SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “COGNITION”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Effect of recurrent hypoglycemia on spatial cognition and cognitive metabolism in normal and diabetic rats.

The effects of recurrent hypoglycemia (RH) on cognition in human subjects remain controversial, perhaps in part due to difficulty in completely controlling previous hypoglycemic history. We used a model of RH in nondiabetic and diabetic rats to examine the effects of short-term (3 h daily for 3 days) RH on subsequent hippocampally dependent spatial memory, tested either at euglycemia or under acute hypoglycemia. Hippocampal metabolism was simultaneously measured using microdialysis. Antecedent RH improved task performance (79 +/- 2% alternation in nondiabetic RH animals vs. 63 +/- 3% in controls; P < 0.001) at euglycemia, accompanied by reversal of the task-associated dip (20 +/- 1% below baseline) in hippocampal extracellular fluid (ECF) glucose seen in control animals. RH rats also had a larger rise in hippocampal ECF glucose, after intraperitoneal glucose injection, than did controls. However, RH animals tested at acute hypoglycemia ( approximately 2.8 mmol/l) performed significantly worse than control animals. Results were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic rats. Our data suggest that RH causes improvement in subsequent cognitive performance at euglycemia, accompanied by alterations in cognitive metabolism. When glucose availability is limited, complex cognitive functioning seems to be adversely effected in RH animals, perhaps to better maintain and preserve basic brain functions.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Cognition and states of consciousness: the necessity for empirical study of ordinary and nonordinary consciousness for contemporary cognitive psychology.

Recent criticisms of the place and function of "consciousness" in "cognitive science" are considered and rejected. Contrary to current orthodoxy subjective experience during abstract cognitive activity, especially when placed in its natural series with phenomenal accounts of so-called "altered states of consciousness," can provide unique and crucial evidence concerning just that core of "semantics" which eludes the automatized "syntax" of computer simulation. The "noetic" aspect of extreme altered states can be placed in relation to introspective descriptions of "insight." Various altered state features--synaesthesias, geometric/mandala imagery, reorganizations of "perceptual" dimensions and enhanced "self-reference"--can be taken as direct "exteriorizations" of abstract symbolic processes as discussed by Neisser, Geschwind, Mead, and Arnheim. A genuine cognitive psychology cannot continue to ignore the qualitative-experiential bases of symbolization. More specifically, the sense that insight just comes to us as if from "outside," its preliminary microgenetic processes masked, does not show the failure of introspective phenomenology but rather offers a unique and positive clue to the imaginal dialogic structure of higher mental processes. Thinking, as one phase of imaginal "conversation," must be "sent" from the phenomenal "other" to an attenuated, receptive phenomenal "self." A reconsideration of the Würzburg controversy, adding closely related altered state phenomena to the transitional series between "impalpable awareness" and specific imagery, suggests that the normally masked processes underlying the "felt meaning" or "insight" state are most directly exteriorized as what Klüver termed "complex" or geometric-dynamic synaesthesias. Finally, a reinterpretation of classical introspectionism's "sensation" shows the "mechanism" by which the metaphorical/synaesthetic processes of cognition are generated. Titchener's "sensation" plays the crucial role in metaphor it so conspicuously lacked in functional perception.

Awareness↗

PubMed1999

Correlations among scores on measures of field dependence-independence cognitive style, cognitive ability, and sustained attention.

The Children's Embedded Figures Test, the Rod and Frame Test to measure the field dependence-independence cognitive style, Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Tests to measure cognitive ability, and two cancellation tasks (Zazzo task and Bourdon task) to assess sustained attention were administered to 179 boys and 110 girls whose average age was 9.0 yr. Correlations between scores on measures of field dependence-independence and cognitive ability were moderated. Average correlations between scores on measures of field dependence-independence, cognitive ability, and measures of sustained attention was .23 for the Zazzo task and quite weak (.06) for the Bourdon task.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2004

Correlation between cognitive capacity screening examination and cognitive evoked potential in alcohol-dependent patients.

The aim of this study was to verify the significance of cognitive evoked potentials and the correlation between the auditory event-related potential and the Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination (CCSE) in alcohol dependent patients. The P300 studies using an auditory paradigm were performed on 25 alcohol dependent patients, and then the results were compared with score of the CCSE. 1) The latencies of the P300 were significantly prolonged in the patient group compared with the control group, and the scores of CCSE were significantly reduced in the patient group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). 2) There were significant negative correlation between P300 latency and scores of the CCSE (p < 0.05, r= -0.774). 3) There were no significant correlation between P300 latency and the total amount of ethanol ingestion (p > 0.05). 4) There was significant reliability in P300 latency study (alpha=0.9771). These findings suggest that the latency of P300 may be useful as a clinical electrodiagnostic measurement that can objectively reflect cognitive dysfunction in alcohol dependent patients, and it can be used as a quantitative analysis of cognitive dysfunction even for early asymptomatic alcohol dependent patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination: a brief but quantitative approach to cognitive assessment.

The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE), a screening examination that assesses cognition in a brief but quantitative fashion, uses independent tests to evaluate functioning within five major cognitive ability areas: language, constructions, memory, calculations, and reasoning. The examination separately assesses level of consciousness, orientation, and attention. This instrument quickly identifies intact areas of functioning, yet provides more detailed assessment in areas of dysfunction. Standardization data are provided for 119 healthy adults (age range, 20 to 92 years) and for 30 patients receiving neurosurgical care for brain lesions (range, 25 to 88 years). Cognitive profiles for several common neuropsychiatric conditions illustrate the usefulness of this examination in clinical practice.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

[Cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Project CASCADE Kraków. III. Assessment of cognitive function in elderly women and men (65-78 years old)].

There are commonly used simple tests for cognitive function that allow for rather superficial assessment in population based study. The goal of the paper was to present the results of cognitive function assessment in elderly men and women recruited from Polish rural population obtained using the battery of tests designed for the CASCADE Project and to assess the relations between the results of tests included in the battery. Studied group were 182 persons at the age of 65-78 years. The battery of tests included: MMSE, Stroop Test, Test Purdue Pegboard (TPP), letter-digit substitution test, word recall test (3 word lists including one with distraction), word fluency test and prospective memory test. The battery allowed for the assessment of short, semantic and prospective memory, attention, speed of perception and processing, word fluency and motoric function. The results of all tests were strongly correlated and indicated for a decreased cognitive function in men and women at the age of 65-78 years with low level of education. Decreased level of cognitive function could be related both to physiological ageing of the brain and to the presence of pathological process.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Validity of the Cognitive Mini-Exam of Lobo et al. for the detection of dementia-associated cognitive deterioration] .

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Mini-Examination Cognitive (MEC) of Lobo et al is widely used as a screening tool for dementia in epidemiological studies and in clinical context for the rapid evaluation of cases in whom there is a suspicion of cognitive deterioriation due to dementia. Nevertheless, the validity analysis in old people have not been accomplished. The objective of this study has been to validate the use of this instrument to detect cognitive deterioration associated with dementia in elderly people. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-five old people have participated, one group of patients of a Neurology Service and another group of healthy old people. All of them have been evaluated through a neuropsychological exploration protocol and the MEC. RESULTS: The results show a high validity of this test for the evaluation of the cognitive deterioration in this population, as in the correlation with the neurological tests used as in the ANOVA intergroups (with and without deterioration) executed; they also reflect the influence on the puntuations of variables such as the age and the educational level. CONCLUSIONS: The utility of this procedure for the Spanish population with a low cultural level and the necessity of working with different criteria depending on the age and the educational level of the patients evaluated is shown here.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Cognition and life stress in depression: cognitive factors and the definition, rating, and generation of negative life events.

The relationship between cognitive factors and different conceptualizations and measures of life stress poses important questions for contemporary theories of depression. We examined whether cognitive factors (dysfunctional attitudes and attributional style) are related to the definition, rating, and generation of negative life events. Life events were assessed with both subjective self-report and more objective interview-based methods in endogenously depressed outpatients. The results partially support the hypothesis that cognitive factors are related to definition and severity ratings of self-report measures of particular types of life events. These relationships held primarily for achievement, as compared with interpersonal, events. The results also support the hypothesis that elevated scores on measures of cognition are associated with the number of objectively defined events occurring prior to the onset of depression, suggesting that some patients may generate the life events that in turn may initiate a depressive episode.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavioral therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and cognitive-analytic methods in treatment of anorexia].

This paper describes the current state of behavioural, cognitive-behavioural and cognitive-analytical treatments of anorexia nervosa and the underlying theoretical models. Purely behavioural treatment methods have been evaluated in a number of single case studies. Although effective in terms of increasing body weight, these methods are obsolete in view of their unpleasant side-effects. Cognitive-behavioural and cognitive-analytical therapies are much more appropriate for these patients given their complex symptomatology and frequently ambivalent attitude to treatment. However, so far evaluations of these treatments are rare. The reasons for this are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening.

UNLABELLED: There is a clear need for brief, but sensitive and specific, cognitive screening instruments as evidenced by the popularity of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE). OBJECTIVES: We aimed to validate an improved revision (the ACE-R) which incorporates five sub-domain scores (orientation/attention, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuo-spatial). METHODS: Standard tests for evaluating dementia screening tests were applied. A total of 241 subjects participated in this study (Alzheimer's disease=67, frontotemporal dementia=55, dementia of Lewy Bodies=20; mild cognitive impairment-MCI=36; controls=63). RESULTS: Reliability of the ACE-R was very good (alpha coefficient=0.8). Correlation with the Clinical Dementia Scale was significant (r=-0.321, p<0.001). Two cut-offs were defined (88: sensitivity=0.94, specificity=0.89; 82: sensitivity=0.84, specificity=1.0). Likelihood ratios of dementia were generated for scores between 88 and 82: at a cut-off of 82 the likelihood of dementia is 100:1. A comparison of individual age and education matched groups of MCI, AD and controls placed the MCI group performance between controls and AD and revealed MCI patients to be impaired in areas other than memory (attention/orientation, verbal fluency and language). CONCLUSIONS: The ACE-R accomplishes standards of a valid dementia screening test, sensitive to early cognitive dysfunction.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Negative cognitions of dental phobics: reliability and validity of the dental cognitions questionnaire.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Dental Cognitions Questionnaire (DCQ). This measure contains 38 items and assesses both frequency and believability of negative cognitions related to dental treatment. The results indicated that the DCQ has good internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, and satisfactory concurrent validity, as indicated by positive associations with indices of anxiety and other cognitive measures (n = 180). Factor analysis revealed a one factor solution. Furthermore, the DCQ discriminated strongly between dental phobics (n = 85) and non-phobic Ss (n = 70). Moreover, it was found that combinations of DCQ items have substantially more explanatory power than did a measure of dental trait anxiety, explaining up to 70.7% of the variance in state anxiety ratings in the dental situation. Overall, it appears that dental phobics have many extremely negative beliefs and self-statements about themselves and about what might happen during treatment. Since certain cognitions seem to play a critical role in fear evocation, diminishing catastrophizing ideation may be an important determinant of adjustment to dental treatment and reduction of psychological distress.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The influence of cognitive load on self-presentation: can cognitive busyness help as well as harm social performance?

Extra cognitive loads can hinder challenging self-presentations by usurping needed cognitive resources but also may sometimes improve them by shifting attention away from negative self-preoccupation. In Study 1, extraverts and introverts participated in an interview in which they presented themselves as either extraverted or introverted. Congruent self-presentations, which should be cognitively nondemanding, were unaffected by a cognitive busyness manipulation (rehearsing an 8-digit number). However, incongruent self-presentations were affected by busyness. Busyness decreased the effectiveness of extraverts who tried to appear introverted but increased the effectiveness of introverts who tried to appear extraverted. Study 2 found that introverts, who also tend to be socially anxious, reported less public self-consciousness and fewer negative self-focused thoughts when they were busy than when they were not busy.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Maternal support networks, maternal cognitions, and young children's social and cognitive development.

The relations among maternal support networks, maternal perceptions of parenting, maternal attributions for parenting situations, and children's social development, as indexed by peer acceptance, and cognitive performance, as indexed by the PPVT-R and PSI, were examined in a sample of 69 mothers and their preschool-age children. Network characteristics directly predicted cognitive performance and indirectly predicted peer acceptance through effects on maternal perceptions and attributions. Parent cognitions as mediators of network effects on children's development are discussed, addressing variation due to network dimensions, types of parent cognitions, and domain of children's development.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Effects of rivastigmine on cognitive function in dementia with lewy bodies: a randomised placebo-controlled international study using the cognitive drug research computerised assessment system.

This study was designed to assess the effects of rivastigmine (Exelon) on the cognitive functioning of patients suffering from dementia with Lewy bodies. This was a prospective, multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study conducted at sites in the UK, Spain and Italy. The treatment period was 20 weeks with a 3-week posttreatment follow-up. The primary outcome measures were the Cognitive Drug Research (CDR) computerised assessment system and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Testing was conducted prior to dosing and then again at weeks 12, 20 and 23. Analysis of the data from the 92 patients who completed the study identified a significant pattern of benefits of rivastigmine over placebo on the CDR system. These benefits were seen on tests of attention, working memory and episodic secondary memory. Taking attention for example, patients given placebo showed a significant deterioration from predosing scores at 12 and 20 weeks, whereas patients on rivastigmine performed significantly above their predosing levels. These effects were also large in magnitude, the decline under placebo at week 12 being 19%, while the improvement under rivastigmine was 23%. The clinical relevance of this 23% improvement was that it took the patients 33% towards being normal for their age on this assessment of attention. These benefits to cognitive function were accompanied by a significant improvement of the other primary outcome measure, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Three weeks after discontinuation of rivastigmine, most parameters of cognitive performance returned to predrug levels.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Effect of a social cognitive intervention on oral health status, behavior reports, and cognitions.

An intervention designed to test the influence of cognitive restructuring on protective oral health behaviors was conducted with 108 patients with mild to moderate gingivitis. Subjects in the experimental group viewed slides of active, mobile bacteria taken from their mouths on 5 occasions: before and after prophylaxis and at 3 appointments, one month apart. A specially trained hygienist discussed with these participants the process of periodontal disease, the role of bacteria, and self-efficacy (self-control) for oral hygiene self-care. Both experimental and control group subjects received instruction in oral self-care procedures. Assessments of oral health using Löe and Silness' plaque and gingival indices (PI and GI) were taken throughout the study and at 3- and 6-month follow-up visits. Self-efficacy, oral hygiene intentions, attitudes, and values comprised the set of cognition variables. Plaque and gingival indices mean differences between groups approached significance at visit 6. Analyses were also performed using percent of gingival surfaces scored at "0" (no visible bleeding on probing). A trend occurred for group differences in percent "0" scores at visit 6, with the experimental group maintaining higher percent zeros (better health) at this 3-month follow-up. At visit 7 (9-month follow-up), PI and GI differences disappeared. No significant differences were found between groups for oral health cognitions or behavior reports over time. The data suggest that the cognitive-behavioral intervention produced a delayed relapse in protective oral self-care behaviors, and by extension, oral health status. Such a delay could be clinically relevant in promoting adherence to oral hygiene behavior between professional visits.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Modifying acute pain by matching cognitive style with cognitive treatment.

To test whether congruence between cognitive style and cognitive coping would facilitate the attenuation of pressure pain, 30 verbalizers and 30 visualizers were assigned in equal numbers (ns = 10) to pleasant imagery, rational thoughts, and expectancy conditions. Separate 2 X 3 (cognitive style X experimental condition) analyses of covariance on pain tolerance and subjective discomfort indicated that imagery was superior to expectancy in raising tolerance. These findings are discussed in terms of the flexibility of cognitive coping and the content of the images and thoughts which were used.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

The canine model of human cognitive aging and dementia: pharmacological validity of the model for assessment of human cognitive-enhancing drugs.

For the past 15 years we have investigated the aged beagle dog as a model for human aging and dementia. We have shown that dogs develop cognitive deficits and neuropathology seen in human aging and dementia. These similarities increase the likelihood that the model will be able to accurately predict the efficacy of Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments as well as detect therapeutics with limited or no efficacy. Better predictive validity of cognitive-enhancing therapeutics (CETs) could lead to enormous cost savings by reducing the number of failed human clinical trials and also may reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes such as those recently observed in the AN-1792 clinical trials. The current review assesses the pharmacological validity of the canine model of human aging and dementia. We tested the efficacy of (1) CP-118,954 and phenserine, two acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, (2) an ampakine, (3) selegiline hydrochloride, two drugs that have failed human AD trials, and (4) adrafinil, a putative CET. Our research demonstrates that dogs not only develop isomorphic changes in human cognition and brain pathology, but also accurately predict the efficacy of known AD treatments and the absence or limited efficacy of treatments that failed clinical trials. These findings collectively support the utilization of the dog model as a preclinical screen for identifying novel CETs for both age-associated memory disorder and dementia.

Aging↗

PubMed2003

Psychometrically matched measures of global cognition, memory, and executive function for assessment of cognitive decline in older persons.

Item response theory methods were used to derive psychometrically sophisticated measures of global cognition, memory, and executive function. Goals were that these measures (a) could be derived from commonly used neuropsychological tests, (b) would have linear measurement properties, and (c) would be psychometrically matched. Scale development was based on a sample of 400 older individuals with cognitive function ranging from normal to demented. Scales were reasonably matched with linear measurement over an ability range relevant to many important clinical applications. Cognitively normal, mild impairment, and dementia participant groups differed on baseline measures and rate of decline. Association of measures with quantitative structural magnetic resonance imaging variables followed expected patterns. This approach to scale development may have applications for other neuropsychological assessment problems.

Aged↗