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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Viral titers in nasal lining fluid compared to viral titers in nasal washes during experimental rhinovirus infection.

BACKGROUND: The concentration of rhinovirus in nasal wash specimens from infected volunteers peaks at 48-72 h after inoculation. The volume of expelled nasal fluid peaks at the same time, raising the question of whether the viral concentration in nasal wash reflects viral replication in nasal cells or merely the production of an increased volume of nasal fluid during a cold. OBJECTIVES: To determine the amount of rhinovirus in nasal lining fluid during colds before the nasal fluid has been diluted in a nasal wash. STUDY DESIGN: Rhinovirus titers were determined in nasal wash specimens collected daily for five days from 14 subjects with type16 rhinovirus infection. The urea concentration in nasal lining fluid equals that in blood. By determining the urea concentration in a nasal wash and comparing it to the urea concentration in blood from the same subject, it was possible to determine the amount of dilution of the nasal lining fluid. The dilution factor (reciprocal of the dilution) was then used to calculate the viral concentration in undiluted nasal lining fluid. RESULTS: The dilution factor in 70 nasal washes varied from 5 to 64. The viral GMTs (+S.E.) in nasal washes were 1.79 (+0.3) TCID(50)/ml at 24 h, 3.11 (+0.15) at 48 h, and 2.61 (+0.3) at 72 h. The viral GMTs in nasal lining fluid, based on urea adjusted values, paralleled those in nasal washes but were approximately one log higher. Virus concentrations returned to near baseline values by day 5. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal pattern of rhinovirus shedding observed in nasal wash specimens, with a peak in virus concentration at 48-72 h after infection, is a true indication of virus production in nasal cells and not an artifact of the increased amount of nasal fluid produced during the early phase of a cold.

Common Cold↗
PubMed2001

A cohort study of stress and the common cold.

The common cold is one of the major causes of work absenteeism. Former studies, based on artificial inoculation of rhinovirus, implicated psychological stress in the occurrence of this syndrome, either by increasing susceptibility to the virus or by causing the subject to overrate the perception of the symptoms. Nevertheless, few studies on the effect of stress on the naturally acquired common cold have been conducted. We carried out a 1-year prospective cohort study among the faculty and staff of a Spanish university (N = 1,149). By means of standardized questionnaires, validated in a random sample of the population, we assessed the relation between the occurrence of common cold episodes and exposure to four dimensions of stress: stressful life events, negative affect, positive affect, and perceived stress. All four aspects of stress were related to the occurrence of the common cold. Subjects with a high (fourth quartile) index of negative affect showed an incidence rate ratio of 3.7 (95% confidence interval = 2.2-6.2). The incidence rate ratios for the fourth quartile were 2.5 (95% confidence interval = 1.5-4.1) and 1.9 (95% confidence interval = 1.1-3.2) for perceived stress and stressful events, respectively. A high index of positive affect was associated with an incidence rate ratio of 0.6 (95% confidence interval = 0.3-1.0). These findings suggest that psychological stress is a risk factor for the common cold.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed1990

[Anti-influenza virus effect of dunhuang air cleaning agent].

Dunhuang air cleaning agent is an emulsion made from the efficacious ingredients of traditional Chinese drugs, antivirotic test in vitro and virus destroying test with atomization were made in our department. It was proved that the agent possesses anti-influenza virus effect. Being an ideal agent for air cleaning, it may be used in the prevention of (common) cold and influenza epidemic.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed2003

Respiratory syncytial virus in healthy adults: the cost of a cold.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well recognized as a major pathogen of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in young infants. More recently the pathogenicity of RSV has been demonstrated in elderly adults, institutionalized individuals, and those with compromised immune function. In these populations RSV spreads with ease and frequently results in severe or fatal cardiopulmonary complications. In younger, healthy adults, however, the manifestations and importance of RSV infection have been studied little, and RSV is generally not considered as a cause of respiratory illness in this healthy, working population. RSV occurs in yearly outbreaks and is highly contagious. Immunity after infection is neither complete nor durable. Repeated infections, therefore, occur throughout life. In most cases these recurrent infections involve the upper respiratory tract and thus do not receive a specific diagnosis. However, recent studies indicate that in the younger, healthy adult these respiratory illnesses tend to be more severe than the average 'cold' and may have manifestations similar to influenza. An appreciable proportion results in work absence. Thus, the emerging information suggests that RSV infection clearly occurs frequently in healthy adults in contact with children, but is generally not diagnosed. The potential burden on the healthcare system is unestimated, possibly unappreciated, and should be considered in strategies being developed for preventing RSV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Antiviral KLEENEX.

In vitro and in vivo, the active ingredients between the layers of these tissues are virucidal, but virus transferred from nose to tissue without passing through the layer is still infectious. Whether this product can reduce transmission of respiratory infections in real-life households remains to be established. Frequent handwashing might be more effective.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed1996

The common cold.

The common cold is characterized by symptoms of rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, sneezing, throat clearing, postnasal drip, and cough. Some of the many viruses that cause colds may cause mild additional symptoms such as sore throat, weakness, dizziness, and tearing. This article presents data concerning the cause, pathogenesis, and treatment of the common cold as well as discussion of the available diagnostic tests and their use in formulating differential diagnoses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A case of influenza subtype A virus-induced fulminant myocarditis: an experience of percutaneous cardio-pulmonary support (PCPS) treatment and immunohistochemical analysis.

A 64-year-old man was admitted to the emergency center of Furukawa City Hospital because of common cold-like symptoms and hypotension. He was diagnosed as fulminant myocarditis with cardiogenic shock and arrhythmia elicited by influenza virus subtype A. Cardiac angiography, echocardiography and biopsy also showed myocarditis, and serum antibody titer to influenza virus subtype A was increased to 4-fold in paired serums. Treatments of both percutaneous cardio-pulmonary support (PCPS) and intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) were carried out to sustain the general circulation. PCPS treatment was discontinued on the 25th day of the admission, but IABP was continued. Finally, he died of multiple organ failure. The autopsy revealed myocardial necrosis with a slight fibrosis and a small amount of lymphocytic infiltration into the ventricular wall, which were compatible with restrictive myocarditis. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis also showed the presence of viral antigens in cardiac myocytes. This case clearly showed that PCPS and IABP can be beneficial to sustain the general circulation in fulminant myocarditis, but cardiac pumping function failed completely to recover from myocardial damage.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2003

Rhinovirus induction of the CXC chemokine epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide-78 in bronchial epithelium.

Epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide-78 (ENA-78) induces neutrophil migration, an early response to viral infection. Rhinovirus serotype 16 (RV16) was used to infect primary bronchial epithelial cells and a cell line (BEAS-2B). Release of ENA-78 protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ENA-78 mRNA production was quantified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and ENA-78 promoter activity was assessed by use of a promoter construct. After infection with RV16, ENA-78 protein and mRNA increased significantly, and RV16 induced 3-fold increases in ENA-78 gene transcription. Nasal ENA-78 measured in patients with asthma with and without RV infection was more elevated in patients with RV infection present. Our study demonstrates that ENA-78 is produced in bronchial epithelial cells in response to RV16 infection. With other chemokines, it may be an important initiator of neutrophil airway inflammation during RV common colds and thus may play a role in the development of virus-associated airway pathologies.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause morbidity, hospital admissions, and mortality, and strongly influence health-related quality of life. Some patients are prone to frequent exacerbations, which are associated with considerable physiologic deterioration and increased airway inflammation. About half of COPD exacerbations are caused or triggered primarily by bacterial and viral infections (colds, especially from rhinovirus), but air pollution can contribute to the beginning of an exacerbation. Type 1 exacerbations involve increased dyspnea, sputum volume, and sputum purulence; Type 2 exacerbations involve any two of the latter symptoms, and Type 3 exacerbations involve one of those symptoms combined with cough, wheeze, or symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection. Exacerbations are more common than previously believed (2.5-3 exacerbations per year); many exacerbations are treated in the community and not associated with hospital admission. We found that about half of exacerbations were unreported by the patients, despite considerable encouragement to do so, and, instead, were only diagnosed from patients' diary cards. COPD patients are accustomed to frequent symptom changes, and this may explain their tendency to underreport exacerbations. COPD patients tend to be anxious and depressed about the disease and some might not seek treatment. At the beginning of an exacerbation physiologic changes such as decreases in peak flow and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV(1)) are usually small and therefore are not useful in predicting exacerbations, but larger decreases in peak flow are associated with dyspnea and the presence of symptomatic upper-respiratory viral infection. More pronounced physiologic changes during exacerbation are related to longer exacerbation recovery time. Dyspnea, common colds, sore throat, and cough increase significantly during prodrome, indicating that respiratory viruses are important exacerbation triggers. However, the prodrome is relatively short and not useful in predicting onset. As colds are associated with longer and more severe exacerbations, a COPD patient who develops a cold should be considered for early therapy. Physiologic recovery after an exacerbation is often incomplete, which decreases health-related quality of life and resistance to future exacerbations, so it is important to identify COPD patients who suffer frequent exacerbations and to convince them to take precautions to minimize the risk of colds and other exacerbation triggers. Exacerbation frequency may vary with the severity of the COPD. Exacerbation frequency may or may not increase with the severity of the COPD. As the COPD progresses, exacerbations tend to have more symptoms and take longer to recover from. Twenty-five to fifty percent of COPD patients suffer lower airway bacteria colonization, which is related to the severity of COPD and cigarette smoking and which begins a cycle of epithelial cell damage, impaired mucociliary clearance, mucus hypersecretion, increased submucosal vascular leakage, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Elevated sputum interleukin-8 levels are associated with higher bacterial load and faster FEV(1) decline; the bacteria increase airway inflammation in the stable patient, which may accelerate disease progression. A 2-week course of oral corticosteroids is as beneficial as an 8-week course, with fewer adverse effects, and might extend the time until the next exacerbation. Antibiotics have some efficacy in treating exacerbations. Exacerbation frequency increases with progressive airflow obstruction; so patients with chronic respiratory failure are particularly susceptible to exacerbation.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1970

[Acute rhinitis].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acute Disease↗