SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Consequences”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Adolescent outcomes of childhood disorders: the consequences of severity and impairment.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the adolescent consequences of clinical and threshold-level psychiatric disorders, with and without significant functional impairment; to predict serious emotional disturbance (SED: clinical-level diagnosis with impairment); and to examine sex differences in the consequences of emotional and behavioral disorders. METHOD: 300 children aged 7 through 11 years were recruited from urban and suburban offices of a large health maintenance organization (HMO). Child and parent were interviewed at home using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC), version 1.3. Five to 7 years later, 278 (93%) of the sample were reinterviewed using the DISC-2.1. RESULTS: There was considerable continuity of psychopathology, particularly in children with functional impairment. Behavioral disorders at every level of severity predicted adolescent SED in both sexes. For emotional disorders, girls but not boys with childhood SED had significantly higher levels of adolescent SED. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood disorders falling below the level of severity required to meet criteria for treatment set by many HMOs or insurance companies nevertheless can carry a significantly increased risk for severe pathology years later. Functional impairment played an important role in the adolescent consequences of childhood psychiatric disorder.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Protective effects of antihypertensive treatment with isradipine on the consequences of cerebral ischaemia in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Brief bilateral carotid artery ligation in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) induced locomotor hyperactivity and lesions of the CA1 region of the hippocampus but had no effect in Wistar normotensive rats. This result suggests that high blood pressure amplifies the consequences of cerebral ischaemia. Treatment for 7 weeks with the calcium entry-blocker isradipine (5 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously) normalized blood pressure and attenuated the behavioural and histological consequences of cerebral ischaemia. Chronic treatment with hydralazine (25 mg/kg per day, subcutaneously) also normalized blood pressure but afforded no protection against the consequences of cerebral ischaemia. This suggests that the protective effect of antihypertensive treatment depends not only on the blood pressure-lowering action but may also be linked to the mechanism of action of the drug used.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Long-term physical and psychological health consequences of induced abortion: review of the evidence.

UNLABELLED: Induced abortion is a prevalent response to an unintended pregnancy. The long-term health consequences are poorly investigated and conclusions must be drawn from observational studies. Using strict inclusion criteria (study population >100 subjects, follow up >60 days) we reviewed an array of conditions in women's health. Induced abortion was not associated with changes in the prevalence of subsequent subfertility, spontaneous abortion, or ectopic pregnancy. Previous abortion was a risk factor for placenta previa. Moreover, induced abortion increased the risks for both a subsequent preterm delivery and mood disorders substantial enough to provoke attempts of self-harm. Preterm delivery and depression are important conditions in women's health and avoidance of induced abortion has potential as a strategy to reduce their prevalence. Only review articles including the single published meta-analysis exploring linkages between abortion and breast cancer were relied upon to draw conclusions. Reviewers were mixed on whether subsequent breast neoplasia can be linked to induced abortion, although the sole meta-analysis found a summary odds ratio of 1.2. Whatever the effect of induced abortion on breast cancer risk, a young woman with an unintended pregnancy clearly sacrifices the protective effect of a term delivery should she decide to abort and delay childbearing. That increase in risk can be quantified using the Gail Model. Thus, we conclude that informed consent before induced abortion should include information about the subsequent risk of preterm delivery and depression. Although it remains uncertain whether elective abortion increases subsequent breast cancer, it is clear that a decision to abort and delay pregnancy culminates in a loss of protection with the net effect being an increased risk. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader will be able to define the terms and, to outline the epidemiologic problems in studying the long-term consequences of abortion, and to list the associated long-term consequences of abortion.

Abortion, Induced↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Consequences of skeletal muscle injury induced by unaccustomed exercise.

Unaccustomed exercise is exercise that has never been performed before or has not been performed previously at a certain intensity. Unaccustomed exercise commonly leads to an acute skeletal muscle injury. Several negative consequences develop as a result of this injury and can interfere with daily and recreational physical activities. This article describes what the consequences are, when they occur and recover, and what might cause them to occur. Also, the article discusses the nursing implications of these consequences for healthy young and older individuals and for those individuals who have disuse muscle atrophy.

Exercise↗

PubMed2002

Determinants and consequences of post-stroke depression.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a very frequent and important consequence of stroke, but, in spite of the high number of papers aiming to clarify various aspects of this disorder, controversies about its incidence, its (biological or psychological) determinants, its consequences and its treatment still persist. In the present survey we have taken separately into account each of these issues, starting from a critical discussion of the main factors which can affect the estimates of the incidence of PSD. We have then surveyed and updated the debate between proponents of a neuroanatomical and a psychological interpretation of PSD. Our conclusions have been that the most recent evidence does not support Robinson's influential neuroanatomical model, assuming that a left frontal stroke could provoke a major PSD, indistinguishable from the functional forms of major depression. In the section devoted to the consequences of PSD, we have particularly taken into account the problem of the deleterious influence that PSD could have on functional recovery. The available evidence does not allow us to conclude if an improvement of PSD also leads to an improvement of the patient's functional status. As for the therapy of PSD, a pharmacological treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors has proven effective and safe, whereas psychological methods of treatment of patients and their families have not yet given conclusive results.

Major Depressive Disorder↗

PubMed2005

Bacterial translocation and its consequences in patients with cirrhosis.

Bacterial translocation is the passage of viable bacteria from the intestinal lumen to mesenteric lymph nodes and other extraintestinal sites. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is the main clinical consequence of bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. Translocation of bacterial products of viable or non-viable bacteria, such as endotoxin and/or bacterial DNA, through the intestinal wall could stimulate the immune system and the hyperdynamic circulatory state in cirrhosis with clinical consequences that are under evaluation. Bacterial translocation is currently considered the passage of viable gut flora across the intestinal barrier to extraluminal sites. Aerobic Gram-negative bacilli are the most common translocating bacteria. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth, impairment in permeability of the intestinal mucosal barrier, and deficiencies in local host immune defences are the major mechanisms postulated to favour bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. Bacterial translocation is a key step in the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacteraemia and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Translocation of intestinal bacterial products from viable or non-viable bacteria, such as endotoxin and bacterial DNA, has recently been associated with pathophysiological events, such as activation of the immune system and derangement of the hyperdynamic circulatory status in cirrhosis. Clinical consequences of these effects of bacterial products are presently under investigation.

Bacteremia↗

PubMed2006

Neck pain in Hong Kong: a telephone survey on prevalence, consequences, and risk groups.

STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted using a two-stage randomization process. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this paper were to investigate the prevalence of neck pain and their consequences and risk groups in the Hong Kong population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There has been a lack of recent information on the prevalence and consequences of neck pain in the population of Hong Kong. METHODS: A total of 664 subjects were interviewed on the socio-demographic characteristics, occurrence, and consequences of neck pain. A random sample of the respondents was reinterviewed after 7 to 10 days later, by another interviewer for the reliability check. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of neck pain was 65.4% (95% confidence interval, 61.8%-69.0%). The 12-month prevalence was 53.6% (41.0% in male, 59.0% in female) (95% confidence interval, 49.8%-57.4%). About 15.0% of these patients had moderate to severe pain. Moreover, 4.5% of these subjects had to limit their social activities and 3.1% had to limit their work. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that females, managers, administrators, and professionals have a high risk of neck pain in the population of Hong Kong. CONCLUSION: Neck pain is highly prevalent in Hong Kong, particularly among females, managers, administrators, and professionals.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Metabolic consequences and long-term complications of enterocystoplasty in children: a review.

PURPOSE: We summarize important metabolic consequences and long-term complications associated with enterocystoplasty with particular emphasis on the pediatric patient with genitourinary abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A directed MEDLINE literature review for metabolic and long-term complications following enterocystoplasty was performed. Information gained through the published literature and from our database was reviewed and summarized to provide the reader with a thorough review of the subject. RESULTS: Bowel is not a perfect tissue for substitution or augmentation and its use to treat functionally and structurally compromised bladders is associated with several metabolic consequences and long-term complications. Metabolic acidosis is the most common metabolic abnormality seen. The rates and severity of these complications vary, although they may have a profound impact on patient quality of life after enterocystoplasty. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolic consequences and long-term complications associated with enterocystoplasty are important clinical features of this intervention. Careful consideration should be given to them prior to pursuing enterocystoplasty.

Child↗

PubMed2003

Persistence in health expenditures in the short run: prevalence and consequences.

BACKGROUND: Knowing whether persons in the top percentiles of the health expenditure distribution exhibit persistently high expenditure is fundamental to developing health plan payment policies, containing costs, and understanding the consequences of costly illnesses. OBJECTIVES: To determine the extent of high expenditure persistence over a 2-year period. To identify the correlates and consequences of expenditure persistence. SUBJECTS: A national sample of the population from a longitudinal panel of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). METHODS: Changes in a person's position in the expenditure distribution were examined. chi2 tests were used to identify differences in characteristics between high and low spenders. Logistic regression was used to predict the likelihood of expenditure persistence. Changes in income, employment, out-of-pocket expenditure burden, and health insurance were compared for high and low spenders. RESULTS: Of the top 5% of spenders in 1996, 30% retain this position in 1997 and 45% are in the top decile of 1997 spenders. High expenditures begin to regress to the mean over the study period. Cancer, mental disorders, diabetes, and infectious diseases and being in the top decile of 1996 spenders increase the probability of expenditure persistence (P < 0.05 for all). This probability also has a strong random component. An increased proportion of persons in the top expenditure decile for both years had out-of-pocket health spending greater than 20% of income in 1997 (P < 0.10). Persons with persistently high expenditures were less likely than low spenders to lose employment-based coverage (5.4% vs. 8.8%, P < 0.05) but no changes in income or employment status were detected. CONCLUSIONS: A sizable minority of persons exhibits persistently high expenditures, creating incentives for favorable risk selection. Few consequences of short-run expenditures persistence are observed.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Functional consequences of genetic diversity in Strongyloides ratti infections.

Parasitic nematodes show levels of genetic diversity comparable to other taxa, but the functional consequences of this are not understood. Thus, a large body of theoretical work highlights the potential consequences of parasite genetic diversity for the epidemiology of parasite infections and its possible implications for the evolution of host and parasite populations. However, few relevant empirical data are available from parasites in general and none from parasitic nematodes in particular. Here, we test two hypotheses. First, that different parasitic nematode genotypes vary in life-history traits, such as survivorship and fecundity, which may cause variation in infection dynamics. Second, that different parasitic nematode genotypes interact within the host (either directly or via the host immune system) to increase the mean reproductive output of mixed-genotype infections compared with single-genotype infections. We test these hypotheses in laboratory infections using genetically homogeneous lines of Strongyloides ratti. We find that nematode genotypes do vary in their survivorship and fecundity and, consequently, in their dynamics of infection. However, we find little evidence of interactions between genotypes within hosts under a variety of trickle- and single-infected infection regimes.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

Ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew-producing insects.

Interactions between ants and honeydew-producing hemipteran insects are abundant and widespread in arthropod food webs, yet their ecological consequences are very poorly known. Ant-hemipteran interactions have potentially broad ecological effects, because the presence of honeydew-producing hemipterans dramatically alters the abundance and predatory behaviour of ants on plants. We review several studies that investigate the consequences of ant-hemipteran interactions as 'keystone interactions' on arthropod communities and their host plants. Ant-hemipteran interactions have mostly negative effects on the local abundance and species richness of several guilds of herbivores and predators. In contrast, out of the 30 studies that document the effects of ant-hemipteran interactions on plants, the majority (73%) shows that plants actually benefit indirectly from these interactions. In these studies, increased predation or harassment of other, more damaging, herbivores by hemipteran-tending ants resulted in decreased plant damage and/or increased plant growth and reproduction. The ecological consequences of mutualistic interactions between honeydew-producing hemipterans and invasive ants relative to native ants have rarely been studied, but they may be of particular importance owing to the greater abundance, aggressiveness and extreme omnivory of invasive ants. We argue that ant-hemipteran interactions are largely overlooked and underappreciated interspecific interactions that have strong and pervasive effects on the communities in which they are embedded.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The association between severity of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence and medical and social consequences.

This paper describes the relationship between severity of dependence and medical and social consequences in a clinical sample. Respondents constitute a sample of 219 men and 162 women interviewed in nine alcohol programs in a Northern California county. Results suggest that the number of dependence indicators reported by respondents is a valid indicator of severity of alcohol dependence, and that there is a positive relationship between the number of indicators and the number of medical and social consequences reported by respondents. When specific medical and social consequences are examined, an analysis restricted to men only, the number of dependence indicators is associated with stomach, heart and liver problems, DTs, hallucinations, public drunkenness, family arguments and serious accidents, but it is not associated with drunk driving arrests and job problems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Consequences of youth tobacco use: a review of prospective behavioural studies.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking represents a significant health problem and tobacco has been identified as causing more preventable diseases and premature deaths than any other drug. Although health consequences from smoking have been documented, there has been a surprising lack of research into behavioural consequences. AIMS: To review what is known of the long-term relationship between patterns of tobacco use prior to age 18 years and behavioural consequences in adulthood. METHOD: A literature search of electronic abstraction services from 1980 to September 2005 was conducted. To be included in the review, studies had to have large, representative samples, be longitudinal studies with baseline age under 18 years and follow-up age 18 years or older and clarify effects due to attrition, leaving 16 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers evaluated each paper. FINDINGS: Adolescent tobacco use predicts a range of early adult social and health problems. Surprisingly few studies met the inclusion criteria. The limited evidence available suggests that adolescent tobacco smoking increases the likelihood of early adult tobacco use and the initiation of alcohol use or the development of alcohol-related problems. The link between adolescent tobacco use and subsequent cannabis use was not resolved convincingly from the studies summarized. The effects of tobacco use on later illicit drug use tended to fall away when adjusting for underlying risk factors. Existing studies of the effects of tobacco use on later mental health have many limitations. Nevertheless, a finding that youth tobacco use may predict subsequent mental health problems deserves further investigation. The possible effects of tobacco use on academic/social problems and sleep problems also warrant further investigation. CONCLUSION: This review highlights links between youth tobacco use and subsequent behavioural and mental health problems. It provides health care professionals with evidence of the possible harmful effects of youth tobacco smoking on later social, emotional, and behavioural well-being.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Nail varnish allergy with far-reaching consequences.

Contact allergy to nail varnish is well-known, and toluene-sulphonamide formaldehyde resin (TSAfr) was identified as the main allergen in 1943. During the period October 1989-December 1991 we identified 18 cases of contact allergy to nail varnish. The aim of the study was to describe the clinical picture, patch-test results, course and socio-medical consequences. Seventeen of the 18 patients were patch-test positive to TSAfr and 17/18 were positive to their own nail varnishes. Fourteen of the 18 were also positive to one or more substances in the standard patch-test series. The lesions were scattered, involving the face, eyelids, neck and hands. Periungual lesions were recorded in 11/18. The dermatitis resolved within a few weeks when the use of nail varnish was stopped. The socio-medical consequences of contact allergy to nail varnish had been severe: sick leave (nine cases), hospitalization (four cases), cessation of visual-display-unit (VDU) work (two cases), and job-loss (two cases). Our conclusions are that contact allergy to nail varnish and TSAfr is common; the socio-medical consequences may be severe; periungual lesions occur more frequently than previously stated, and the presence of other contact allergies makes the diagnosis easy to miss. TSAfr should be included in the standard patch-test series and patients should also be tested with their own nail varnishes. The study illustrates the need for mandatory declaration of the ingredients of cosmetics, as is required in the U.S.A.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Respiratory consequences of preterm birth.

Approximately 8% of Australia's 250,000 annual births occur preterm (before 37 weeks completed gestation). Preterm infants represent 75% of all neonatal deaths in Australia, with the vast majority of these deaths caused by pulmonary disease. 2. The respiratory consequences for survivors of preterm birth include the immediate challenges of breathing with underdeveloped lungs, usually manifest as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and, in the long term, with persisting pulmonary abnormalities. Therapies to prevent neonatal lung disease now permit survival of preterm infants born as early as 22 weeks gestational age, but not without consequences. 3. Preterm infants are at risk of developing chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The lungs of infants dying from BPD are inflamed and have fewer, larger alveoli than normal and exhibit abnormal pulmonary vascular development. There is now a growing appreciation of the contribution of intrauterine inflammation to the aetiology of BPD. 4. Impaired airway function is commonly reported in follow-up studies of children born preterm. Decreased expiratory flow rates have been associated with preterm birth per se, but airway function appears more affected in survivors of RDS and BPD. Observations in survivors of BPD suggest persisting abnormalities in the structure of the lung parenchyma and airways. 5. Follow-up studies of preterm infants into adulthood are lacking, as are experimental examinations of the long-term physiological and anatomical effects of preterm birth. Both are necessary to understand the causes of the long-term respiratory consequences of preterm birth.

Female↗

PubMed2006

The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum.

Advances in ecology during the past decade have led to a much more detailed understanding of the potential negative consequences of species' introductions. Moreover, recent studies of mycorrhizal symbionts have led to an increased knowledge of the potential utility of fungal inoculations in agricultural, horticultural and ecological management. The intentional movement of mycorrhizal fungal species is growing, but the concomitant potential for negative ecological consequences of invasions by mycorrhizal fungi is poorly understood. We assess the degree to which introductions of mycorrhizal fungi may lead to unintended negative, and potentially costly, consequences. Our purpose is to make recommendations regarding appropriate management guidelines and highlight top priority research needs. Given the difficulty in discerning invasive species problems associated with mycorrhizal inoculations, we recommend the following. First, careful assessment documenting the need for inoculation, and the likelihood of success, should be conducted prior to inoculation because inoculations are not universally beneficial. Second, invasive species problems are costly and often impossible to control by the time they are recognized. We recommend using local inoculum sources whenever possible. Third, non-sterile cultures of inoculum can result in the movement of saprobes and pathogens as well as mutualists. We recommend using material that has been produced through sterile culture when local inoculum is not available. Finally, life-history characteristics of inoculated fungi may provide general guidelines relative to the likelihood of establishment and spread. We recommend that, when using non-local fungi, managers choose fungal taxa that carry life-history traits that may minimize the likelihood of deleterious invasive species problems. Additional research is needed on the potential of mycorrhizal fungi to spread to non-target areas and cause ecological damage.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1989

Continuities and consequences of interactional styles across the life course.

Behavior patterns can be sustained across the life course by two kinds of person-environment interaction. Cumulative continuity arises when an individual's interactional style channels him or her into environments that themselves reinforce that style, thereby sustaining the behavior pattern across the life course through the progressive accumulation of its own consequences. Interactional continuity arises when an individual's style evokes reciprocal, sustaining responses from others in ongoing social interaction, thereby reinstating the behavior pattern across the individual's life course whenever the relevant interactive situation is replicated. Using archival data from the Berkeley Guidance Study (Macfarlane, Allen, & Honzik, 1954), we present evidence for the operation of these two continuity-promoting processes by identifying individuals who were ill-tempered, shy, or dependent in late childhood and then tracing the continuities and consequences of these interactional styles across the subsequent 30 years of their lives in the domains of work and family. The importance of the sociocultural context in mediating these continuities and consequences is stressed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Family consequences of refugee trauma.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a model on the consequences of political violence for refugee families based upon a qualitative investigation. METHODS: This study used a grounded-theory approach to analyze qualitative evidence from the CAFES multi-family support and education groups with Bosnian refugee families in Chicago. Textual coding and analysis was conducted using ATLAS/ti for Windows. RESULTS: A grounded-theory model of Family Consequences of Refugee Trauma (FAMCORT) was constructed that describes Displaced Families of War across four realms of family life: (1) changes in family roles and obligations, (2) changes in family memories and communications, (3) changes in family relationships with other family members; and (4) changes in family connections with the ethnic community and nation state. In each realm, the model also specifies family strategies, called Families Rebuilding Lives, for managing those consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Political violence leads to changes in multiple dimensions of family life and also to strategies for managing those changes. Qualitative family research is useful in better understanding refugee families and in helping them through family-oriented mental health services.

Adult↗