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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Roentgenologic diagnosis of cerebral concussion].

The article presents the findings of computer-aided tomography in 6 patients with brain concussion. In 27% of the cases the symptom-complex was accompanied by the development of brain plethora or hydrocephalus which was reflected in changes in the cerebral and densitometry characteristics. The objective nature of such changes was confirmed by the factorial analysis of the computer-aided tomographic and clinical symptoms as well as the presence of correlation between them. The authors has devised a linear regression model of the expected mean roentgen density of the white matter with regard to the degree of its atrophy. It has been shown that computer-aided tomography provides the possibility of identifying the pathological changes that develop following a mild craniocerebral injury and of predicting the outcome of their pathogenetic therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Evidence-based review of sport-related concussion: basic science.

The evidence base for sport-related concussive brain injury is reviewed in this paper. In the past, pathophysiological understanding of this common condition has been extrapolated from studies of severe brain trauma. More recent scientific study demonstrates that this approach is unsatisfactory, and the clinical features of concussion represent a predominantly functional brain injury rather than manifest by structural or neuropathological damage. Such understanding of this condition remains incomplete at this stage.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed1981

[Changes in the time required for a simple manual motor response in patients with cranio-cerebral injuries].

In 50 patients with craniocerebral injuries and 50 healthy subjects the duration of motor response of the right and the left hand to light stimulation was examined. It was found that the duration of this response depended on the injury gravity, the localization of the contusion focus in the brain, and the time that had passed since the injury infliction. The method described contributes to specifying the diagnosis of brain concussions and contusions; to determining the affected side of the brain, and to finding out whether the brain activity gets better or worse. In other words, the method offered is of a prognostic importance, and can be used in clinical nervous system function in craniocerebral injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Psychological structure of posttraumatic syndromes in children suffering cerebral concussions].

Clinical-psychologic examination of 132 pupils aged 7-14 years with a history of brain concussion disclosed the following clinical syndromes: cerebrasthenia in 55 children (41.7%), hypertensive-hydrocephalus syndrome in 44 (33.3%), epileptiform syndrome in 8 children (6%); 25 children (19%) presented a state of clinical compensation. Using neuropsychologic procedures characteristics of major psychic processes were studied. The overwhelming majority of the children studied exhibited mnemonic (59.8%), concentration (71.9%) or intellectual (83.3%) disorders. These impairments affect these children's ability to adapt to their environmental conditions and call for the development of appropriate rehabilitation measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Task and driving performance of patients with a severe concussion of the brain.

Patients who had sustained a severe concussion of the brain more than 2 years earlier were tested in choice reaction time tasks in the laboratory in order to investigate their impaired reactive capacity. The focus of investigation was whether specific stages in the chain of the information process are affected by the injury. In addition, driving skills were measured in an instrumented car to determine if reaction time performance is predictive of car driving. In general, patients were much slower than control subjects, both in the reaction time and in the driving tasks. The results obtained in the reaction time tasks provide no conclusive evidence, however, that severe concussion of the brain affects particular stages in information processing. Reaction time tasks appear to have predictive value for the ability to drive a car.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Glucose tolerance test and some pathways of glucose metabolism in patients with craniocerebral trauma].

Intravenous glucose tolerance test was done and concentrations of lactic acid and pyruvic acid were determined together with the lactic acid/pyruvic acid index and lactic dehydrogenase activity in fasting venous blood and 35 and 90 min. after glucose load. The investigations were carried out in 30 patients with cerebral concussion and 20 patients with cerebral contusion on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after trauma. Thirty healthy subjects served as controls. Presence of hyperglycaemia in fasting state and impairment of glucose tolerance were demonstrated in the first week of the disease. These disturbances were accompanied by significant decrease of the activity of lactic and pyruvic acid metabolism during the first three days after trauma. The values of lactic acid/pyruvic acid index and LDH activity were not changed significantly. Disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism persisted during the first week after trauma and were more frequent, more intense and persisted longer in patients with brain contusion than in those with brain concussion but showed no significant differences related to the degree of trauma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Emergence of immunoreactivities for phosphorylated tau and amyloid-beta protein in chronic stage of fluid percussion injury in rat brain.

Head injury is one of the potential environmental factors in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To study the chronic stage of concussive brain injury, histological analyses were performed 2-6 months after right lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury (3.6-4.8 atm) in rats. Six months after injury, numerous normal-looking neurons in the telencephalon and brain stem were immunoreactive with either antibody to phosphorylated tau or with four antibodies to beta-amyloid protein. Neuronal counts in the cortices were gradually decreased after injury, up to 42% loss at 6 months after injury. These neuropathological changes suggest that this animal model could serve as a good animal model of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD.

Amyloid beta-Peptides↗
PubMed1990

[Post-concussion decrease in aniseikonia tolerance].

Besides loss of convergence and accommodation, head injuries can cause fusion deficiency. Part function of sensory fusion is tolerance to sphaerical and meridional aniseikonia. We will present a patient, whose aniseikonia tolerance decreased after a brain concussion.

Aniseikonia↗
PubMed1979

The morphopathologic substrates of concussion?

Neuronal inundation with i.v. infused horseradish peroxidase was studied following concussive brain injury by means of both light and electron microscopy. In animals sustaining mechanical brain injury of insufficient intensity as to elicit either microscopic intraparenchymal hemorrhage or other neuropathological change, yet of sufficient intensity as to provoke a physiological concussive response, vascular peroxidase exudation concomitant with neuronal peroxidase inundation occurred throughout the raphe and reticular core. Initially such inundated neurons were totally flooded with the tracer and as such appeared reminiscent of cells visualized in Golgi preparations. However, over the course of a 24-h period these peroxidae flooded neurons apparently organized the peroxidase into vesicles and vacuoles which assumed a perinuclear position from where the peroxidase ultimately reached both the nucleus and nucleolus. It was remarkable that these events occurred without any evidence of subcellular alteration. We interpret such initial inundation with this protein tracer, its ultimate reorganization, and its nuclear and nucleolar uptake as being consistent with some form of subtle and transient neuronal perturbation. We speculate that as such this neuronal perturbation may constitute a morphological correlate of the concussive episode.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Current concepts in diagnosing brain death in Germany].

Diagnosis of brain death requires definite evidence of an acute CNS catastrophe and exclusion of complicating medical conditions that may confound clinical assessment. Acute CNS catastrophe may be due to direct ("primary") brain damage (e.g., intracerebral hemorrhage, severe concussion, brain tumors), or indirect ("secondary") brain damage (e.g., cerebral hypoxia following cardio-pulmonary resuscitation). The cardinal findings in brain death are coma, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea. Persistence of these clinical signs determines brain death. In Germany, the intervals of a repeat clinical evaluation are at least 12 hours in patients with primary, and at least 72 hours in those with secondary brain damage. Electroencephalographically documented absence of electrical activity for at least 30 minutes or by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography or isotope angiography documented intracranial circulatory arrest also confirm brain death. Under such conditions, a repeat clinical evaluation is unnecessary in patients with clinical brain death signs. First of all, brain death is a clinical diagnosis. Confirmatory tests are not mandatory in most situations. In Germany, confirmatory tests are required in newborns, infants below the age of 2 years, and patients with infratentorial brain damage.

Brain Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnostic evaluation of main signs of liquor crystallograms in live subjects with craniocerebral injuries of different severity].

Liquor samples from 159 live subjects with craniocerebral injuries were analyzed. Forty-four patients had brain concussions, 30 light contusions of the brain, 43 medium-severe contusions of the brain, and 42 severe contusions of the brain. Crystallograms were evaluated by 37 signs detected visually and by stereoscopy. The main diagnostic criteria for evaluation of the severity of craniocerebral injury were defined.

Cerebrospinal Fluid↗
PubMed1989

[Immunologic status of patients in the late period after cranio-cerebral trauma].

Immune disorders characteristic of the late period of craniocerebral trauma involve T-cellular, regulatory link and were represented by a reduction of T-cells count and function with disbalance in lymphocytes-helpers, increase in macrophagal and lymphoid suppressors activity susceptible to indomethacin++. The changes also include the neurosensibilization of cellular and humoral type to brain-specific++ proteins: OBM, 14-3-2, S-100. Most pronounced changes were detected in patients after severe brain concussion with focal neural changes persisting in the late period.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Incidence of cerebral concussions associated with type of mouthguard used in college football.

Controversy exists among sports dentists as to whether or not a 'custom made' mouthguard is more effective in reducing the incidence of cerebral concussion than the boil-and-bite 'non-custom made' mouthguard. While members on each side remain steadfast in their opinion, not a single epidemiological study has been conducted to investigate the effect of type of mouthguard worn on the incidence of cerebral concussion. The aim of this study was to determine if there was a difference between the type of mouthguard worn and the incidence of cerebral concussions among National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A football players. During the 15-week 2001 college football season, trainers entered, via an interactive web site, weekly data for each game and practice sessions for the preceding week. Eighty-seven (76%) out of a possible 114 Division I teams participated. A total of 506 297 athletic exposures were recorded; 369 brain concussions were reported. The incidence of cerebral concussions per 1000 exposures was 0.73. Utilizing a risk ratio with a 95% confidence interval, no statistical difference occurred in the incidence of cerebral concussions between football players wearing custom made versus non-custom made mouthguards (0.990,1.750). In this study, there was no advantage of wearing a custom made mouthguard over a boil-and-bite mouthguard to reduce the risk of cerebral concussion in football players.

Brain Concussion↗
PubMed1997

Were you knocked out? A team physician's approach to initial concussion management.

To present an evidence-based approach reviewing the acute management of concussive brain injury in sport. All published articles on the acute management of sport-related brain injury were extracted using searches of computerised databases (Medline, Embase, Sport Discus) as well as detailed literature reviews based upon the published bibliographies in this area. The review details the aspects where prospective scientific data is available upon which to base clinical management strategies. The first few minutes after an athlete receives a concussive injury provides a window of opportunity during which time the initial medical management forms a crucial and potentially lifesaving treatment. All clinicians involved in care of the concussed athlete need to have an understanding of the early management of the concussed athlete and a strategy by which they may manage such problems. An efficient and appropriate response to the immediate concussion management will help minimise the potential sequelae which may impact upon the athletes ability to return to sport.

Athletic Injuries↗