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PubMed1978

Trace element content in colostrum of different ruminant species at various post-partum intervals.

The colostrum samples were collected during the period November-December at the first milking after calving (Within 4 hours post-partum) and then every 12 hours (morning and evening) for 6 days respectively from 3 Friesian cows and 3 water buffalo cows. The colostrum samples of 8 "Gentile di Puglia" ewes in the first three milkings after calving were also collected. During the experimental period the newborn were separated from their mothers. The Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn content in colostrum was estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results are given in Figure 1 for cows and buffaloes, and in Table 1 for ewes. The trace element content during the first 6 days in both groups was higher in the moring colostrum. The mean concentrations of Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, in colostrum of the water buffaloes were higher than in that of the cows.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Diarrhoea in dairy calves reduced by feeding colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus.

Forty-two dairy calves remained with their dams for two days after birth, and then were removed to a calf rearing shed. Calves were allocated to three groups for the next 14 days, and received twice daily either whole milk, whole milk with a 10 per cent supplement of pooled normal bovine colostrum or whole milk with 10 per cent supplement of colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus. A natural outbreak of diarrhoea occurred, affecting 28 of the 42 calves. Feeding immune colostrum delayed the onset of diarrhoea, and reduced its incidence, duration and severity. Live weight gains were consequently improved. The group fed normal colostrum had diarrhoea intermediate in severity between that of control calves and those fed immune colostrum. The aetiology of the diarrhoea was complex, with calves excreting rotavirus, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and cryptosporidia.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

[Immunologic factors in human colostrum and milk].

BACKGROUND: The mammary gland is at present conceived as an immunological secretory organ, capable of producing specific and non-specific factors transmitted into colostrum or milk. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colostrum was collected from the 1st to 3rd day after delivery, milk on the 4th to 19th day after delivery. Colostrum from 42 and milk from 63 mothers was examined. Levels of the following were assessed: IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, sIgA, SCIgA, C3, C4, orosomucoid, prealbumin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, alpha 1-fetoprotein, alpha 2-macroglobulin, haemopexin, haptoglobin, beta 2-microglobulin, alpha 2-AP glycoprotein (methodradial immunodiffusion) and IgE (ELISA). Colostrum contains more IgG, SCIgA, almost three times more IgM, IgA and secretory IgA than milk. IgD was not detected. Factors of non-specific immunity were found only in low concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Human colostrum and milk are from the immunological aspect an important liquid with proven bacteriostatic and inhibitory activity preventing penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and absorption of potential allergens into the digestive and respiratory tract of the neonate. From the immunological aspect it is essential to promote breastfeeding.

Blood Proteins↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of colostrum and whey-derived gamma globulins for prevention of cryptosporidiosis in artificially infected neonatal calves.

Thirty colostrum-deprived Friesian male calves were used to study the effect of colostrum and whey-derived gammaglobulins on the clinical events and oocyst-excretion pattern following artificial infection with a fresh, field-sourced strain of Cryptosporidium parvum. The calves were raised naive and free from contact with C. parvum from birth until infection at either 10 or 17 days of age. The two age groups comprised three sub-groups that were each given a single treatment of colostrum, whey-derived gammaglobulins or whole milk (controls) at 5 hours after birth. Blood samples taken both before and 48 hours after this dosing showed the mean serum gamma globulin concentrations changed from almost zero in all calves to 462,279 and 29 mg/dl for the colostrum, whey-derived gammaglobulin and whole milk sub-groups respectively. The results showed that a majority of calves shed Cryptosporidium oocysts within 7 days of oral infection but that no diarrhoea or other clinical signs were associated with this. However, when the level of C. parvum faecal shedding was graded, the results showed a trend towards a higher level of oocyst shedding and over a longer period of time in the control calves deprived of any passive immunity than in the two groups given either colostrum or whey-derived gammaglobulins.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

A full belly and colostrum: two major determinants of filial love.

The establishment of filial bonding in sheep relies on the success of the first suckling bouts. Previous work has shown that colostrum ingestion facilitates the development of a preference for the mother. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the influence of quantitative and qualitative factors linked to fluid ingestion. The first experiment demonstrated that the procedure was not detrimental to the mother-young interaction and did not cause any harm to the lamb. In a second experiment, lambs could interact with their dam, but were deprived of suckling during the first 12 hr after birth (The udder was covered.) and fed via a nasogastric tube in the presence of their mother on seven occasions. When tested in a two-choice test at 12 hr of age, lambs that received either colostrum or saline (total amount = 10% birth weight) spent more time near their own dam than near an alien ewe. When smaller volumes of fluids were used (5% birth weight), lambs that received colostrum showed a preference for their mother while those ingesting saline did not. The differences persisted at 24 hr even though all the lambs had access to the maternal udder from 12 hr onward, and these differences were not related to weight variations or body temperature. In the choice test, the motor skills and vocal activity of the lambs were not affected by the treatment nor were the behaviors of the ewes. The third experiment showed that colostrum, and saline to a lesser extent, reduces the number of vocalizations emitted by lambs compared to sham-intubated lambs, but did not otherwise influence mother-young interactions. This suggests that post-ingestive factors may facilitate the development of mother preference through a satiated or comforted state. This is the first evidence that depending on the amount of liquids ingested, a preferential relationship with the mother can be established via nutritional and nonnutritional signals originating from the gastrointestinal region, pointing out the major role played by the gut-brain axis in the development of filial bonding.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Human colostrum: identification of minor proteins in the aqueous phase by proteomics.

Human colostrum is an important source of protective, nutritional and developmental factors for the newborn. We have investigated the low abundance proteins in the aqueous phase of human colostrum, after depletion of the major proteins secretory IgA, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin and HSA by immunoabsorption, using 2-D LC and gel-based proteomic methods. One hundred and fifty-one proteins were identified, 83 of which have not been previously reported in human colostrum, or milk. This is the first comprehensive proteomic analysis of human colostrum produced during the first 48 h of lactation.

Colostrum↗

PubMed1985

Aflatoxin and aflatoxicosis: V. The kinetic behaviour of dietary aflatoxins in colostrum drawn from cows postpartum.

This work was conducted in order to study the kinetic behaviour of dietary aflatoxins in the colostrum of a pregnant cow exposed to contaminated feeds for a short period. In this study, two pregnant cows received a single dose of dietary aflatoxins in the form of rice powder contained 31.20 ppm aflatoxin B and 19.68 ppm aflatoxin G during the last stage of pregnancy, at about two weeks before parturition. Samples of colostrum were collected from dams and assayed for the presence of toxic metabolites as well as its conjugations by electrophoretic analysis. The results revealed that the intake of aflatoxins appeared in the colostrum postpartum as AFM1 and also AFB2a which is a non toxic metabolite. Moreover, it was found that the excreted metabolites including AFB2a were conjugated to the immunoglobulin protein fraction of the colostrum. The significance of the obtained results to the newborn calf are discussed.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1996

Postparturition changes in the triacylglycerols of cow colostrum.

The changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of colostrum fat of three cows were studied. In addition to the determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, the distribution of TAG according to the acyl carbon number (ACN) and molecular weight was analyzed utilizing both supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and ammonia negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS). Colostrum TG contained substantially less stearic and oleic acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the normal Finnish milk fat. The major trends in the changes of fatty acids and TAG were similar for each cow, although clear differences between individuals were found. During the first week of parturition, the proportions of short-chain fatty acids (C4-C10) typically increased as well as those of stearic and oleic acids, whereas the relative amounts of C12-C16 acids decreased, especially those of myristic and palmitic acids. Distinct changes occurred also in TAG distributions: the proportions of molecules with ACN 38-40 increased and those with ACN 44-48 decreased. Although there were distinct differences between individuals shortly after delivery, both the fatty acid compositions and TAG distributions of the milk samples of the cows started to resemble each other after one week. The theoretical profiles of colostrum TAG calculated based on the fatty acid compositions differed clearly from the ACN distributions analyzed by SFC and MS. Thus, the analysis of TAG is essential, because the changes in molecular species composition of colostrum TAG cannot be estimated according to the fatty acid analysis alone.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Carotenoids of human colostrum.

Colostrum, the initial postpartum secretion of the breast, ordinarily has a distinct yellow color due to carotenoids of its fat globules. This pigmentation progressively diminishes as milk production increases during the first week of lactation. Identity of these carotenoids was investigated by means of thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and spectral analysis. Alpha- and beta-carotene, lycopene and beta-cryptoxanthin were revealed as major chromogens. A component corresponding to lutein and/or zeaxanthin was also detected by both chromatographic techniques. Extracts of 23 saponified colostrum samples from 10 donors revealed considerable variation in total carotenoid concentration (0.34-7.57 micrograms/ml of colostrum). Multiparous mothers had greater mean colostrum carotenoid concentrations than did the primiparae, 2.18 +/- 1.94 vs 1.14 +/- 1.32 micrograms/ml, respectively. Seven of the eight primiparous donors' samples had little or no yellow color. These findings imply a difference in carotenoid transport by breasts that have lactated as compared to those that have not. The interrelation of carotenoids, lactation and breast cancer is discussed.

Carotenoids↗

PubMed1992

Concentration of fentanyl in colostrum after an analgesic dose.

The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of fentanyl in human colostrum after intravenous administration of an analgesic dose. Thirteen healthy women were given fentanyl 2 micrograms.kg-1 for analgesic supplementation during either Caesarean section or postpartum tubal ligation. Serum and colostrum were collected for 45 min, two, four, six, eight, and ten hours following administration of the drug. Radioimmunoassay showed that colostrum fentanyl concentrations were greatest at 45 min, the initial sampling time, reaching 0.40 +/- 0.059 ng.ml-1, but were virtually undetectable ten hours later. Fentanyl concentrations were always higher in colostrum than in serum. This concluded that with these small concentrations and fentanyl's low oral bioavailability, intravenous fentanyl analgesia may be used safely in breast-feeding women.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Protein metabolism and strength performance after bovine colostrum supplementation.

This study was designed to determine the responses of muscle protein, serum amino acids, and strength performance to bovine colostrum supplementation in physically active men. The rest (R) group (n = 6) and the exercise (E) group (n = 6) carried out twice a 2-week experiment randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion with either placebo (PLA; consuming daily 20 g maltodextrin) or bovine colostrum (COL; consuming daily 20 g colostrum supplement) treatment with one month between. On the test day after the treatment period the measurements were carried out in fasting conditions and E carried out a strength training session (STS). The methods involved the infusion of ring-(2)H(5)-phenylalanine, femoral arterial and venous blood sampling, and biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle. Serum concentration of essential amino acids during recovery was greater (p < 0.05) in the COL groups compared with the PLA groups. Both muscle protein synthesis and breakdown increased (p < 0.05) with COL. There were no differences in phenylalanine net balance or strength performance between the PLA and COL groups. It was concluded that a 2-week supplementation with bovine colostrum in physically active men increases serum concentration of essential amino acids but has no effect either on strength performance or protein net balance in fasting conditions during recovery after STS.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Identification of myeloperoxidase in human colostrum.

The properties of a peroxidase in human colostrum were studied using antiserum against human myeloperoxidase. The peroxidase in human colostrum gave a single precipitin line against the antiserum on double immunodiffusion, and this precipitin line fused completely with the precipitin line formed between myeloperoxidase and the antiserum. The peroxidase activity in human colostrum was precipitated completely with anti-myeloperoxidase IgG, like myeloperoxidase activity. The peroxidase of colostral whey was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme consisted of two subunits of Mr 59,000 and 15,000, corresponding in size to the two subunits of myeloperoxidase. Immunostaining of a protein blot from a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel also showed that the peroxidase in the whey extract consisted of the same two subunits as myeloperoxidase. These results indicate that the peroxidase of human colostrum is identical with myeloperoxidase.

Chemical Precipitation↗

PubMed1987

Distribution of T and B lymphocytes in mammary dry secretions, colostrum and blood of adult dairy cattle.

The distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations from dry secretions, colostrum and blood from 10 healthy adult Hostein-Fresian cows was studied using the TH21A and B26A mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to adult bovine B and T lymphocytes, respectively. The mammary gland lymphocytes (MGL) were isolated from composite sample of all four quarters by density centrifugation over discontinuous gradient of ficoll-diatrizoate. The peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were purified using the ficoll-thrombin method. Isolated PBL and MGL were analyzed using the two fluorochromes method (TFM) and laser flow cytometry (LFC). The mean viability of isolated PBL and MGL from dry secretions and colostrum after the TFM and LFC were 92.4% +/- 3.2%, 91.4% +/- 6.0% and 87.1% +/- 6.1%, respectively. There was a good correlation between the two MAbs and the percentage of surface immunoglobulin (SIg) positive cells in the peripheral blood using the TFM. The PBL yielded a mean percentage of 21.2% B cells, 66.4% T cells and 9.4% "Null cells" (TH21A+; SIg-). The TFM on MGL from dry secretions and colostrum indicated two distinct patterns (group I and II) of SIg and reactivity to MAb markers (p less than 0.001). The MGL data included in group I and group II were gathered from both colostral and dry secretions. In comparison to the distribution of lymphocyte subsets within peripheral blood the mean percentages of B cells, T cells and "Null cells" in the mammary gland were respectively, 2.8%, 88.1% and 5.4% for group I and 3.5%, 89.0% and 15.1% for group II. In the mammary secretions, the use of SIg alone was not considered to be a good marker for B cells; in four animals a mean percentage of 15.6% (13.9/89.0 X 100) of the mammary gland T lymphocytes were also SIg+. Of the TH21A+ MGL, only 18.8% were SIg+ in group II compared with 34.1% for MGL from group I and 69.3% for the PBL. Marked differences in cell size distribution and cell surface antigen density were found when PBL and MGL from dry secretions were compared by LFC using the B26A MAb. The results of this study demonstrate a difference in the percentages of peripheral blood and mammary gland B and T lymphocytes and confirm previous findings in which the T lymphocytes were found to represent the major subpopulation of lymphocytes in bovine mammary secretions. This may represent an essential event in the adoptive transfer of cellular immunity through the colostrum in cattle.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Ovine lentivirus antibody detection in serum, colostrum and milk using a recombinant transmembrane protein ELISA.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against ovine lentivirus (OLV) in serum, colostrum, and milk from naturally infected sheep. The assay used OLV recombinant transmembrane envelope protein (rTM) as a test antigen. Matched serum/colostrum and serum/milk samples were collected at 24h, 4 weeks (mid-lactation), and 8 weeks (weaning) post-lambing. Among 129 paired samples collected at 24 h post-lambing, there was overall test agreement (concordance) of 82.9% and a kappa value of 0.658 between serum and colostrum rTM ELISA results. Among 130 mid-lactation samples, the milk ELISA had 100% specificity and 64.9% sensitivity relative to the serum ELISA, there was concordance of 79.2%, and a kappa value of 0.602. At mid-lactation, the serum agar gel immunodiffusion test had a sensitivity of 0.390 and 0.560 relative to the serum and milk rTM ELISAs, respectively. Matched serum and milk rTM ELISA results at weaning were very similar to those at mid-lactation. Finally, increased occurrence and severity of subclinical mastitis at weaning was found in ELISA-seropositive compared with ELISA-seronegative ewes. Both subclinical mastitis and ewe OLV infection had a negative impact on lamb growth and weaning weights. Compared with blood, colostrum and milk are easier and less expensive to sample and store. These results suggest that rTM ELISA testing of colostrum and milk could be used to supplement serologic testing in OLV screening or eradication programs.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Distribution of IgG subclasses in human colostrum and milk.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses in human colostrum and milk were quantitated using mouse monoclonal antibodies specific for human IgG subclasses and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The percentage of IgG1 was significantly increased and that of IgG2 was decreased in both colostrum and milk relative to the percentage distribution reported in healthy adult and maternal sera. Percentages of IgG3 and IgG4 in colostrum, milk and sera were similar. All IgG subclass concentrations decreased by 90% during the first week of lactation and remained constant thereafter. The possible antiviral role of high levels of IgG1 in colostrum and milk is discussed.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1994

Effect of low-fat colostrum on fat accretion and lipogenic enzyme activities in adipose tissue in the 1-day-old pig.

Fat accretion, body fatty acid (FA) composition and adipose tissue lipogenic enzyme activities were determined in 1-day-old piglets fed during the first day of life sow colostrum that was either normal (control) or low in fat and high in lactose, galactose or glucose as the sole source of carbohydrate. Malic enzyme activity did not change during the first postnatal day while increases (P < 0.01) were found for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA-carboxylase. However, fat accretion was closely dependent on the amount of ingested fat and FA composition of piglets indicates a shift toward that of colostrum, the extent of which was dependent on the amount of ingested fat. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were the highest (P < 0.01) in piglets fed the colostrum high in glucose and plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels were the lowest (P < 0.01) in piglets fed the low-fat, high-carbohydrate colostra. Liver weight and glycogen concentration were higher (P < 0.01) in piglets fed the colostra low in fat and high in carbohydrate than in those on the control colostrum. It is suggested that synthesis of fatty acids from carbohydrate is negligible in the newborn pig even in the presence of high plasma insulin and low plasma FFA levels. The metabolic fate of carbohydrate is discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2003

Differences in oligosaccharide pattern of a sample of polar bear colostrum and mid-lactation milk.

Although the concentrations of carbohydrate in the colostrum and in the mid-lactation milk of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) were similar, the oligosaccharide patterns differed. The colostrum sample contained Neu5Ac(alpha2-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (3'-N-acetylneuraminyllactose), GalNAc(alpha1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc (A-tetrasaccharide), Fuc(alpha1-2)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (2'-fucosyllactose) and Gal(beta1-4)Glc (lactose). The mid-lactation milk contained Gal(alpha1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)]Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]Glc (B-pentasaccharide), GalNAc(alpha1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)]Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]Glc (A-pentasaccharide), Gal(alpha1-3)[Fuc(alpha1-2)]Gal(beta1-4)Glc (B-tetrasaccharide), A-tetrasaccharide, Gal(alpha1-3)Gal(beta1-4)[Fuc(alpha1-3)]Glc (3-fucosylisoglobotriose), Gal(alpha1-3)Gal(beta1-4)Glc (isoglobotriose) and lactose. The dominant saccharides in the colostrum were 3'-N-Acetylneuraminyllactose and lactose, whereas isoglobotriose was the dominant saccharide in the mid-lactation milk in which lactose was only a minor component. Isoglobotriose, which had previously been found to be a dominant saccharide in mature milk from the Ezo brown bear, the Japanese black bear and the polar bear, was not found in the polar bear colostrum.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Measurement of bisphenol A concentrations in human colostrum.

Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemical, has been reported to affect embryos and alter their postnatal development. In the present study, we measured the concentrations of BPA in human colostrum by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the aim of understanding the present status of BPA burden in human breast milk in Shizuoka, Japan. Human colostral samples were collected from 101 healthy mothers within three days after delivery. The BPA concentrations of colostral samples were estimated by ELISA after the acetonitrile extraction and solid phase extraction column purification. BPA in 101 samples was detected in the concentration range of 1-7 ng ml(-1). The mean concentration of BPA was 3.41+/-0.13 (mean+/-SD) ng ml(-1). This is the first demonstration as to what BPA concentrations are in human colostrum. The BPA concentrations in colostrum were higher than those in blood sera samples obtained from healthy women in a previous study. In our study, there was no significant correlation between the concentrations of BPA in colostrum and the age and parity of mothers.

Benzhydryl Compounds↗