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PubMed1992

Monoamine oxidases of the brains and livers of macaque and cercopithecus monkeys.

We assessed the two forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO), MAO-A and MAO-B, in discrete regions of the brain and in cerebral micro- and macrovessels, choroid plexus, and liver of three species of monkeys: African Green, rhesus, and cynomolgus. MAO was determined by specific [3H]pargyline binding which is stoichiometric and irreversible and by measuring the rate of oxidation of several substrates. Cerebral micro- and macrovessels had low MAO content. Regional brain MAO did not vary by more than one-fold in the brains of each of the three species of monkeys and was higher in the basal ganglia than in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum. MAO in the choroid plexus was low, while the liver had higher MAO activity than any of the brain samples. The vast majority of MAO in all the tissues that we examined was of the MAO-B type, and specific [3H]pargyline binding correlated well with the oxidation rate of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. These results show marked similarities in brain MAO distribution between monkey and man. Or the three monkey species, the African Green monkey had the lowest MAO activity in its cerebral microvessels, which constitute the blood-brain barrier, although the small number of observations in each group did not allow statistical analyses of the differences.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Serum testosterone, male dominance, and aggression in captive groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).

The relationship of serum testosterone concentration to male dominance rank and frequency of aggression was investigated in stable vervet monkey social groups, each containing two or three adult males, several adult females, and their offspring. Dominance relationships were determined by noting an animal's success in intermale aggressive encounters. A striking finding was the marked within-subject variation in testosterone concentration: 5- to 10-fold fluctuations were often observed on successive days. When all 15 groups were considered together, testosterone concentration was unrelated to dominance rank. Although mean testosterone concentration for all dominant males was higher than the mean for all subordinate males, this difference was not significant. In a subset of 4 groups, the rate of aggression initiated was significantly correlated with same-day testosterone in dominant but not in subordinate males.

Aggression↗
PubMed1984

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of experimental pulmonary simian varicella (Delta herpesvirus) infection in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).

The lungs of African green monkeys infected with simian varicella virus (Delta herpesvirus) were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Endothelial cell shrinkage, oedema formation and necrosis characterized the scanning electron microscopy of the affected vasculature. Oedema of the interalveolar septa with swelling of the capillary endothelial cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Numerous viral particles were associated with a generalized area of necrosis of the alveolar wall.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Plasma catecholamines and social behavior in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).

Many investigations in humans indicate that epinephrine, norepinephrine and their ratio may correlate with such traits as social competence, academic achievement, and aggression. However, the socioeconomic, dietary, and environmental confounds accompanying most human studies complicate their interpretation. Social status, aggression, and other social behaviors can be reliably assessed in nonhuman primates under conditions controlling for crucial environmental factors. If interpretation of human studies is correct, dominant and subordinate male vervet monkeys should exhibit distinctive patterns of catecholamine secretion. To test this possibility, seventeen adult male monkeys living in six stable social groups were observed for 6 months. Based on their success in agonistic events, subjects were categorized as dominant or subordinate. Alpha scores were calculated from empirically derived factors to provide a noncategorical measure of dominant behavioral style. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine samples obtained from anesthetized subjects did not differ between dominant and subordinate males. Alpha scores, however, distinguished high from low norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio groups. These findings are consistent with studies in humans linking high epinephrine, low norepinephrine, and social competence.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sulphoxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), cynomologus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The metabolic pathways giving rise to the urinary metabolites of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine have been identified for the rhesus, cynomologus, African green and marmoset species of monkey. The formation of a sulphoxide metabolite from the sulphide precursor is a reaction important in these species. The metabolic profile displayed by the marmoset was distinct from the three Old World species, with the rhesus and cynomologus being similar to man.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Memory immune response generated in Cercopithecus aethiops against meningococcal polysaccharide serogroup C conjugate vaccine.

The chemical conjugation of bacterial polysaccharide to carrier proteins has proved to be an efficient tool to improve the immunological response against these bacterial antigens. In this study, we characterized the antibody response generated in a non-human primate model against the meningococcal capsular polysaccharide serogroup C (CCPS) conjugated to the P64k protein. Similar to licensed vaccines the CCPS conjugate is able to generate a good memory immune response with antibody titers threefold higher than the free CCPS. Three different ELISA protocols were used to measure the antibody response and the importance of the coating antigen was demonstrated. The ELISA using the derivatized CCPS showed the best results and had a high correlation with the bactericidal activity. The antibodies elicited showed a high protective capacity when assayed in the infant rat protection model.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular cloning and initial characterization of African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) corticotropin releasing factor receptor type 1 (CRF1) from COS-7 cells.

We report the expression of endogenous CRF1 in COS-7 cells (African green monkey origin). Cloning of the coding region of CRF1 gene identified three alternatively spliced isoforms with nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences corresponding to the membrane bound alpha and c and soluble e isoforms. DNA sequencing of the main isoform CRF1alpha showed homologies of 99%, 97% and 91% with the rhesus monkey, human and rodent genes, respectively; the deduced protein sequence differed in only one amino acid with rhesus monkey and human. Western blot analysis with antibodies against human CRF1 demonstrated immunoreactive proteins with MW of 37, 52, 70 and 80-85 in crude membrane or cytoplasm preparation; two additional species of 40 and 60 kDa were detected only in the cytoplasmic fraction. On immunocytochemistry CRF1 was localized to both the cell surface and intracellularly. The receptor was functional, e.g., addition of CRF to COS-7 cells inhibited cell proliferation and stimulated release of arachidonic acid; nevertheless, it was poorly coupled to cAMP production (its stimulation was minimal in native cells). In conclusion, COS cells that are routinely used for the study of transfected CRF receptors do express endogenous CRF1 mRNA with splicing behavior similar to that reported in human and rodent cells, and translated into functional CRF1 receptors.

Alternative Splicing↗