT: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is among the most commonly analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory used drugs. The anti-inflammatory effects of ASA are mediated by the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes with the subsequent decrease of prostaglandin synthesis. NEW DATA: However, since this discovery of Vane in 1971, much of other mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action, without relation with cyclooxygenases, have been proposed. ASA has peripheric analgesic properties by reducing prostaglandin biosynthesis. But there is evidence that the analgesic effects could be mediated by central mechanisms with changes in the monoaminergic and opioid systems. ASA is essentially used in moderate pains with an inflammatory component (rheumatological disorders, headaches, dental and postoperative pains). PERSPECTIVES: The clinical use of ASA at anti-inflammatory dose is less frequent because the other non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are as effective as ASA, but they are associated with less side effects. Nevertheless, the synergism of ASA and morphine association and the possible involvement of the central serotonergic and opiatergic systems in the antinociceptive activity of ASA could confer a greater role of ASA in pain management.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Synthesis of new chemical entities from paracetamol and NSAIDs with improved pharmacodynamic profile.

It was envisaged to combine high antipyretic activity of paracetamol into commonly used NSAIDs. To achieve this goal new chemical entities were synthesized by chemically combining paracetamol and NSAIDs, and biologically evaluated for their antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic potential. The acid chloride of parent NSAIDs was reacted with excess of p-aminophenol to yield the desired p-amidophenol derivatives (1B-7B). Acetate derivatives (1C-7C) of these phenols (1B-7B) were also prepared by their treatment with acetic anhydride, in order to see the impact of blocking the free phenolic group on the biological activity of the derivatives. All the synthesized p-amidophenol derivatives showed improved antipyretic activity than paracetamol with retention of anti-inflammatory activity of their parent NSAIDs. These compounds elicited no ulcerogenicity unlike their parent drugs.

Acetaminophen↗