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PubMedDate not supplied

Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms (MVS) survey for assessment of hot flashes.

OBJECTIVES: During the menopause, 65%-80% of women experience hot flashes. Hot flashes can also occur after hysterectomy and may be experienced during cancer therapy. A very limited assessment of hot flashes is provided by currently available menopausal instruments. This study was performed to evaluate a new Menopausal Vasomotor Symptoms (MVS) survey as an instrument for a comprehensive and subjective assessment of hot flashes. METHODS: The MVS survey was designed to assess multiple dimensions of hot flashes and to be simple and easy to administer. Hot flashes and associated conditions were addressed with 39 closed-ended questions. Sixty-one qualified women, 40-58 years old, from the Dallas, Fort Worth Metroplex area were enrolled. Women experiencing hot flashes took the survey at baseline and then 14 days, 2 months, and 6 months later. Factor analysis was performed. Face and content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and sensitivity to changes were evaluated. RESULTS: Fifty-two women (85.2%) completed all study sessions. The MVS survey was found to have good face and content validity and good internal consistency (rhoKR = 0.87). Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients at the 14-day retest varied from 0.58 to 1.00. As a result of these analyses, the MVS survey was further refined. CONCLUSIONS: The MVS survey was found to be comprehensive, simple, valid, reliable, sensitive, and a convenient instrument for subjective assessment of various characteristics of hot flashes. The MVS survey may serve as a valuable clinical and research tool for measurement of hot flashes.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Parent and adolescent versions of the diabetes-specific parental support for adolescents' autonomy scale: development and initial testing.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and initially test the psychometric properties of parent and adolescent versions of the Diabetes-Specific Parental Support for Adolescents' Autonomy Scale. METHODS: Data-based scale items were developed, analyzed for content validity, and then piloted with 43 adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Psychometric properties of the scales were then determined with 100 adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. RESULTS: Content validity indices of .80 or greater were obtained for 26 items. Item analysis in the pilot and large-sample groups resulted in 22 items being deleted. Principal Components Analysis of the remaining four items indicated one factor in both parent and adolescent versions, accounting for 50-62% of variance and with Cronbach alpha coefficients of .67-.80. CONCLUSIONS: This newly developed parsimonious scale, initially tested to be reliable, and valid, will facilitate research on parental support for adolescents' development of diabetes management autonomy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Development of the inventory of functional status-cancer.

The purpose of this article is to report the development and psychometric testing of the Inventory of Functional Status-Cancer (IFS-CA). The IFS-CA was developed to measure functional status in women with cancer. The questionnaire includes four subscales measuring the extent to which the woman continues her usual household and family, social and community, personal care, and occupational activities. Content validity was established at 98.5%. Internal consistency reliability testing used a sample of 100 women receiving treatment for cancer. Internal consistency reliability using average correlations for the subscale item to subscale total scores ranged from 0.56 to 0.82. Subscale to total IFS-CA score correlations ranged from 0.73 to 0.92. Test-retest reliability used a sample of 17 women who had completed treatment for cancer. The coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.96 for the four subscales. Initial construct validity testing was accomplished by examination of subscale correlations and by comparing the functional status of women in active treatment for cancer with those who had completed treatment. The study's findings reveal content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and beginning construct validity; thus, they demonstrate strong evidence for further development and testing of the IFS-CA's construct validity.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

Arthroscopic assessment of cartilage repair: a validation study of 2 scoring systems.

PURPOSE: This study tested the validity and reliability of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) cartilage repair assessment and the Oswestry Arthroscopy Score (OAS), which have been designed to assess repair of articular cartilage. TYPE OF STUDY: Prospective validation study of arthroscopic cartilage repair scores. METHODS: Arthroscopic videos were assessed by a panel of orthopaedic surgeons specializing in cartilage repair. Scoring was repeated after a 2-month interval. Scorers also answered a questionnaire to assess the face and content validity of the scoring systems. Validity of the 2 systems was compared and reliability and repeatability were measured. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure equivalence reliability. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess the repeatability and inter-rater reliability of each score, and internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: Face and content validity are acceptable for both scores. There is good agreement (equivalence reliability) between the scores (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = .88; P < .001). Stability (interobserver reliability) and repeatability (test-retest reliability) are satisfactory for both scores with an ICC >0.7 for each score. Cronbach's alpha was 0.91 for ICRS and 0.82 for OAS, indicating better internal consistency for the ICRS score. CONCLUSIONS: The ICRS and OAS arthroscopic scores have been validated for the assessment of cartilage repair and both have been found to be statistically reliable and repeatable. The ICRS score does not allow for graft hypertrophy and may overscore in this situation, whereas the OAS includes assessment of graft stiffness. Both scores show satisfactory stability and repeatability. Internal consistency is adequate for both scores, although it is higher for the ICRS score. Both the ICRS and OAS arthroscopic scores are effective tools in the evaluation of cartilage repair. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, diagnostic study of nonconsecutive patients (no consistently applied reference gold standard).

Arthroscopy↗

PubMed2007

The return of research results to participants: pilot questionnaire of adolescents and parents of children with cancer.

PURPOSE: The offer to return research results to participants is increasingly recognized as an ethical obligation, although few researchers routinely return results. We examined the needs and attitudes of parents of children with cancer and of adolescents with cancer to the return of research results. METHODS: Seven experts in research ethics scored content validity on parent and adolescent questionnaires previously developed through focus group and phone interviews. The questionnaires were revised and provided to 30 parents and 10 adolescents in a tertiary care oncology setting. RESULTS: The content validity index for individual questions and the overall questionnaires scored as 0.86 for both questionnaires. All 30 parents and 10 adolescents who agreed to participate returned questionnaires. The majority (>95%) indicated that they had a strong or very strong right to receive results. Letter or e-mail was a satisfactory means to return results described as good or neutral (66% parents, 100% adolescents) but more participants wished face-to-face disclosure of results with negative implications (50% parents, 60% adolescents). Very few wanted results disseminated through a Web site. The majority acknowledged the need for peer-review before disclosure (60% of adolescents and parents) but did not want "to be the last to know." CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that pediatric oncology patients and parents of children with cancer strongly feel that they have a right to research results, and that they wish to receive these in a timely manner.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Establishing the psychometric properties of a scale for evaluating quality in printed education materials.

A study establishing the psychometric properties of a quality standard for quantifying the presence (or absence) of instructional design/learning principles contained in printed education materials (PEMs) was conducted in 4 phases. Content validity, a pretest which included creation of a rating key, inter-rater reliability, and intra-rater reliability levels were established for the Bernier Instructional Design Scale (BIDS). Experts in patient education established content validity by identifying 37 instructional design/learning principles as essential to PEM quality from a 90 item domain. An inter-disciplinary group of 89 health professionals applied the BIDS to a test PEM. Group ratings were compared with a rating key which served as a validated standard for the presence of principles in the test PEM. Reliability of the BIDS achieved acceptable levels when rating categories were collapsed from 4 to 3 levels to be consistent with a measurement model for rating checklists. A revised methodological approach and program of psychometric research are described.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Basis for an FCE methodology for patients with work-related upper limb disorders.

A reported reduction in work-related functional capacity in Work-related Upper Limb Disorders (WRULD) patients is among the most common problems in WRULD. The extent to which this reduction in functional capacity can be objectified remains unknown. A validated instrument to test functional capacity in this patient group is unavailable. The objective of this study was to design a Functional Capacity Evaluation (FCE) for WRULD patients working with Visual Display Units (VDU) and provide evidence for content validity. A review to epidemiological literature was conducted to identify physical risk factors for VDU-related WRULD. The results indicate that physical risk factors were related to repetition, duration, working in awkward and static positions and forceful movements of the upper extremity and neck. An FCE was designed based on the risk factors identified. Eight tests were selected to cover all risk factors: the overhead lift, overhead work, repetitive reaching, handgrip strength, finger strength, wrist extension strength, fingertip dexterity, and a hand and forearm dexterity test. Content validity of this FCE was established by providing the rationale, specific objectives and operational definitions of the FCE. Further research is needed to establish reliability and other aspects of validity of the WRULD FCE.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1986

Measuring physician behavior.

Reliable and valid information on physician behavior is required for measuring the adequacy of physician performance. We studied 4 methods of obtaining information on physician behavior in the ambulatory care of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physician interview, patient interview, chart audit, and videotaped observation were used to record the performance of 63 physicians in office visits with 214 adult patients. High interrater agreement was attained. All methods are of reasonable cost and all are acceptable to physicians. The content validity of the 2 interview methods was reasonably good, but chart audit and videotaped observation had poor content validity. Our findings suggest that no one method provides an accurate picture of physician behavior and, therefore, that a combination of methods should be used.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The validity and reliability of a Chinese version of the family burden interview schedule.

BACKGROUND: The caregiver burden within the family is one of the most commonly used outcome variables in research studies of patient care provision. However, few measures of family caregiver burden have been validated for use with Asian populations. OBJECTIVE: To examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Family Burden Interview Schedule. METHOD: The first phase of the investigation involved translation and back translation of the measure for burden and a review by an expert panel. In this phase, equivalence between the Chinese and English versions, content validity, and test-retest reliability of the Family Burden Interview Schedule were assessed using a sample including 30 family caregivers of mental patients. The second phase established the internal consistency and construct validity of the scale using a sample comprising 185 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Sensitivity of the scale for families of schizophrenic patients was examined through comparison with 40 caregivers of patients who had major affective disorder. RESULTS: The Chinese version of the Family Burden Interview Schedule adequately addressed the original concepts and dimensions, achieving 96% on the Content Validity Index. These results demonstrated high levels of equivalence with the original English version (intra-class correlation [ICC] of .87 for the overall scale and.80-.89 for the six domains). It also demonstrated a high internal consistency (Cronbach alpha of .87 for the scale and .78-.88 for the domains) and adequate test - retest response stability (r = .83 for the scale and r = .88-.92 for the domains). The mean scores for the overall scale and domains of the Family Burden Interview Schedule differed significantly between the family providers of care for the two illness groups and between the groups with high and low time involvement in caregiving. The principal components analysis showed the presence of five factors that together explained 65.85% of the variance. It also demonstrated high factor loadings as well as item-to-scale and between-subscales intercorrelations, indicating good construct validity of the burden measure. DISCUSSION: The findings for the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Family Burden Interview Schedule established its potential as a research instrument for measuring caregiver burden among Chinese patients with schizophrenia.

Asian People↗

PubMed1991

An evaluation of validity, reliability, and readability of the Critical Care Family Needs Inventory.

The benefits of caring for the family as well as the patient are well supported in the literature. The Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) has been used by several researchers to identify the needs of family members when a relative is admitted to a critical care setting. However, no research to date has comprehensively evaluated the instrument's content validity, test--retest reliability, or readability. The CCFNI, after review by a panel of 16 experts, was given on two separate occasions to a random sample of 51 family members of adult patients in both medical and surgical intensive care units. Overall content validity was established, but the panel found numerous redundancies among the need statements, suggesting that several items might need to be eliminated or combined. Among family members, a percentage of exact agreement of 70% or greater was calculated for 86.7% of the need statements demonstrating acceptable test--retest reliability. The Gunning Fog Index, used to evaluate readability, was calculated at 9.0, indicating that the CCFNI could be read and understood by those with a ninth grade reading level. Suggestions are made for additional studies to establish the reliability and validity of this widely used instrument.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Preliminary psychometric testing of the Fox Simple Quality-of-Life Scale.

Although quality of life is extensively defined as subjective and multidimensional with both affective and cognitive components, few instruments capture important dimensions of the construct, and few are both conceptually congruent and user friendly for the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to develop and test a measure that would be easy to use clinically and capture both cognitive and affective components of quality of life. Initial item sources for the Fox Simple Quality-of-Life Scale (FSQOLS) were literature-based. Thirty items were compiled for content validity assessment by a panel of expert healthcare clinicians from various disciplines, predominantly nursing. Five items were removed as a result of the review because they reflected negatively worded or redundant items. The 25-item scale was mailed to 177 people with lung, colon, and ovarian cancer in various stages. Cancer types were selected theoretically, based on similarity in prognosis, degree of symptom burden, and possible meaning and experience. Of the 145 participants, all provided complete data on the FSQOLS. Psychometric evaluation of the FSQOLS included item-total correlations, principal components analysis with varimax rotation revealing two factors explaining 50% variance, reliability estimation using alpha estimates, and item-factor correlations. The FSQOLS exhibited significant convergent validity with four popular quality-of-life instruments: the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale, the Short-Form-36 Health Survey, and the General Well-Being Scale. Content validity of the scale was explored and supported using qualitative interviews of 14 participants with lung, colon and ovarian cancer, who were a subgroup of the sample for the initial instrument testing.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2000

Preliminary development and testing of instruments to measure self-care agency and social support of women in Taiwan.

The purpose of this study was to adapt and test the reliability and validity of the Personal Resource Questionnaire 85-Part 2 (PRQ85-Part 2) and Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA) for women in Taiwan. Using a 3-phase study, the instruments were first translated into Chinese, back translated into English, and examined for content validity. In the second phase, the Chinese versions of the instruments were administered to 30 women, aged 60 to 75 years, and 34 women, aged 22 to 38 years. Modifications were made in the wording of items to make them more meaningful for the older women. In phase three, the instruments were administered to 284 women, 60 to 88 years of age. Indices of content validity were 1.0 for both the PRQ85-Part 2 and ESCA. Alpha reliability coefficients ranged from .84 to .90 for the PRQ85-Part 2 and from .86 to .92 for the ESCA. A test-retest reliability coefficient after one week was .80 for the PRQ85-Part 2 and .91 for the ESCA. The findings of this study indicate that both instruments are culturally appropriate for use with women in Taiwan.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Development and evaluation of an activity measure for people with spinal cord injury.

PURPOSE: To develop and conduct a preliminary assessment of the content validity, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury (PARA-SCI), a new physical activity measure for people with SCI. METHODS: The scale format, interview guidelines, and activity intensity classification system were developed and content validated using qualitative and quantitative methodologies in multiple samples of people with SCI and their caregivers. Test-retest reliability (1-wk interval) was examined by administering the PARA-SCI via telephone to 102 men and women with SCI. Convergent validity was examined by assessing relationships between PARA-SCI scores and activity levels as determined by indirect calorimetry (N = 14). RESULTS: In the reliability study, intraclass correlations ranged from 0.45 to 0.91 for the various PARA-SCI activity categories and intensities. In the validity study, correlations between PARA-SCI scores and indirect calorimetry estimates of activity ranged from 0.27 to 0.88. CONCLUSIONS: The PARA-SCI shows promise as a measure of physical activity for people with SCI. Further validation research is encouraged using broader samples and alternative validation techniques.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Validation of the motor capacities scale: a specific evaluation of manual abilities in tetraplegics who undergo functional surgery of the upper limbs].

OBJECTIVE: Metrological investigation to develop a motor capacities scale (MCS) specifically designed for tetraplegics who undergo a functional surgery of upper limbs. METHODS: From diverse sources-review of literature, discussion with patients and therapists-, 328 daily life activities were compiled. Eighty of them were identified as motor capacities and correspond to basic and functional tasks performed by tetraplegics independently of contextual and environmental factors. Because of the absence of a reference test, a process of validation was required. In the preliminary study, patients and occupational therapists were asked to criticize the pertinence of the study. In the pilot study, patients were assessed on the basis of a protocol. Feasibility of the evaluation was also studied. The intermediate study was focused on the interrater reproducibility. The prefinal study aimed at assessing construct validity. In the final study, the external structure of the scale and responsiveness to change provided by functional surgery were analyzed. RESULTS: The preliminary and pilot studies revealed the good acceptability of the scale by both the patients and the therapists. Face and content validity were enhanced by the multidisciplinary and multicenter approach. Global reproducibility was found to be excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99). MCS was correlated with the Sollerman test, the functional independence measure (FIM), the ASIA motor score, dynamometric scores of Jamar and Preston. No correlation was found with the interval since the onset of the tetraplegia, the educational level and the age at the time of the evaluation. A factorial analysis was performed in 125 patients (146 observations) and revealed one main dimension that appears to reflect manual abilities. Responsiveness to change was important regarding the short time following surgery. The final version of the MCS comprises 31 items classified in six functional categories: transfers, positioning on a Bobath's couch, positioning in a wheelchair, locomotion, motor capacities of spatial exploration and motor capacities for grasping and gripping. CONCLUSION: The MCS displays satisfactory metrological properties: a good apparent and content validity, an excellent reproducibility and a good construct validity. The data showed that sensitivity to change was good enough to consider the MCS as a valid means of assessment of the effectiveness of upper limb functional surgery in tetraplegics.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Validity and reliability study of the Thai version of WHO SCAN: somatoform and dissociative symptoms section.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the validity and reliability of the Thai version of the WHO Somatoform and Dissociative Symptoms Section of the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) Version 2.1 MATERIAL AND METHOD: The SCAN interview version 2.1 Somatoform and Dissociative Symptoms Section was translated into Thai. The content validity of the translation was verified by comparing a back-translation (to English) of the Thai version to the English original. Whenever inconsistencies were encountered, the Thai version was adapted so that it correctly conveyed the meaning of the original English version. The revised Thai version was then field-tested nationwide for the comprehensibility of the relatively technical language. Between October 2003 and August 2004, 30 persons were recruited for the reliability study (16 males; 14 females) Fifteen subjects had somatoform disorders and 15 were normal. The number of years of formal education varied widely and occupations were diverse. Subjects were interviewed by a psychiatrist competent in using the Thai version of SCAN. The interviews were recorded on video so that the material could be rerated. RESULTS: Based on the response from Thai subjects and consultations with competent psychiatrists, the content validity was established. The time taken to interview a somatoform patient averaged 57.1 +/- 12.1 minutes while it was 42.1 +/- 13.9 minutes for a normal subject. The inter-rater reliability (kappa) of the 113 Items were: 0.81-1.0, 0.61-0.80 and 0. 00-0.20 in 49.6, 30.0 and 8.9 percent, respectively. Kappas could not be calculated for 11.5% of the Items. The intra-rater reliabilities were. 0.81-1.0, 0.61-0.80 and 0.00-0.20 in 54.9, 26.5 and 2.7 percent, respectively. Kappas could not be calculated for 15.9% of the Items. CONCLUSION: The Thai version of the Somatoform and Dissociative Symptoms Section of SCAN version 2.1 proved to be a valid and reliable tool for assessing somatoform and dissociative symptoms among Thai speakers.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Development and validation of a critical care patient classification system.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the research methodology used in development and validation of a scientific patient classification instrument for South African critical care patients. METHOD: This is a contextual, exploratory, and descriptive study. A two-phase validating model was used as a research method. In the development phase a literature review was carried out (domain identification), a provisional instrument developed (item generation), and a peer group discussion conducted (item formation). In the quantification phase 16 experts determined if both the items of the instrument and the entire instrument were content valid. The study was conducted within the framework of South African critical care nursing. RESULTS: In the peer group discussion the instrument was debated until consensus was reached. In the quantification phase, both the items of the instrument and the entire instrument were rated as content valid. CONCLUSIONS: Established patient classification systems can be successfully adapted and validated for local use.

Critical Illness↗

PubMed1996

Development of a musculoskeletal extremity health status instrument: the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment instrument.

Despite an increasing reliance on the use of health status measures to assess and evaluate medical care, no single instrument is currently available for use with the broad range of patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities that is commonly seen in clinical practice. In this paper, we report on the development of the Musculoskeletal Function Assessment instrument, a 100-item self reported health status instrument that is designed to meet this need. The instrument was developed in two phases. During the first phase, items were selected on the basis of interviews with 135 patients and 12 clinicians and from reviews of existing health status instruments. The items then were grouped into categories. During the second phase, the instrument was tested for reliability and content validity using a sample of 327 patients with one of five musculoskeletal disorders of the upper and lower extremities (fractures, soft-tissue injuries, repetitive motion disorders, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis). The patients were selected from both community and academic sites. Content validity also was demonstrated, based on a review of item selection procedures, expert opinion, and the distribution of scores on the instrument.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Coping with late-life challenges: Development and validation of the care-receiver efficacy scale.

PURPOSE: Measures are lacking that address the challenges that people think they face in their roles as elderly care receivers. However, the development of a sense of efficacy in this role by mentally competent care receivers is critical to successful partnerships between caregivers and care receivers. The purpose of this article is to report the development and psychometric analysis of the Care-Receiver Efficacy Scale (CRES). DESIGN AND METHODS: Content validity, internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity were assessed through a pilot study, expert review, and field administration with 177 participants. RESULTS: Results suggest that the CRES comprises five subscales, with strong reliability evidenced for three subscales but marginal reliability for the remaining two. Strong support was found for content validity from expert review and moderate support from the relationship between empirical and expert judgment of item location. Support for validity also was found from correlation with the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form and the Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale. IMPLICATIONS: The CRES may be useful as an outcome measure for psycho-socio-behavioral interventions aimed at increasing the capacity of care receivers to direct and improve their own care. Future measure revision and validation are important to optimize its utility.

Adaptation, Psychological↗