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Results for “Body Weight--changes”

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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed1979

[Effectiveness of a preventive mass examination for cardiac risk factors (author's transl)].

18 months after a mass examination for coronary heart disease risk factors in employees of a large industrial firm, 75% of the subjects examined at that time were re-interviewed and measurements of blood pressure and weight repeated. Despite an altogether inadequate longterm control of the risk factors detected, a part of the subjects examined had drawn consequences regarding their way of life by reducing weight, changing smoking habits and increasing physical activity, thus proving the effectiveness of information and advice received in a screening investigation. In about 40% of the overweight subjects a reduction in weight and in half of the hypertensives a lowering of blood pressure to values below 160/95 mmHg was noted.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Determination of the caloric requirement of patients with cancer.

The weight change of 16 adult patients with cancer receiving total parenteral nutrition for an average period of 12 days was evaluated. The nitrogen to calorie ratio of the hyperalimentation fluid ranged from 1:144 to 1:235. The amount of nonprotein calories delivered was expressed as a multiple of the resting metabolic expenditure, and patients were divided according to the following different rates of calories delivered/resting metabolic expenditure into three groups: group 1, 1.11 to 1.48, mean 1.33; group 2, 1.55 to 1.76, mean 1.67, and group 3, 1.78 to 2.10, mean 1.87. The weight change in group 2 patients, +0.32 kilograms per day, was statistically different from that of group 1 patients, p less than 0.01, but not from that of group 3 patients. We conclude that the optimal hyperalimentation infusion rate to achieve weight gain in patients with cancer includes 50 nonprotein calories per kilogram per day as well as 1.5 grams of amino acids per kilogram per day with a nitrogen to calorie ratio of 1:208.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1992

Parity-related weight change in women.

Pregnancy is thought to be a major contributor to the excess prevalence of obesity in women compared to men. Pregnancy-related increases in weight are purported to increase the risk that women will develop chronic diseases associated with high body weight. The assertion that pregnancy is associated with permanent weight gain and overweight was examined among 41184 post-menopausal women participating in a population-based study. Women reported lifetime parity, weight at ages 18, 30, 40 and 50 years, and current height. Body weight and body mass index (BMI) increased with age. On average, women gained 11.05 kg, or 0.35 kg per year between the ages of 18 and 50 years. Parity was associated with an increase in body weight from age 18 to 50 years of 0.55 kg per live birth, or 0.09 kg per live birth per year. At each age, women with lifetime parity of one or two live births had lower mean body weight and BMI, and a lower proportion overweight (BMI greater than 27 kg/m2), than either nulliparous women or those with three or more lifetime births. These results indicate a strong association between ageing and weight gain and a weak association between parity and both weight gain and overweight in women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Reproduction and maternal nutrition in Madura, Indonesia.

The prevalence and severity of chronic energy deficiency (CED) among women of reproductive age as well as its consequences on the newborn and the mother were assessed in a longitudinal study. More than 40% of the mothers had a Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 18.5 before pregnancy, a level below which CED is considered to exist. Weight gain during pregnancy was low, on average 6.6 kg. Taking the difference between 4 week postpartum weight and pre-pregnant weight as net weight gain during pregnancy, mothers with a BMI less than 18.5 before pregnancy gained weight while those with a higher BMI lost weight. This observation suggests that the partitioning of energy to the fetus and the mother depends on the energy reserves of the mother before pregnancy. The functional significance of BMI as an indicator of CED is illustrated by its relation with birth weight. Similarly, 4 week postpartum, weight and BMI were predictive for the weight changes in the mother in the first 12 months after delivery. The groups with the lowest values gained weight, while the heaviest mothers lost weight. In view of the negative effects of CED among women of reproductive age on the infant and the mother, maternal undernutrition should receive the same attention as malnutrition among preschool children.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1991

Weight changes during pregnancy and the postpartum period.

Weight gain during pregnancy is considered a major determinant of fetal growth. Low maternal weight gain is associated with an increased incidence of low birth weight infants who are at higher risk for increased mortality. For the past twenty years, weight gain recommendations have been centered around one value (11 kg) as representative of a weight gain objective. Newer recommendations are based on what is considered optimal infant outcomes and not necessarily on maternal health considerations. These recent recommendations indicate the importance of pregravid weight in setting weight gain goals with overweight gravida advised to gain less than normal weight or underweight gravida. When confounding variables are controlled, maternal weight gain is similar in adolescents and older women. Reports on weight loss during the postpartum period indicate a high degree of variability in total weight change. In general, with current levels of weight gain, each successive birth adds about 1 kg of body weight above that normally gained with age. There is very little evidence to suggest that breast feeding as compared to other methods of infant feeding, causes body weight to return to prepregnancy levels at a faster rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

[A study of toxic substances in pertussis cultures].

For the purpose of studying the toxic properties of pertussis strains with different agglutination composition and to ascertain the interrelationship between the action of the toxic substances and the serological type of the strains the author used a test of the weight change in albino mice to which crude and heated (at 56 degrees C for 10 minutes) suspensions of the strains of various serological types were injected intraperitoneally. The toxic properties were checked in 17 strains. The test of the change of the animal body weight with the determination of the regression coefficient permitted to determine roughly the presence of the toxic substances in the strains; the action of the thermostable dermonecrotic toxin and thermostable endotoxin was expressed with greater constancy than that of the lymphocytosis stimulating factor. There was no interrelationship between the manifestation of the action of toxic substances in the pertussis strains and their serological type. The toxic activity peristed in the strains stored in dried condition.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1990

Protective effect of pentoxifylline on phorbol myristate acetate-induced acute lung injury in rats.

The pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is not clear, and its therapy is still a problem. Pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative, can inhibit phosphodiesterase activity and thus increase the intracellular cAMP. There are also some hypotheses that pentoxifylline can attenuate pulmonary edema. In order to evaluate the protective effect of pentoxifylline in acute lung injury, we set up an isolated lung perfusion model in rats and induced experimental acute lung injury similar to ARDS by intravenously infused phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) 7.5 micrograms/300 g body weight. Four groups of experimental rats were studied: group 1, normal control group, neither PMA nor pentoxifylline was used in 6 rats; group 2 (acute lung injury group), only PMA was infused in 8 rats; group 3 (protective group), pentoxifylline 100 mg/300 g body weight was given intravenously before PMA infusion in 6 rats; group 4, only pentoxifylline was given in 6 rats. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) as well as lung weight changes were recorded before and 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes after drug injection. Bronchial lavage fluids were then measured for albumin concentration. We found that PAP was strikingly increased in group 2 (54.0 +/- 8.8 mmHg), but the increase was significantly reduced in group 3 (29.8 +/- 5.8 mmHg, p less than 0.001). Similarly, the lung weight gain was markedly increased in group 2 (4.69 +/- 1.28 g), but was significantly attenuated in group 3 (1.25 +/- 1.60 g, p less than 0.001). There was no apparent change in PAP and lung weight gain throughout the entire procedure in groups 1 and 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Food records: a predictor and modifier of weight change in a long-term weight loss program.

Overriding concerns about the accuracy of self-reported food records have overshadowed discussion of their practical value as a self-management, intervention tool. This study examined the relationship between keeping food records and subsequent weight loss in a large-scale, conservative weight loss program. Keeping food records was a better predictor of weight loss than were baseline body mass index, exercise, and age. Monthly as well as cumulative weight loss was directly related to the number of days in which food records were kept. The strong, linear relationship between food record patterns and weight loss suggests that in spite of legitimate concern about the accuracy and representativeness of self-reported food records, they have considerable power as a predictor of success in achieving weight loss.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Evaluation of long-term weight changes after a multidisciplinary weight control program.

The American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs recently emphasized the importance of nutritionally sound weight reduction diets and changes in life-style to promote long-term weight control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate long-term effectiveness and to identify predictors of success of an intensive multidisciplinary program utilizing the time-calorie displacement diet, a low-fat, high-complex-carbohydrate diet, to promote and maintain reduced body weight. In 213 obese adults consecutively entering the program, including dropouts, weight loss averaged 6.3 kg (0.4 kg/week) and 16% of excess weight over 7 months of treatment. The 78 (37%) completing the recommended 15 visits lost a mean of 10.8 kg and 28% of their excess weight while under treatment. Weight loss was largely predicted by number of visits, which was more important than treatment duration. An increased number of visits was predicted by being married, being female, and reporting a usual diet low in snack foods. Of 147 patients contacted at posttreatment follow-up, 53% maintained their weight loss or continued to lose weight an average of 25 months later and 24% experienced weight rebound but were still below their pretreatment weight; only 23% regained their lost weight. Mean net weight loss from pretreatment to follow-up was 8.0 +/- 1.0 kg (mean +/- standard error of the mean). No factor significantly predicted posttreatment weight rebound. Results suggest that a nutritionally sound diet, prescribed in a multidisciplinary program and emphasizing life-style changes, can result in long-term weight control in a majority of patients treated.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Weight change in middle-aged British men: implications for health.

The relationship between weight change over a 5-year period and subsequent mortality during a further 4-year follow-up was examined in a prospective study of 7735 British middle-aged men. Over half of the men remained stable (less than 4 per cent change in body weight), 31 per cent gained weight and 14 per cent lost weight over 5 years. There were 357 deaths from all causes and men with stable weight had the lowest mortality rates. Considerable weight gain (greater than 15 per cent gain in body weight) was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular (CVD) mortality even after adjustment for initial age, body mass index, blood cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking status. Loss of weight was significantly associated with increased mortality largely due to cancer and other non-cardiovascular causes. The association between weight loss and cancer was more marked in non-obese men and emphasizes that weight loss is a potentially serious symptom. Weight loss to non-obese status was associated with a halving of cardiovascular mortality. The benefit was restricted to hypertensive obese men in whom the mortality reduction was considerable and significant. Considerable weight gain in later adult life, even over a short period of follow-up, is not a benign process, it is harmful to health.

Body Weight↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of diet and weight reduction in hypertension.

Weight reduction by a low-energy diet and a high-polyunsaturates-, fiber- and potassium-rich diet may be independently useful to hypertensives. To study the effect of such diets, 416 hypertensives were randomized to either a low-energy cardiovasoprotective (CVP) diet (Group A; n = 106), a low-energy usual diet (Group B; n = 104), an optimal-energy CVP diet (Group C; n = 104), or an optimal-energy, usual pre-experimental diet (Group D; n = 102) plus drug therapy in a single-blind and controlled fashion. Groups A and B received significant (p less than 0.02) fewer calories per day than Groups C and D. Groups A and C also received significantly (p less than 0.02) more calories per amount of complex carbohydrates, polyunsaturates, potassium, and magnesium than did Groups B and D. Dietary compliance and drug intake was checked weekly. After 3 months, there was a significant fall in mean serum cholesterol (p less than 0.01) and mean serum triglycerides (p less than 0.05) in Group A compared with Group D. Group A and B patients had a loss of around 10kg of mean body weight, with no weight change seen in Group D. Weight loss was associated with a significant fall in systolic and diastolic pressures in both Group A (22/18mmHg) and Group B (16/13mmHg) compared with Group D at the end of the study. Group C patients also showed a significant fall in pressure (13/10mmHg) compared with Group D. Drug therapy, exercise, and salt intake were similar in all the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Relations between weight changes and various biological parameters. Results of a longitudinal epidemiological survey].

Weight changes over a three year period were measured on a group of about 1400 working men aged 46 to 52 years and related to several biological parameters (cholesterolemia, triglyceridemia, uricemia, glycemia and blood pressure). We observed: a) a slight increase in mean weight over the three year period; b) significant correlations between weight change and changes in these biological parameters. These results are compared to those found in cross sectional studies. Their implications for public health and prevention of ischemic heart disease are discussed.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1978

Some effects of uninfected laboratory-reared tsetses (Glossina morsitans morsitans westw.) (diptera: glossinidae) on host-rabbits.

Rabbits (Flemish giant x French lop-eared) exposed to 300 to 500 tsetses (Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw.) a day, 2 or 3 days a week, did not show significant differences from littermates receiving no exposure, with respect to weight changes, haematocrits, red and white blood cell counts or whole blood clotting times. In other rabbits, the same daily exposure, 6 days a week, resulted in sharp decreases in haematocrit levels and in some, changes in weights, but no change in citrated plasma thrombin times. Rabbit haematocrit levels correlated negatively with estimated weekly blood loss. Weights and haematocrits of most rabbits exposed to 1,200 to 1,500 flies on a single occasion were not affected. However, following heavy exposure, ears were cold and blood letting difficult, indicating the possibility of arteriolar vasoconstriction.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Effects of social and environmental change on institutionalized mentally retarded persons: the relocation syndrome reconsidered.

The "relocation syndrome" in multiply-handicapped, institutionalized mentally retarded residents was examined in an observational study. Weight change and the initiation and duration of constructive and nonconstructive behavior was observed, as well as resident-staff interactions before and after relocation to a new living unit. The hypothesis that there would be an increase in behavior deleterious to the health of clients after relocation, when compared to two premove baseline periods of crowding, was not totally supported. Although relocation did cause significant changes in a variety of behaviors, not all were deleterious (i.e., no mortalities, weight gains). Results were discussed in terms of a social-situational model.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Ingestive behavior and composition of weight change during cyproheptadine administration.

The effect of cyproheptadine on spontaneous energy intake was studied by means of an automated (liquid diet) food-dispensing apparatus in two nonobese adults confined to a metabolic ward. The experimental design included both single and double-blind periods. Throughout, the composition of daily weight change was determined by the energy-nitrogen balance method. While on cyproheptadine, both subjects exhibited increases in energy intake with the following average composition of weight gain: protein 16%, fat 14% and water 70% (first subject), and protein 5%, fat 49% and water 46% (second subject). The cyproheptadine-induced increase in energy intake was statistically significant in one of the subjects, who was at his desirable weight level at the outset. The other subject was underweight initially and tended to gain throughout the experiment, although rate of weight gain appeared to be more rapid during the periods of cyproheptadine administration. Energy output in both subjects remained fairly constant throughout. We conclude that cyproheptadine induces weight gain of 'normal' composition by stimulating increased energy intake.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

Plasma corticosterone level of rats after bilateral lesion of the globus pallidus and elimination of the sex-dependence of the body weight loss following pallidal lesion by bilateral adrenalectomy.

Plasma corticosterone (CST) level and body weight were studied in male and female rats after bilateral pallidal lesion (GPL). The effect of high dose of glycocorticoids on body weight of food and water deprived, non-lesioned rats was also studied since high CST levels due to the stress caused by the aphagia and adipsia could be anticipated. Weight changes in lesioned-adrenalectomized animals were in investigated as well. A weight loss, higher in males than females, developed after the pallidal lesion and the CST level was higher in lesioned females than in lesioned males. This sex-difference was present in non-lesioned, food and water deprived animals as well. The weight loss was higher in lesioned males than in food and water deprived male/female controls. Adrenalectomy eliminated weight loss differences between the sexes after lesion, by reducing the weight loss in males. CST administration reduced body weight loss in food and water deprived males but not in familes, and cortisol facilitated it in both sexes.

Adrenal Cortex↗

PubMed1977

The perinatal rat: body weight, hematocrit and regional changes in heart weight and lactate dehydrogenase isozyme composition and activity.

Body weight (BW), hematocrit (Hct), heart weight (HW) and cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and isozyme pattern were studied in the perinatal rat. BW increased linearly, from 5 days before birth till 10 days after birth, while Hct increased from 30 to 34% within 1 day of birth. HW increased in step with BW. However, the relative contribution to total HW of right ventricle (RV), interventricular septum (S) and atria declined relative to the left ventricle free wall (LVW) beginning 2 to 3 days before birth. RV/LVW declined steadily throughout the study period. LDH specific activity in LVW, RV, S and atria increased greatly prior to birth and less so afterwards, with atria showing the lowest values throughout the study. Total LDH activity in each portion of the heart paralleled the respective regional weight changes. LDH isozyme composition (percent M subunit) declined at the time of birth in LVW, RV and S from 63 to 43%; change in atrial M subunit was smaller. The change in LDH isozyme composition could be accounted for in LVW, RV and S by increasing H subunit activity alone. In atria, both M and H subunit activity increased.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Adipose tissue cellularity in relation to prognosis for weight reduction.

Ninety obese adult women were analysed with respect to adipose tissue cellularity and divided into hypertrophic, hyperplastic and combined groups of obesity. Their spontaneous body weight development was analysed over a period of six years. A reference group, with normal body weight, gained weight at an average of 0.25 kg per year. Patients with hyperplastic and combined forms of obesity gained significantly more (2.5 and 3.1 kg per year, respectively) when essentially untreated. The increase for the patients with hypertrophic obesity did not differ significantly from the reference group. During a standardized treatment period on an energy reduced diet (1100 kcal/day or 4600 kJ/day) the hypertrophic, hyperplastic and combined groups reduced by 11, 15 and 20 kg, respectively. There were strong positive correlations between total weight reduction and rate of weight reduction on the one hand and FCN and initial body weight on the other. The combined and hyperplastic groups were on average able to maintain their reduced weight for 12 and 15 weeks, respectively, while the hypertrophic group managed for 51 weeks. There was a strong negative correlation between duration of steady weight after weight reduction and FCN. When the relapse started the rate of regain was three times faster in the hyperplastic and combined groups than in the hypertrophic group. The rate of regain correlated positively with FCN. Thus, the patients demonstrated a characteristic three phase pattern in weight change with a period of reduction followed by periods of steady weight and of weight gain. The higher FCN, the faster this cycle was completed. It is concluded that the long-term prognosis for weight reduction is worse for hypercellular forms of obesity than for the hypertrophic form. However, this does not mean that patients with hypercellular forms of obesity should not be treated at all since their serious spontaneous weight development might be lessened by repeated treatments.

Adipose Tissue↗