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PubMed1997

Bone density and body composition in Japanese women.

Total body bone mineral content (BMCTB in g) and density (BMDTB in g/cm2) and body composition were measured in 1006 healthy Japanese women aged 20-79 years using dual X-ray absorptiometry. Peak BMDTB was 1.11 +/- 0.05 g/cm2 in women 20-49 years, and mean BMDTB was 1. 019 g/cm2 in the 6th decade, 0.956 g/cm2 in the 7th decade, and 0. 900 g/cm2 in the 8th decade. BMDTB declined by 0.007 g/cm2/year in women after age 50. This age-related decline in BMD showed a similar pattern to that seen for the lumbar spine and femoral neck, but the actual rate of loss was lower for BMDTB than for these other measurement sites. There was no significant difference between a eumenorrheic premenopausal group and a group with irregular menses. BMCTB and BMDTB were associated with body build, lean tissue mass, and fat mass (r = 0.29 approximately 0.65 and 0.26 approximately 0.41, respectively). Bone mass and density decreased significantly in older women of all body builds. Premenopausal Japanese women had a 5% lower BMDTB than U.S. and European whites, but the difference was several times greater in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Effect of age and training on aerobic capacity and body composition of master athletes.

Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and body composition have been shown to deteriorate with age. How much of the decline is attributable to aging and how much is affected by reduced physical activity is not known. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the aerobic capacity and body composition of 24 master track athletes and to evaluate the relationship to age and maintenance of training over a 10-yr period. The subjects (50-82 yr of age) were retested after a 10.1-yr follow-up (T2). All continued their aerobic training, but only 11 were still highly competitive (COMP) and continued to train at the same intensity. The other 13 athletes studied became noncompetitive (post-COMP) and reduced their training intensity. The results showed the COMP group to maintain its VO2max and maximum O2 pulse while the post-COMP group showed a significant decline (54.2-53.3 vs. 52.5-45.9 ml X kg-1 X min-1; 20.7-20.8 vs. 22.4-20.0 ml/beat from test one (T1) to T2 for the COMP vs. post-COMP groups, respectively). Maximum heart rate declined 7 beats/min for both groups. Body composition showed no difference between groups from T1 to T2. For both groups body weight declined slightly (70.0-68.9 kg), percent fat increased significantly (13.1-15.1%), and fat-free weight decreased significantly (61.0-59.0 kg). Thus, when training was maintained, aerobic capacity remained unchanged over the follow-up period. Body composition changed for both groups and may have been related to aging and/or the type of training performed.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Serum leptin levels and body composition in postmenopausal women: effects of hormone therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the effect of postmenopausal hypoestrogenism and hormone therapy (HT) on body composition and serum leptin levels. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study evaluating body composition (body mass index, and total and percent fat mass and lean mass measured at the arms, legs and trunk) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and serum leptin levels by radioimmunoassay in 44 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive either no treatment (n = 22) or transdermal 17beta-estradiol (50 microg/day) in continuous regimen and nomegestrol (5 mg/day for 12 days/month) in a sequential regimen (n = 22). RESULTS: One year after the beginning of the study, in untreated women, total and trunk fat mass and percent fat were significantly increased, whereas trunk lean mass was significantly decreased. On the contrary, women treated with HT did not show any significant difference in body composition parameters. In untreated women, serum leptin levels were significantly increased at the end of the study in comparison with baseline values. Serum leptin levels at the other times evaluated were not significantly different from baseline values. In women treated with HT, serum leptin levels did not show significant changes throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Untreated postmenopausal women show an increase in total and percent fat mass and a centralization of fat distribution. Serum leptin levels parallel this increase, resulting in significantly higher levels 1 year after the study. Women treated with HT are protected against these changes. This may represent a protective mechanism against cardiovascular diseases.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1990

Body composition of goat kids during sucking. Voluntary feed intake.

The body composition of thirty-eight Granadina goat kids was measured. Six animals were slaughtered at birth while the remainder were kept individually at an environmental temperature of 24 +/- 2 degrees and a relative humidity of 60 +/- 5%. They were given goat's milk or a milk-substitute at two planes of nutrition until 15 or 30 d of age and then slaughtered. The goat's milk and milk-substitute contained 260.4 and 222.0 g digestible protein/kg and 23.23 and 20.85 MJ metabolizable energy/kg respectively. Voluntary feed intake as metabolizable energy was a function of metabolic body-weight (kg W0.75), equivalent to 2.42 and 2.44 times the energy requirement for maintenance for goat's milk- and milk-substitute-fed animals respectively. There was a high degree of correlation between the empty-body concentration of dry matter, fat and energy and empty-body-weight (P less than 0.001) or animal age (P less than 0.001), and between body-weight and animal age (P less than 0.001). The relationships between empty-body composition and empty-body-weight were independent of type of milk or plane of nutrition. In contrast relationships between empty-body composition or empty-body-weight and animal age were affected by the type of milk and, over all, by the plane of nutrition. All these results show that in these animals any body-weight will have a similar composition, but it will be reached earlier or later depending on dietary regimen and always with the limitation of voluntary intake.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

[Relationship between diaphragm weight and body composition].

To study the relationship between diaphragm weight and body composition, we measured fat body mass and lean body mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (XR-26, Norland), and weighed the diaphragms of patients at autopsy. The subjects were 22 patients with various diseases (13 men and 9 women, aged 72.6 +/- 9.5 years). In 8 of the patients, respiratory muscle strength was assessed with maximal pressure at the mouth. The diaphragm weight was 185.2 +/- 58.2 g and it correlated significantly with lean body mass (r = 0.77, r = 0.73, p < 0.01). Maximal inspiratory pressure at TLC correlated significantly with diaphragm weight. These results show that respiratory muscle strength is related to diaphragm weight and that analysis of body composition may be useful in assessing changes in the mass of the diaphragm.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1997

Reproducibility of anthropometric and body composition measurements: the HERITAGE Family Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the reproducibility of anthropometric and body composition measures using the HERITAGE Family Study protocol. DESIGN: Anthropometric and body composition measures were obtained on three separate days within a 3-wk period at each of the four HERITAGE Clinical Centers. SUBJECTS: Sixty men and women representative of the HERITAGE subject population, 15 from each of four Clinical Centers. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measures included eight skinfolds, three girths and one length; and body composition measures included stature, mass, hydrostatic weight, residual volume, and body density, from which relative fat, fat mass and fat-free mass were estimated. RESULTS: Reproducibility as determined by technical error, coefficient of variation, and intraclass correlations was very high for the total sample. For example, intraclass correlations for the total sample generally ranged from 0.95-0.99 for the anthropometric measures, and from 0.97-1.00 for the body composition measures. The results across Clinical Centers were in close agreement with each other and with the pooled data. CONCLUSIONS: The reproducibility of anthropometric and body composition measures using the HERITAGE Family Study protocol is sufficiently high that it should be possible to detect small changes in any of these measures and to determine the genetic basis of these changes consequent to a 20 wk endurance training program.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Joint influence of fat and lean body composition compartments on femoral bone mineral density in premenopausal women.

Body composition (fat and lean compartments) and bone mineral density were measured in 246 healthy premenopausal women, aged 20-40 years, residing in Tecumseh, Michigan. Body composition was measured using four-point bioelectrical impedance and values for fat and lean compartments categorized into tertiles. Additionally, each woman was classified into one of nine different cells based on her location within a 3 x 3 table which reflects the joint distribution of both fat and lean compartments. Bone mineral density of the proximal femur, including the femoral neck and trochanter, was measured using dual photon densitometry. The mean femoral neck bone mineral density values increased significantly and linearly for each tertile of muscle mass (0.90, 0.95, and 1.02 g/cm2, p less than 0.0002). Femoral bone mineral density increased significantly but not linearly as the fat compartment progressed from the lowest to the highest tertile (0.95, 0.93, and 0.99 g/cm2). Bone mineral density of the proximal femur was similar and significantly greater in the high muscle/low fat and high muscle/high fat body composition subgroups compared with bone mineral density in the seven other groups. However, women in the high muscle/low fat subgroup had substantially lower mean weight (67 vs. 91 kg, p less than 0.0001) and mean Quetelet index (22.1 vs. 33.7 kg/m2, p less than 0.0001) than women in the high muscle/high fat subgroup. Bone mineral density values were similar and significantly lower in the following body composition cells: low muscle/low fat, low muscle/medium fat, and low muscle/high fat. Similar findings were observed at the trochanteric site. Low muscle is a risk factor for low bone mineral density in young adult women while higher fat is protective only when associated with substantial muscle.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2005

Body composition and physical fitness of undernourished South African rural primary school children.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between the body composition characteristics, body mass index (BMI), sum of skinfolds (SSF), % body fat (%BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and nine physical fitness items in undernourished rural primary school children in Ellisras, South Africa. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study consisted of 462 boys and 393 girls who were aged 7-14 y. MEASUREMENTS: Five body composition measures were assessed: BMI, SSF, %BF, FFM and WHR. Nine physical fitness test items were assessed: standing long jump, bent arm hang, sit-ups, 10 x 5 m shuttle run, 50 m sprint, 1600 m run, flamingo balance, sit and reach, plate tapping. RESULTS: BMI was highly correlated with FFM (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). In line with findings from Western countries, regression coefficients (B) showed that children with higher BMI or SSF performed worse in bent arm hang (girls, B = -0.84, P < 0.001, and B = -0.06, P = 0.02, respectively) and in 1600m run (B = 6.68, P < 0.001). BMI was significantly associated with flamingo balance (B = 0.26, P = 0.04). WHR was positively associated with bent arm hang (B = 9.37, P = 0.03), and inversely with sit and reach (B = -7.48, P = 0.01). In contrast, significant relationships were found between BMI and standing long jump (B = 0.74, P = 0.04), sit and reach (B = 0.51, P < 0.001), flamingo balance (B = 0.26, P = 0.04) and plate tapping (B = -19, P = 0.01). SSF was significantly associated with sit and reach (B = 0.04, P = 0.03). Significant inverse associations were found between FFM and bent arm hang (girls, B = -0.06, P = 0.05), 1600 m run (girls, B = -2.33, P = 0.003) and 50 m run (boys, B = -0.11, P = 0.006). FFM was significantly associated with standing long jump (boys, B = 0.99, P < 0.001; girls, B = 0.73, P < 0.001), flamingo balance (B = 0.17, P < 0.001), and with sit and reach (boys, B = 0.59, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: In the present study in undernourished children, body composition was significantly related to physical fitness, but not always in the expected direction. It is therefore important to note that in this population, BMI should not be interpreted as a measure of fatness/overweight, but rather as an indicator of muscle mass.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Relationship between body composition and bone mass in women.

Increasing body weight is associated both with higher bone mass and with lower rates of bone loss. Whether the effects of body weight are mediated by lean body mass (LBM) or fat body mass (FBM) is, however, uncertain because different studies have used different measures of bone mass and arrived at contradictory conclusions. The parameter actually measured is bone mineral content (BMC). Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), and the BMD/height attempt to "correct" BMC for differences in bone or body size, but these corrections may bias the analysis of the effects of body composition on the skeleton. To resolve this issue, we measured BMC at the total body, lumbar spine, proximal femur, and forearm using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based sample including 138 premenopausal women (age range 21-54 years, mean 35 years) and 213 postmenopausal women (age range 34-94 years, mean 68 years). BMD, BMAD, and BMD/ height were also calculated for each site. LBM and FBM were determined from the DXA whole body scan. In a multivariate analysis that included age and height, both LBM and FBM predicted total body BMC in pre- and postmenopausal women (p < 0.002 for LBM and FBM in both groups). LBM had a dominant effect on spine and forearm BMC in both groups (p < 0.004) and hip BMC in premenopausal women (p < 0.001), whereas both LBM and FBM predicted hip BMC in postmenopausal women (p < 0.001). However, as BMC was adjusted for bone or body size using BMD, BMAD, or BMD/height, FBM tended to become more important than LBM in the analysis. This was, in part, due to the fact that each of the correction factors in the BMD and BMAD calculations, as well as height, were highly correlated with LBM (r = 0.57 and 0.52 for height versus LBM in pre- and postmenopausal women, respectively [p < 0.001]), and weakly or not at all with FBM (r = 0.08 and 0.11, respectively). Therefore, dividing BMC by these correction factors tended to bias the analysis against potential effects of LBM on bone mass. Thus, the relationship between body composition and bone mass is critically dependent on which bone mass parameter is used in the analysis. Both LBM and FBM have important effects on bone mass, depending on the bone mass parameter used, the skeletal site measured, and menopausal status.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Body composition of the preterm infant.

The body composition of 23 infants was examined at postmortem. All infants were live births and lived from 1 to 192 days. Their body weights at birth ranged from 480 to 3280 g; gestational ages ranged from 24 to 42 weeks. Total body composition was determined using the nondestructive in-situ procedures of 40K counting and neutron activation analysis. The absolute amounts of K, Ca, P, Na, and Cl were measured. Although body Cl was in general agreement with estimates for the reference fetus model, body K and Na values were lower. Body Ca content was higher than the reference fetus at body weights above 2 kg, yet body P levels agreed with the reference fetus. Furthermore, those infants whose survival was brief had reduced body K, an index of body cell mass. All elements except body Cl were linearly related to fat-free mass (FFM). The correlations with gestational age were non-significant when the variation in elemental content was accounted for by FFM or body weight. The two preterm infants who survived for more than 10 weeks had significantly reduced bone growth as shown by their Ca and P deficiences.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1999

Aging, body composition, and lifestyle: the Fels Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Changes in body composition in men and women occur with age, but these changes are affected by numerous covariate factors. OBJECTIVE: The study examined patterns of change in body composition and determined the effects of long-term patterns of change in physical activity in older men and women and in menopausal status and estrogen use in women. DESIGN: Serial measures of height, weight, body mass index (BMI), total body fat (BF), percentage BF, and fat-free mass (FFM) from underwater weighing of 102 men and 108 women enrolled in the Fels Longitudinal Study were analyzed. Physical activity levels and menopausal status were included as covariates. RESULTS: There were significant age-related decreases in FFM and height and increases in total BF, percentage BF, weight, and BMI. Physical activity was associated with decreases in total BF, percentage BF, weight, and BMI in men and were associated with increases in FFM and decreases in total BF and percentage BF in women. Postmenopausal women had significantly higher total BF and percentage BF than did pre- and perimenopausal women. The longer the time since menopause the greater were the increases in weight, BMI, total BF, and percentage BF; however, estrogen use attenuated these increases. CONCLUSIONS: Low FFM can be improved by increased physical activity. The effects of an intervention program on body composition can be masked if only body weight or BMI is measured. The effects of physical activity were more profound in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women, and estrogen use had beneficial effects on body composition.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Weight, body composition, and bone density in postmenopausal women.

Associations of body weight and body composition with bone mineral density (BMD) were examined in 261 postmenopausal women. BMD, body fat, and body nonfat soft tissue (NFST) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). A height-independent BMD variable (HIBMD) was calculated to correct for differences among individuals in bone thickness, a dimension that is ignored by DXA scanners. HIBMD was calculated as BMD divided by height at the spine and femoral neck, and BMD divided by the square root of height at the total body. Weight, fat, and nonfat soft tissue were all positively correlated with both BMD and HIBMD, but the magnitudes of regression and correlation coefficients were lower when HIBMD was the dependent variable. The weight-independent associations of body composition with HIBMD were examined by including weight and % NFST together in linear models. In these analyses, weight was positively associated with HIBMD at all three skeletal sites (r = 0.22-0.26, P < 0.05), % NFST was not associated with HIBMD at the spine or femoral neck (r = 0.01-0.02), and there was only a weak inverse correlation of % NFST with total body BMD (r = -0.12, P < 0.05). These findings are consistent with those of previous studies demonstrating positive associations between body weight and BMD. In addition, they demonstrate that once bone thickness and body weight are taken into account, body composition appears to have little if any independent effect on bone density at the skeletal sites measured. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the protective effect of body weight is brought about predominantly through its mechanical force on the skeleton.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Exercise training and body composition in childhood.

The influence of exercise training on body composition changes in children is examined in terms of muscle, bone, and fat development. Because of the inexact body composition methodologies in general use and an over-reliance on the two-components system--fat and fat-free body--the extent of changes especially for muscle and bone with exercise training has not been well quantified. With the recent development of new methodologies these limitations may be overcome. The relationship of body composition to health related fitness is also explored with an emphasis on establishing fitness standards for body fatness and the need for research on the etiology of lower back pain and osteoporosis.

Body Composition↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of fluid status on techniques used to assess body composition in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVE: A reliable assessment of nutritional state in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is of great importance. Nevertheless, techniques used to assess body composition in patients on PD may be affected by abnormalities in fluid status. The primary aim of the present study was to compare different techniques used to evaluate body composition and to assess the influence of fluid status on the assessment of body composition. The secondary aim was to assess the relevance of handgrip muscle strength in the nutritional evaluation of the patient. METHODS: In 40 PD patients, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (MF-BIA), and anthropometry were compared with respect to the evaluation of body composition [fat mass and lean body mass (LBM; by DEXA), and fat-free mass (FFM; by MF-BIA, anthropometry]. The influence of fluid status on the measurement of LBM/FFM by the various techniques was assessed by their relation to left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), assessed by echocardiography, and by estimating the ratio between extracellular water (ECW) and total body water (TBW), assessed by bromide and deuterium dilution, with LBM (DEXA). The relevance of handgrip muscle strength as a nutritional parameter was assessed by its relation to LBM and other nutritional parameters. RESULTS: Despite highly significant correlations, wide limits of agreement between the various techniques were present with respect to assessment of body composition (expressed as % body weight) and were most pronounced for anthropometry: LBM (DEXA) - FFM (MF-BIA) = 3.4% +/- 12.2%; LBM (DEXA) - FFM (anthropometry) = -5.7% +/- 7.8%; fat mass (DEXA - MF-BIA) = -4.2% +/- 7.9%; fat mass (DEXA - anthropometry) = 2.9% +/- 7.2%. The ratio between ECW and LBM (DEXA) was 0.36 +/- 0.08 L/kg (range 0.25 - 0.67 L/kg), and the ratio between TBW and LBM was 0.75 +/- 0.06 L/kg (range 0.63 - 0.86 L/kg), which shows the variability in hydration state of LBM/FFM between individual patients. LBM/FFM measured by all three techniques was significantly related to LVEDD, suggesting an important influence of hydration state on this parameter. Handgrip muscle strength was significantly related to LBM/FFM, as measured by all three techniques, but not to other nutritional parameters. CONCLUSION: Wide limits of agreement were found between various techniques used to assess body composition in PD patients. The assessment of body composition was strongly influenced by hydration state. The handgrip test is related to body composition, but not to other nutritional parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis in children aged 8-12 y: 1. The assessment of whole-body composition.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the potential of segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for estimating whole-body composition in children. DESIGN: Strengths of relationships were determined between indices of impedance or specific resistivities of body segments and reference four-component model (4-CM) assessments of body composition. SUBJECTS: Eighteen boys and 19 girls aged 8-12 y. MEASUREMENTS: Whole-body and segment BIA and anthropometry were used to calculate impedance indices of the whole body and segments and specific resistivities of segments; total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat were assessed using the 4-CM. RESULTS: Segmental BIA indices were significantly related to body composition, provided that appropriate comparisons were undertaken for each index: impedance adjusted for unit segment length was better related to TBW and FFM, whereas segment specific resistivity was better related to body fat. Differences between body composition estimates obtained with the 4-CM and predicted using BIA were partly dependent on limb-to-trunk ratios of BIA indices. CONCLUSION: Segmental BIA has potential for providing additional alternative approaches to the assessment of whole-body composition in children: (a) FFM and TBW were best related to impedance adjusted for segment length; (b) body fat was best related to segment specific resistivity; and (c) the relative influences of different segment BIA indices may be utilisable for generating more valid whole-body composition estimates.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Human body composition: advances in models and methods.

The field of human body composition research is reaching a mature stage in its development: The three interconnected areas that define body composition research--models and their rules, methodology, and biological effects--are well-defined and are actively investigated by scientists in diverse disciplines from many different nations; and methods are available for measuring all major atomic, molecular, cellular, and tissue-system level body composition components in research, clinical, and epidemiological settings. This review summarizes main body composition research concepts, examines new component-measurement methodologies, and identifies potential areas of future research.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2001

Effects of growth hormone treatment on the leptin system and body composition in obese prepubertal boys.

UNLABELLED: Leptin correlates with measures of body fat stores. Growth hormone (GH) treatment may affect leptin levels either directly or indirectly by influencing body composition and circulating insulin level. Here, the effects of GH treatment on the leptin axis and body composition of six severely obese, but otherwise healthy, prepubertal boys were studied. Fasting serum leptin was significantly reduced after only 3 wk of GH treatment. Body fat percentage, but not BMI, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 3 mo. The serum leptin concentration per unit fat mass decreased significantly during GH treatment (p < 0.05), suggesting that such treatment might have a direct effect on serum leptin independently of the effects on body composition. Leptin RNA expression in abdominal subcutaneous tissue was not significantly changed by treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that GH has an early downregulatory effect on the circulating leptin level independently of the concomitant changes in body composition. Whether GH affects leptin production or metabolism needs further study.

Area Under Curve↗

PubMed1986

Oestrogen-progestogen replacement therapy changes body composition in early post-menopausal women.

Changes in body composition were investigated in a group of 136 post-menopausal women treated for at least 1 yr with combined oestrogen-progestogen therapy at three different doses, or a placebo. The body composition changes were evaluated using the urinary creatinine excretion rate as an indicator of lean body mass, and the changes in daily creatinine excretion were related to the changes in serum oestradiol and oestrone. The urinary creatinine excretion rate was significantly increased (P less than 0.001) in the group receiving high-dose hormones, and the urinary creatinine/body weight ratio was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in all treated groups as compared with the placebo-group. The body weight remained unchanged in all groups. The relationships between the changes in daily creatinine excretion and the changes in serum oestradiol and serum oestrone were both significant (P less than 0.05). The present study suggests that high-dose post-menopausal hormone therapy changes the body composition by increasing the muscle mass and that, since the body weight remains unchanged, a proportionate decrease in the fat mass seems to occur.

Adult↗