SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Complement C3d”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed1985

Evaluation of plasma C3d and immune complex determinations in the assessment of disease activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and spondylitis ancylopoetica.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and spondylitis ancylopoetica were examined, along with healthy controls, for C3d plasma levels, circulating immune complexes, C3 serum levels, and CRP. Immune complexes were determined using a Clq binding assay, a 2.75% PEG precipitation technique, including the analysis of IgG and C3, and a new laser nephelometric latex test. C3d plasma levels were significantly (P less than 1%) elevated in all groups of patients as compared to controls. With regard to the demonstration of circulating immune complexes, the PEG precipitation method discriminated best between patients and the control population. It was not possible to differentiate between the different disease entities with neither C3d serum levels or immune complexes. Concerning the assessment of disease activity, none of the evaluated parameters alone appears to be of clinical relevance. The individual application of more than one immune complex assay in combination with the measurement of C3d serum levels must be recommended if disease activity is to be assessed.

Antigen-Antibody Complex↗

PubMed1997

CD19-regulated signaling thresholds control peripheral tolerance and autoantibody production in B lymphocytes.

The CD19 cell surface molecule regulates signal transduction events critical for B lymphocyte development and humoral immunity. Increasing the density of CD19 expression renders B lymphocytes hyper-responsive to transmembrane signals, and transgenic mice that overexpress CD19 have increased levels of autoantibodies. The role of CD19 in tolerance regulation and autoantibody generation was therefore examined by crossing mice that overexpress a human CD19 transgene with transgenic mice expressing a model autoantigen (soluble hen egg lysozyme, sHEL) and high-affinity HEL-specific IgMa and IgDa (IgHEL) antigen receptors. In this model of peripheral tolerance, B cells in sHEL/IgHEL double-transgenic mice are functionally anergic and do not produce autoantibodies. However, it was found that overexpression of CD19 in sHEL/IgHEL double-transgenic mice resulted in a breakdown of peripheral tolerance and the production of anti-HEL antibodies at levels similar to those observed in IgHEL mice lacking the sHEL autoantigen. Therefore, altered signaling thresholds due to CD19 overexpression resulted in the breakdown of peripheral tolerance. Thus, CD19 overexpression shifts the balance between tolerance and immunity to autoimmunity by augmenting antigen receptor signaling.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Comparative study of four tests of bacterial infection in the neonate. Total neutrophil count, CRP, fibrinogen and C3d.

In a prospective study, the diagnostic value of C3d serum levels was compared with that of neutropenia, hyperfibrinogenemia and raised CRP in generalized neonatal bacterial infections. Serum C3d was evaluated using a counter-immunoelectrophoresis technique following a step of removal of C3 split products. Twelve patients with septicemia, 8 patients with highly probable infection and 134 normal controls were included in the study. The sensitivities for neutropenia, hyperfibrinogenemia, raised CRP and positive C3d were 21, 45, 60 and 70%, respectively, with a significant difference between the sensitivities of neutropenia and positive C3d (p < 0.01). The specificities were found to be 99.2, 99.2, 100 and 97.7% respectively. Thus the C3d qualitative test appears to be as reliable as CRP in the diagnosis of neonatal bacterial infections.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1990

Reduced expression of the functionally active complement receptor for iC3b but not for C3d on an avirulent mutant of Candida albicans.

Pseudohyphae of Candida albicans bear surface receptors for iC3b and C3d. In order to determine a possible role for these receptors in the pathogenesis of candidiasis, a spontaneous C. albicans mutant, m-10, which exhibits reduced ability to adhere in vitro to fibrin platelet clots and epithelial cells or to cause endocarditis in a rabbit model, and its parent wild-type (wt) strain were compared for receptor expression in rosetting assays with sheep erythrocytes carrying iC3b (EAC1423bi) or C3d (EAC1423d). An equally high attachment to wt and m-10 was seen with EAC1423d, whereas rosetting with EAC1423bi was reduced by 53% in m-10 compared with wt. In inhibition studies, rosetting of wt with EAC1423bi was markedly inhibited by culture filtrate, hyphal-cell extract, and DEAE-fractionated material prepared from wt (54, 87, and 70% decreases in rosetting, respectively), thus suggesting the presence of the soluble, functionally active iC3b receptor of C. albicans in each of these preparations. Minimal inhibition of iC3b rosetting, however, was seen with the identical materials from m-10 (21, 5, and 12%, respectively). All of the preparations from the two strains were equally effective in their inhibitory activities against rosetting of C3d. A human serum specimen obtained from a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis blocked iC3b rosetting of the wt strain almost completely. When used in an immunoblot, this serum recognized proteins of 68 to 71, 55, and 50 kilodaltons (kDa) in hyphal-cell extracts of the wt. With the same preparation of the avirulent mutant, only weak reactions with the 68- to 71-kDa and 55-kDa proteins occurred, while the 50-kDa protein was not detectable. Taken together, these results indicate that the expression of the functionally active iC3b receptor on C. albicans may be involved in the virulence of the organism, possibly by mediating adherence to mammalian cells.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte↗

PubMed2002

Structure of complement receptor (CR) 2 and CR2-C3d complexes.

Using X-ray crystallography, we have determined the structure of the first two short consensus repeats (SCRs) of human complement receptor (CR) 2 in complex with C3d. These studies revealed: (i) a primary site of interaction for C3d within SCR2 of CR2, (ii) a hydrophobic patch holding SCR1 to SCR2 in a rigid V-shape, (iii) a dimer formed by interactions between SCR1 of each molecule, (iv) several non-linear sequences on C3d that interact with CR2 and (v) mutations of C3d amino acids within the co-crystal interface that resulted in decreased binding. In addition, a polymorphism that results in decreased C3d binding and introduces a new glycosylation site predicted to disrupt the dimer interface was found in the New Zealand White autoimmune mouse strain. Although the co-crystal complex results are in agreement with a subset of prior studies, our additional findings, which demonstrate an extended SCR1-SCR2 structure in solution and differences in the kinetics of ligand-receptor interactions with longer forms of CR2, have suggested a more complex receptor-ligand interaction. To characterize this interaction further, several approaches directed at the determination of solution phase interactions as well as the analysis of the three-dimensional structure of CR2 alone and key CR2 mutants will be necessary.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Intracellular interaction of EBV/C3d receptor (CR2) with p68, a calcium-binding protein present in normal but not in transformed B lymphocytes.

To analyze direct intracellular interactions of CR2 in normal human B lymphocytes, we used polyclonal anti-Id anti-CR2 antibodies (Ab2) prepared against the highly purified CR2 molecule (gp140) as original immunogen. We previously demonstrated that this Ab2 contained specificities that mimicked extracellular and intracellular domains of CR2 and was helpful for identifying CR2-specific ligands. Indeed, some Ab2 specificities recognized human C3d and EBV, two extracellular CR2 ligands. In addition, other Ab2 specificities interacted directly, as CR2, with the intracellular p53 antioncoprotein that is expressed in transformed cells and not in normal cells. We demonstrate herein that Ab2 detected in normal B lymphocytes a 68-kDa protein, p68, that was not expressed in transformed B cells. p68 was localized in purified plasma membranes and cytosol fractions. Direct interaction of purified CR2 with purified p68 was demonstrated. Competitive studies supported that CR2 and Ab2 interacted with identical sites on p68. These interactions were calcium dependent. p68 was identified as a calcium-binding protein by its ability to be solubilized from B lymphocyte membranes by EGTA, a calcium-chelating agent, to bind specifically on phenothiazine-Sepharose in a calcium-dependent interaction, and to be recognized by specific antibodies directed against human p68, a calcium-binding protein of the annexin VI family. Thus, demonstration of different intracellular interactions of CR2 with distinct regulatory proteins, such as p53, the antioncoprotein, and p68, a calcium-binding protein, supports involvement of two regulatory pathways of signal transduction through CR2, depending on the normal or transformed state of human B lymphocytes.

Annexin A6↗

PubMed1990

Stable transfection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 in lymphoma cells containing the EBV P3HR1 genome induces expression of B-cell activation molecules CD21 and CD23.

A set of B-cell activation molecules, including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) receptor CR2 (CD21) and the B-cell activation antigen CD23 (Blast2/Fc epsilon RII), is turned on by infecting EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell lines with immortalizing strains of the viruslike B95-8 (BL/B95 cells). This up regulation may represent one of the mechanisms involved in EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization. The P3HR1 nonimmortalizing strain of the virus, which is deleted for the entire Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) protein open reading frame, is incapable of inducing the expression of CR2 and CD23, suggesting a crucial role for EBNA2 in the activation of these molecules. In addition, lymphoma cells containing the P3HR1 genome (BL/P3HR1 cells) do not express the viral latent membrane protein (LMP), which is regularly expressed in cells infected with immortalizing viral strains. Using electroporation, we have transfected the EBNA2 gene cloned in an episomal vector into BL/P3HR1 cells and have obtained cell clones that stably express the EBNA2 protein. In these clones, EBNA2 expression was associated with an increased amount of CR2 and CD23 steady-state RNAs. Of the three species of CD23 mRNAs described, the Fc epsilon RIIa species was preferentially expressed in these EBNA2-expressing clones. An increased cell surface expression of CR2 but not of CD23 was observed, and the soluble form of CD23 molecule (SCD23) was released. We were, however, not able to detect any expression of LMP in these cell clones. These data demonstrate that EBNA2 gene is able to complement P3HR1 virus latent functions to induce the activation of CR2 and CD23 expression, and they emphasize the role of EBNA2 protein in the modulation of cellular gene implicated in B-cell proliferation and hence in EBV-mediated B-cell immortalization. Nevertheless, EBNA2 expression in BL/P3HR1 cells is not able to restore the level of CR2 and CD23 expression observed in BL/B95 cells, suggesting that other cellular or viral proteins may also have an important role in the activation of these molecules: the viral LMP seems to be a good candidate.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1990

Isolation and characterization of cell surface mutants of Candida albicans.

Mutant strains of Candida albicans were obtained by selecting for cells that escaped agglutination by a polyclonal antiserum raised against standard C. albicans serotype A isolate B311. Mutants were obtained from strains B311 and B792 and from four strains isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. All 15 tested mutants retained characteristic sugar assimilation patterns. All but one of the mutants retained the ability to form germ tubes and chlamydospores. Two mutants from an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-derived isolate were deficient in binding complement ligands iC3b and C3d, whereas another mutant was deficient in binding ligand iC3b but not C3d. The hyphae of these three mutants lacked antigens when examined by Western immunoblotting with monoclonal antibody Ca-A, which detects several glycoproteins, including C3d-binding proteins. One of the complement-binding-deficient mutants was tested for its ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits but did not differ from the wild-type parent in site or degree of colonization. The proton magnetic resonance spectra of bulk mannan carbohydrate extracted from tested mutants showed the loss of a signal characteristic of the mannosyl alpha-PO4 linkage; each mutant also had a distinct pattern of other changes.

Agglutinins↗

PubMed1984

Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease.

There is convincing clinical evidence that PID is more common in IUD users than in users of other contraceptive methods. There appears to be a smaller but significant increase when IUDs are compared with sexually active noncontraceptive users. However, the incidence of PID severe enough to warrant hospitalization is only of the order of 1 to 2 per 1,000 women per year. The question which remains is whether beyond this low figure of moderate and severe disease there is a much higher incidence of subclinical PID which may result in complications for IUD users. Development of a marker such as C-Reactive protein or the split complement component C3d to detect mild PID would prove invaluable in the elucidation of several crucial problems in the clinical management of women using IUDs.

Actinomycosis↗

PubMed1991

Interaction of iC3b with recombinant isotypic and chimeric forms of CR2.

CR2 is a component of a signal transduction complex on B lymphocytes that augments B cell responses to Ag. We have quantitatively assessed binding by the two isotypic forms of CR2 for two of its ligands, the polymerized iC3b (p(iC3b)) fragment of C3, and gp350/220, the EBV membrane protein. The recombinant 15-SCR or 16-SCR forms of CR2 bound p(iC3b) with identical affinities. Full binding activity of CR2 for p(iC3b) was observed with a chimera comprised of SCR-1 and -2 of CR2 fused to SCR-17 through -30 of CR1. Therefore, the alternatively spliced SCR-10a has no role in binding p(iC3b), and the binding activity of wild type receptor for iC3b can be reconstituted with SCR-1 and -2 of CR2. The binding affinities of the two isoforms of CR2 for soluble gp350/220 were also similar. Additional sites in the C3c region of C3 have been postulated also to interact with CR2. However, monomeric iC3b and C3d were equally effective in inhibiting the binding of p(iC3b) to CR2, indicating that the C3c region of iC3b does not contribute to the interaction of iC3b with CR2. Finally, the relative abilities of C3b and iC3b to bind to CR1 and CR2 were compared. The conversion of C3b to iC3b generated a ligand with an approximate 100-fold decrease in affinity for CR1 and a 10-fold increased affinity for CR2, resulting in a 1000-fold greater likelihood for binding to the latter receptor that may then promote B cell activation.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Changes in neutrophil oxidative potential in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass with polypropylene hollow fiber oxygenators.

Neutrophil oxidative metabolism, C3d and beta 2 microglobulin levels, were assessed in nine consecutive patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery with polypropylene hollow fiber oxygenators for open cardiac operations. Generation of oxygen free radicals by neutrophils was measured as luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence after stimulation with opsonized Zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate. A significant increase in light emission was detected by using both of the chemiluminescence stimulators. Moreover, a remarkable and significant increase in C3d levels was found already at 10 min. Conversely minimal changes in levels of beta 2 microglobulin were detected during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. These data suggest that the impact of the patient blood with the foreign surface of cardiopulmonary bypass results in activation of phagocyte cells with increased potential in oxygen consumption. These effects could be partially complement-mediated.

Cardiopulmonary Bypass↗

PubMed2006

C3d enhanced DNA vaccination induced humoral immune response to glycoprotein C of pseudorabies virus.

Murine C3d were utilized to enhance immunogenicity of pseudorabies virus (PrV) gC DNA vaccination. Three copies of C3d and four copies of CR2-binding domain M28(4) were fused, respectively, to truncated gC gene encoding soluble glycoprotein C (sgC) in pcDNA3.1. BALB/c mice were, respectively, immunized with recombinant plasmids, blank vector, and inactivated vaccine. The antibody ELISA titer for sgC-C3d3 DNA was 49-fold more than that for sgC DNA, and the neutralizing antibody obtained 8-fold rise. Protection of mice from death after lethal PrV (316 LD50) challenge was augmented from 25% to 100%. Furthermore, C3d fusion increased Th2-biased immune response by inducing IL-4 production. The IL-4 level for sgC-C3d3 DNA immunization approached that for the inactivated vaccine. Compared to C3d, M28 enhanced sgC DNA immunogenicity to a lesser extent. In conclusion, we demonstrated that murine C3d fusion significantly enhanced gC DNA immunity by directing Th1-biased to a balanced and more effective Th1/Th2 response.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2006

[Enhancing the induced immune responses of Lagurus lagurus zona pellucida 3 DNA vaccine by molecular adjuvant C3d].

To investigate the enhancement of Lagurus lagurus zona pellucida 3 gene (lzp3) immunization induced by molecular adjuvant C3d in comparison with plasmid pcDNA3-LZP3 (pcD-L) in non-C3d fused form, the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3-LZP3-C3d3 (pcD-LC) including lzp3 and three copies of C3d in fusion form was constructed. In vitro,RT-PCR and Western blot showed that lzp3 mRNA and protein were expressed in HeLa cells transfected with pcD-L and pcD-LC, respectively. In vivo,the result of ELISA showed that NIH female mice vaccined with pcD-LC elicited higher titer, longer lasting anti-LZP3 antibody than non-C3d fused form pcD-L (P<0.05) by intramuscular gene immunization. MTT analysis indicated that the lymphocytes proliferation response of the pcD-LC primed mice was significantly stronger than that of the blank plasmid injected mice. Antifertility experiment showed that pcD-LC had enhanced effect on blocking fertility of mice (P<0.05) with no disruption of follicular development. These results proved that C3d enhanced immune responses induced by lzp3 vaccine and antifertility effect,and provided the basis for the future study of the Lagurus lagurus reproductive controlling.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2000

Vaccination-associated immune hemolytic anemia in two children.

BACKGROUND: Two children in whom acute autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) developed after vaccination were studied. CASE REPORTS: The children were a 20-month-old girl and a 21-month-old boy. The diagnosis of AIHA was made in accordance with established criteria (hemolysis, positive DAT, and lack of other reasons for the hemolysis). Serologic tests were performed according to standard technique. RESULTS: The girl experienced two attacks of hemolysis. The first episode occurred 2 weeks after oral polio vaccination, and the second episode was observed 7 months later, when she received a simultaneous vaccination against mumps, rubella, and measles. The DAT was strongly positive with anti-C3d. No autoantibodies were detectable in either episode. The boy experienced acute hemolysis a few days after a simultaneous revaccination against diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae, hepatitis B, and polio. The DAT using anti-IgG was strongly positive, and the DAT performed with anti-C3d was weakly positive. CONCLUSION: Vaccination-induced AIHA resembles those forms of AIHA related to infectious diseases, and it may occur more frequently than has been reported.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed2003

[C3d molecular adjuvant increases the immunity of human chorionic gonadotropin beta DNA contraceptive vaccination and changes its immune response from Th1 to Th2].

OBJECTIVE: To testify the effect of C3d molecular adjuvant on the immunogenicity of human chorionic gonadotropin beta (hCG beta) DNA vaccination as well as the mode of immune response. METHODS: BALB/c mice aged 6 weeks were immunized intramuscularly two times at an interval of 3 weeks with by the plasmid pcDNA3 (A1-3 groups), pcDNA3-hCG beta (B-3 groups), pcDNA3-hCG beta-C3d3 (C1-3 groups), or pCMV4-hCG beta-C3d3 (D1-3 groups), at dosage of 5 pmol, 10 pmol, and 20 pmol, respectively. Three weeks after the second vaccination the animals were killed, specimens of their peripheral blood were extracted to determine the anti-hCG beta antibody titer by indirect ELISA. Their spleen cells were harvested and stimulated in vitro by hCG antigen for 24 hours. The Th1/Th2 cytokines in the culture supernatant were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: At the dosage of 20 pmol, C3d molecular adjuvant significantly enhanced the anti-hCG beta antibody titer. The utmost anti-hCG beta antibody titer of C3 group was 1:450, 9 times higher than that of B3 group, and the utmost anti-hCG beta antibody titer of D3 group was 1:12 150, 243 times higher than that of B3 group. Stimulated in vitro by 5,000 IU hCG beta antigen, the splenic cells of the C3 and D3 immunization group produced significantly lower IL-2, INF-gamma and TNF-alpha than those of the B3 immunization group (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The IL-4 level of the C3 group was higher than that of the B3 group while the IL-10 level of the D3 group was significantly higher than that of the B3 group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The C3d molecular adjuvant increases significantly the hCG beta immunogenicity of hCG beta DNA vaccination; meanwhile decreases the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IL-2, INF-gamma, and TNF-alpha), and increases the expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in response to hCG antigen. So C3d changes the anti-hCG immune response from Th1 type to Th2 type.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The estimation of circulating immune complexes, C3d, and anti-ds-DNA-antibody serum levels in the monitoring of therapeutic plasmapheresis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. A case report.

A short-time monitoring of therapeutic plasmapheresis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by the estimation of circulating immune complexes, C3d serum levels and anti-ds-DNA-antibodies is described. It was found that serum immune complexes, C3d, and anti-DNA-antibodies decreased even further shortly after plasma exchange. The decrease found in C1q binding material in the patient's serum was paralleled by a decrease in serum immune complexes containing acridine orange binding material, possibly representing ds-DNA. A rapid increase of serum immune complexes, C3d, and anti-ds-DNA-antibodies after plasma exchange therapy indicated an antibody rebound phenomenon followed by a relapse of the disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

C3d enhancement of antibodies to hemagglutinin accelerates protection against influenza virus challenge.

The ability of the C3d component of complement to enhance antibody responses and protective immunity to influenza virus challenges was evaluated using a DNA vaccine encoding a C3d fusion of the hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza virus. Plasmids were generated that encoded a transmembrane HA (tmHA), a secreted form of HA (sHA), or a sHA fused to three tandem copies of the murine homologue of the C3d (sHA-3C3d). Analysis of the titers, avidity maturation, and hemagglutinin-inhibition activity of raised antibody revealed that immunizations with sHA-3C3d DNA accelerated both the avidity maturation of antibody to HA and the appearance of hemagglutinin-inhibition activity. These accelerated antibody responses correlated to a more rapid appearance of protective immunity. They also correlated to complete protection from live virus challenge by a single vaccination at a dose ten times lower than the protective dose for non-C3d forms of HA.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal administration of C3d-fused hemagglutinin.

For the induction of mucosal immune responses by intranasal vaccination, cholera toxin B subunits (CTB) and Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin (LT) are often administered as mucosal adjuvants in order to enhance immune responses to mucosally co-administered bystander antigens. However, these toxin also are the causative agents of diarrhea. There is a demand for the establishment of an effective and safer adjuvant or vaccine that elicits mucosal immunity, but does not require the use of CTB or LT adjuvants. In order to induce protective mucosal immune responses in the nasal area against influenza virus infection, we have examined the recombinant protein composed of the complement component, C3d, which is fused to the secreted form of hemagglutinin (sHA-mC3d3) in the influenza-BALB/c mouse model. The fusion protein sHA-mC3d3, the secretory form of hemagglutinin, and the transmembrane form of HA (tmHA) from the influenza virus were intranasally administered to the mice with or without CTB containing a trace amount of holotoxin (CTB*) as an adjuvant. After intranasal administration of these proteins with CTB*, all mice produced nasal IgA and serum IgG antibodies (Abs) against the viral HA. In addition, viral infection was completely inhibited in these mice. In contrast, in the absence of the adjuvant, only sHA-mC3d3-induced locally secreted IgA and serum IgG Abs and provided complete protection against the influenza virus challenge. Thus, C3d fused to the influenza HA antigen is an effective and safe tool for mucosal vaccination.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗