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PubMed2003

X-linked and lineage-dependent inheritance of coping responses to stress.

Coping-or how one routinely deals with stress-is a complex behavioral trait with bearing on chronic disease and susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. This complexity is a result of not only underlying multigenic factors, but also important non-genetic ones. The defensive burying (DB) test, although originally developed as a test of anxiety, can accurately measure differences in coping strategies by assaying an animal's behavioral response to an immediate threat with ethological validity. Using offspring derived from reciprocal crosses of two inbred rat strains differing in DB behaviors, we provide convergent phenotypic and genotypic evidence that coping styles are inherited in an X-linked fashion. We find that first-generation (F(1)) males, but not females, show maternally derived coping styles, and second-generation (F(2)) females, but not males, show significant differences in coping styles when separated by grandmaternal lineage. By using a linear modeling approach to account for covariate effects (sex and lineage) in QTL analysis, we map three quantitative trait loci (QTL) on the X Chromosome (Chr) ( Coping-1, Approach-1, and Approach-2) associated with coping behaviors in the DB paradigm. Distinct loci were associated with different aspects of coping, and their effects were modulated by both the sex and lineage of the animals, demonstrating the power of the general linear modeling approach and the important interplay of allelic and non-allelic factors in the inheritance of coping behaviors.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Adolescent gambling: understanding the role of stress and coping.

The central variables of stress, coping, and gambling severity were examined along three lines of inquiry. The first addressed whether adolescents with gambling problems reported a greater number of minor or major stressful (i.e., negative) life events relative to others. The second examined whether more with gambling problems employed less-effective coping styles, such as those characterized as less task- or solution-focused, and more emotion- or avoidance-focused coping. Finally, the third question explored whether adolescents' coping styles mediated the association between stress and gambling severity. Ranging from 11 to 20 years of age, 2,156 high-school students completed instruments assessing gambling involvement, gambling severity, stressful life events, and coping styles. Results indicated that, overall, adolescents with gambling-related problems reported more negative life events relative to social gamblers and non-gamblers. When negative life events were further separated into major and minor events, results revealed that problem gamblers reported more major negative life events but not more minor negative life events relative to others. Results indicated that adolescents with gambling-related problems used less task-focused coping, and more avoidance-focused coping. Males, but not females, who experience gambling-related problems reported using more emotion-focused coping strategies. Finally, emotion-oriented coping was found to mediate the relationship between negative life events and gambling severity. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1990

The relationship of appraisal and coping to chronic illness adjustment.

There is evidence that adaptation to chronic illness may be affected by psychological factors, especially how patients appraise and cope with the stress of their illness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship of stress appraisal and coping responses to multiple behavioral indices of illness adjustment among patients with diverse chronic medical conditions. One hundred and one patients admitted to a multidisciplinary medicine/psychiatry unit completed measures of functional impairment, depression, symptom severity, and the Ways of Coping Checklist--Revised. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that emotion-focused coping was positively related to poor psychosocial adjustment and depression after controlling for physician rated disease severity. Appraising chronic illness as holding one back predicted greater emotion-focused coping responses and poorer adjustment to illness. The use of problem-focused coping strategies was generally unrelated to illness adjustment. These findings suggest the presence of an emotion-focused coping triad consisting of wishful thinking, self blame, and avoidance, all of which appear to be maladaptive strategies when coping with chronic medical conditions. Implications for coping skills training and the need for longitudinal research is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1994

Assessment of the effects of urges and negative affect on smokers' coping skills.

A taped-situation test designed to elicit descriptions of how subjects would cope with circumstances that placed them at high risk for relapse to smoking was administered to 60 cigarette smokers following their participation in one of three treatment groups. Two of these groups had coping-response training incorporated into the treatment format. The negative affect and urge contents of eight scenarios were manipulated to examine the effect of these variables on coping responses. The predictive validity of this assessment was evaluated by conducting follow-up interviews for up to 1 yr following the assessment. The manipulation of negative affect and urges had an impact on cognitive and behavioral coping. The type of treatment the subjects received had no effect on any of the coping-response measures. Among the 49 subjects abstinent at the time of the coping assessment, measures of coping (especially those obtained when urges and negative affect were increased) and self-efficacy ratings were predictive of days to first relapse. The implications of the results for the assessment of coping-responses and conceptualizations of the role of coping in the relapse process are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1993

Coping with breast cancer over time and situation.

This study examines the variability and stability of coping in cancer subjects over time and situation. In a prospective longitudinal design 74 breastcancer patients have been followed for 3-5 yr at 3-6 monthly intervals. A variety of measures related to coping and adjustment were taken. This report limits itself to the findings of an instrument developed for this study, the Bernese Coping Modes in which 26 coping modes were rated by observers. Results confirm arguments in favour of both variability and stability in coping activity over time and situation. Two measures support stability: rank values and a multivariate measure (MDS) with three constant dimensions: (1) support and acceptance; (2) denial; (3) diversion by thought and action. Evidence for variability is: the potential range of coping modes and a large variety of additional modes at most observation times. Subsequently time measures of coping were attributed to eight predefined illness stages as distinct clinical situations. Thus variability or richness of coping further increased. The implications of these findings for measurement in coping research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1995

The role of coping in adjustment to phantom limb pain.

Research has indicated that the way individuals cope with pain may influence pain, and physical and psychological adjustment. The present study assessed the relationship between coping strategy use and adjustment in amputees with phantom limb pain (PLP). Coping strategies were measured using the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) and their relationship with adjustment was examined using both composite scores and individual strategy scores. The results indicated that the relationship between coping and adjustment was primarily explained by the use of strategies within the 'Helplessness' factor of the CSQ. A clearer picture of coping strategy use was gained from examining individual strategies rather than the composite measures. Catastrophizing explained the largest proportion of variance in pain report (26%), while increasing behavioral activity and hoping or praying strategies explained a smaller proportion of the variance (3% and 1%, respectively). Catastrophizing also explained a large proportion of the variance in physical and psychosocial dysfunction (11% and 22%), while hoping or praying strategies accounted for only a small proportion of the variance in physical dysfunction (3%), and re-interpreting pain sensations accounted for a small proportion of the variance in psychosocial dysfunction (3%). The findings in this study have important clinical implications in that coping strategy use was associated with increased, rather than decreased, levels of pain and disability. However, since the reported use of coping strategies in the present study was low, further research, perhaps utilizing other measures of coping, is required to clarify these findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2007

Coping with hallucinated voices in schizophrenia: a review of self-initiated strategies and therapeutic interventions.

This article reviews the state of knowledge about strategies used by people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia to cope with hallucinated voices, and considers the role of coping in psychological treatments for persisting symptoms. The use of self-initiated ('natural') coping strategies appears almost universal amongst voice-hearers. These strategies are similar across cultures, and include diverse behaviours, only a minority of which is specific to hallucinations. Most strategies are reported by at least some users to be effective, but more sophisticated outcome studies are lacking. Some evidence for the efficacy of certain behavioural techniques of coping, for the manipulation of auditory input, and for strategies involving subvocalisation, is available from experimental studies. Therapeutic enhancement of natural coping strategies for persisting symptoms has demonstrated some efficacy, but its benefit for voices is unknown. Despite this, it has become an established part of some CBT interventions for psychosis. Further advances in knowledge and practice may come from utilisation of coping models in research, longitudinal and ideographic methods of study and a movement away from descriptive coping lists to investigations of coping styles, mechanisms of action, and the process of coping.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Illness representations, coping styles and mood in adults with epilepsy.

It has been generally accepted that psychosocial well-being in people with epilepsy may show an association with the type of coping strategies they adopt. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the way people with epilepsy perceive their illness (illness representations) in determining their well-being and whether these representations are related to coping strategies in determining psychological outcome. We administered the Illness Perception Questionnaire and the Ways of Coping scale and examined their relationship with anxiety and depression scores in 43 adults with chronic epilepsy. Within multiple regression analyses, whilst epilepsy variables were not significantly related to mood, after also adjusting for patients' gender, anxiety scores were best predicted by an increased relative use of escape-avoidance and a decreased relative use of distancing as coping strategies; increased depression scores were best predicted by greater relative use of escape-avoidant and self-controlling coping. Once coping factors had been accounted for, Illness Identity scores independently predicted anxiety scores, indicating that coping was not acting simply to mediate the impact of illness representations on patients' mood. However, illness representations did not independently predict depression, suggesting that in the case of negative affect, coping was acting as a mediating factor. Findings indicate the importance of aspects of epilepsy patients' cognitive representations of their illness, as well as of their coping styles in determining psychological well-being.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Coping and psychological distress in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have emphasized the importance of coping in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In other medical conditions, inadequate coping is associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Therefore, the types of coping strategies that patients use may also influence the distress that accompanies an acute exacerbation of COPD. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to examine the prevalence of psychological distress in patients hospitalized for an acute exacerbation COPD, assess how they appraise and cope with the recent stressful event, and examine the relationships among coping, appraisal, and psychological distress. THEORETIC FRAMEWORK: Lazarus and Folkman's cognitive-motivational-relational meta-theory guided this study. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional design was used to analyze baseline data from 92 participants of a longitudinal study of patients hospitalized with an acute exacerbation of COPD and followed for up to 9 months after discharge. The baseline interview included an assessment of demographic and clinical characteristics, coping, appraisal, and psychological distress. RESULTS: The majority of patients demonstrated psychological distress (64%), identified their current breathing problem as their stressful event (68.5%), and appraised the mean intensity of the event at 5.57+/-1.55 (scale range: 1, not stressful to 7, most stressful). Approximately half of the respondents (51%) characterized the stressful event as representing a threat, 26% as harmful, 7.6% as a loss, 4.3% as a challenge, and 11% chose other terms to characterize the stressful event. The majority of patients (61%) reported that the stressful event was something they had to accept, 21.7% thought they could change or do something about it, and the remainder needed more information. There were no significant differences between patients with and without psychological distress with regard to demographic characteristics, disease severity (forced expiratory volume in 1 second), types of stressful event, stress intensity, primary or secondary appraisal, or number of coping strategies used. However, problem-solving coping strategies were inversely related to psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: Timely identification and use of problem-solving coping strategies may help reduce the psychological distress experienced during acute hospitalizations for COPD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Perceived stress, coping, and adjustment in adolescents.

PURPOSE: To investigate age and gender effects on perceived interpersonal stress, coping with interpersonal stressors, and psychological adjustment among early and middle adolescents. Furthermore, the associations of perceived stress and coping with adjustment were examined. METHODS: The sample included 286 Austrian adolescents aged 10 to 14 years who attended the fifth to seventh grade. Self-report data on perceived stress, coping, as well as emotional and behavioral problems, were assessed. RESULTS: Fifth graders scored lower on maladaptive coping strategies and externalizing problems and reported more adaptive coping strategies than sixth and seventh graders. Compared with boys, girls evaluated a higher amount of perceived interpersonal stress and used more social support. Additionally, girls scored higher on maladaptive coping strategies and emotional distress and scored lower on distraction than boys. Problem-focused and emotion-focused coping were negatively related to emotional and behavioral problems, whereas perceived stress and maladaptive coping was positively associated with adjustment problems. These relations were stronger in female than in male adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluating multidimensional coping patterns is supported. Particularly, implementation of primary preventive programs during late childhood is suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Coping with social physique anxiety in adolescence.

PURPOSE: To explore how adolescents cope with social physique anxiety. METHODS: Participants were 398 female (mean age of 15.4 years, SD = 1.3) and 223 male (mean age of 15.4 years, SD = 1.1) adolescents who provided open-ended responses to a self-identified situation in which they experienced social physique anxiety. A codebook of 24 dimensions was developed to code participants' coping strategies. Measures of state and trait social physique anxietyand coping function were also completed. RESULTS: Females had significantly higher mean values than males on social physique anxiety scales and emotion-focused coping function. Females reported a total of 1051 strategies and males reported 473 coping strategies. The most commonly reported coping strategies were behavioral avoidance(reported by 41.5% of females and 33.2% of males), appearance management (39.9% females,24.4% males), social support (22.1% females, 17.1% males), cognitive avoidance (20.4% females,18.7% males), and acceptance (19.6% females, 29.0% males). Social physique anxiety in the self-identified situation was related to both trait social physique anxiety (r = .44, females; r = .36,males) and the number of strategies reported (r = .21, females; r = .23, males). CONCLUSIONS: First, this study provides important insight into the wide range of cognitive and behavioral coping strategies adolescents use to manage social physique anxiety. Second, the development of the codebook that was necessary to code the adolescents' open-ended coping responses has the potential to act as a starting point as a taxonomy for coping in the body domain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Passive coping is a risk factor for disabling neck or low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Despite evidence suggesting that coping is an important concept in the study of pain, its role in predicting the development of disabling pain has not been previously studied. To assess the relationship between coping and the development of disabling pain. METHODS: From a random sample of adults, we formed a cohort of individuals with non-disabling neck and/or low back pain (n=571). Participants were followed 6 and 12 months after the index survey. Coping was measured with the Vanderbilt Pain Management Inventory. The Chronic Pain Questionnaire was used to measure the presence of disabling neck and/or low back pain. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to investigate the role of passive coping in the development of disabling pain while controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Passive coping was a strong, independent risk factor for disabling neck and/or back pain. Those using moderate to high levels of passive coping strategies were at an over five-fold increased risk of developing disabling pain (Moderate: HRR=5.19, 95% CI=1.78-15.1; High: HRR=6.80, 95% CI=2.36-19.6). Active coping was not found to be a significant risk factor for disabling neck and/or back pain. CONCLUSION: Passive coping is a strong and independent predictor of disabling neck and/or back pain. This strong relationship identifies passive coping as a marker for risk of disability and can allow for the identification of individuals at risk and in need of intervention to aid in improving their overall adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Headache and transformed migraine with medication overuse: what differences between disability, emotional distress and coping?].

LITERATURE FINDINGS: Twelve percent of general population is estimated to suffer from migraine (Henryet al., 2002), which represent in France 6 to 7 millions of individuals. Transformed migraine (TM) with medication overuse is a complication of migraine characterized by an increase of crisis frequency and by a parallel increase of medication intake. French prevalence of TM with analgesic overuse seems to reach up to 3% of general population (Lanteri-Minet, 2003). TM is associated with an increased disability (concerning housework, leisure, job and social activities). Moreover TM is associated with a bad emotional adjustment, which can lead to anxiety and depressive disorders. Those disorders have been founded to be more frequent in TM than in simple migraine (Radatet al., 1999). As a consequence, TM patients's quality of life is severely impaired. The use of dysfunctional coping strategies against pain should explain bad emotional adjustment in those patients. One study have found a statistical relationship between dysfunctional coping strategies such as nd depressive disorders in migraineurs (Materazzo et al., 2000). METHOD: The aim of this study was to compare 30 simple migraineurs (SM) to 32 transformed migraineurs with medication overuse (TM) for impairment, emotional adjustment and coping strategies. Patients have been assessed with Pain Disability Inventory (PDI) (Pollard et al., 1984), Hospital Anxiety Depression scale (HAD) (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983) and Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ) (Rosentiel and Keefe, 1983). RESULTS: Principal Component Analysis (SPSS Software) confirms the good psychometric properties of PDI and HAD in headache patients. Statistical analysis shows higher emotional distress scores (HAD mean score = 32,2 +/- 10,9) in TM than in SM (24, 1 +/- 7,3) (p < 0,001). Both groups didn't use the same coping strategies against pain. TM were characterized by the use of "dramatisation", "distraction" and "pray", which are considered as dysfunctional coping strategies, although SM used "reinterpretation" which is associated with a better adjustment in term of disability and emotional distress (Riley et al., 1999). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that dysfunctional coping strategies in TM should explained the increased prevalence of emotional distress in this population. It should be of an utmost interest to assess temporal evolution of coping strategies after medication withdrawal. Withdrawal is the main therapeutical measure proposed to TM patients. It should also be supposed that behavioural changes related to medication with drawal evolve in parallel with changes in the use of coping strategies against pain.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1996

Effect of preparatory information prior to elective total hip replacement on post-operative physical coping outcomes.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of preparatory information on a patient's post-operative physical coping outcomes following a Total Hip Replacement (THR). The research design was quasi-experimental. Eighty-two healthy individuals, scheduled for an elective THR were used and selected using non-random techniques, and placed into one of two groups on an alternating basis. The subjects in the experimental group were given procedural, sensory and coping information relating to the whole surgical procedure of a THR. In addition, written information was provided for each experimental subject to support the verbal information. Subjects in the control group only received the advice and support that would routinely be given to THR patients by ward, medical and nursing staff. The study measured a number of physical outcomes using a "Physical Indicators of Coping Questionnaire" developed to measure physiological and physical outcomes post-operatively. In addition, a Linear Analogue Coping Scale was developed to assess a patient's personal perception of their overall coping ability with the THR. The study demonstrated that preparatory information, given pre-operatively, post-operatively and pre-discharge had positive effects on the physical recovery and coping outcomes measured. Subjects in the experimental group had significantly less post-operative intramuscular analgesia, mobilized sooner with a Zimmer frame and walking sticks and lastly, their length of stay was on average, 2 days less than the control group. The Linear Analogue Coping Scale demonstrated that patients in the experimental group did perceive they were coping more effectively post-operatively. Preparatory information of various types and in different forms appear to have positive effects on the ability of patients to cope with and recover physically from a THR in the immediate post-operative period.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Support and coping of male hemodialysis-dependent patients.

The purpose of this descriptive-correlational study was to describe coping strategies used by males with chronic renal failure who are dependent on hemodialysis; to describe their social networks; to describe the perceived support, conflict, and reciprocity within their interpersonal relationships; and to examine the relationships among the variables support, conflict, reciprocity, social networks, and coping strategies. Social support was conceptualized as a coping resource or source of assistance in coping with the renal illness- or hemodialysis-related stressor. The Ways of Coping questionnaire and the Interpersonal Relationship Inventory were administered to 30 participants while in hospital. Although, both problem-focused and emotion-focused forms of coping were used, participants primarily used problem-focused coping, in particular, "seeking social support". Overall, the participants perceived relatively high levels of support and moderate to high levels of reciprocity with members of their social networks. Participants experienced a moderate level of conflict in their interpersonal relationships. Both escape-avoidance and conflict were positively associated with the number of people in the household. Positive reappraisal was negatively associated with the number of close relatives. The small sample size prohibits generalizability of the results. Longitudinal studies with a larger randomly selected sample would yield insights into the long-term psychological outcomes of different coping strategies and into the bi-directional relationship of support from social network and coping in this population. Implications for nurses are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Anger, depression, and coping interactions in headache activity and adjustment: a controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if individuals in the general community with chronic headache or migraine differ in terms of anger, depression, and coping strategies and from headache-free individuals in terms of anger and depression. METHOD: A community sample comprising 16 chronic tension-type headache (CTH), 28 migraine headache (MH), and 38 headache-free control subjects (CNT) were compared on measures of anger, depression, and use of various coping strategies. Affective and coping measures, recorded during a headache-free period, were regressed on headache activity measured in a daily diary over the following 2 weeks. Relationships between anger, depression, and coping were also examined in each of the headache groups. RESULTS: The MH subjects were found to use less effective coping strategies than controls and CTH, while the CTH group had higher levels on depression and various anger scales compared to controls and MH. Direct positive relationships were observed between suppressed anger and depression in the MH group, and between trait anger and depression in the CTH group. Anger and coping were predictive of headache activity in the following 2 weeks for both MH and CTH groups, while depression and coping, compared to coping only, were predictive of lifestyle interference from head pain in MH and CTH, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results support a relationship between affective and coping factors in headache activity and adjustment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Avoidant coping as a mediator between self-reported sexual abuse and stress-related symptoms in adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated to what extent the more severe consequences of sexual trauma in adolescents are mediated by coping strategies. Furthermore, this study explored differences in symptoms, self-esteem and coping in a group that reported sexual abuse, in a group that reported another stressful experience, and in a group that reported no stressful episode until now. METHOD: Nine-hundred seventy adolescents aged 11-19 years were asked to complete self-report questionnaires assessing traumatic symptoms (Trauma Symptom Checklist, Briere, 1996); self-image (Self-Description Questionnaire II, Marsh, 1990) and coping (How I Cope Under Pressure Scale, Ayers, Sandler, West, & Roosa, 1996). RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of the participants reported a lifetime prevalence of a stressful event. Participants who reported sexual abuse (10%) reported more traumatic symptoms and more avoidant coping strategies than the adolescents who reported another type of stressful event. Results revealed that avoidant coping is a mediator between sexual abuse and the severity of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Sexually abused adolescents exhibited more symptoms and used more avoidant coping strategies than adolescents in the other groups. Avoidant coping can be seen as a mediator between a sexual stressful event and the consequent stress-related symptoms. Results reveal the importance of assessment and consideration of coping strategies in prevention and in therapeutic interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Developing interventions for chronically ill patients: is coping a helpful concept?

In this review, the role of coping in the development of psychosocial interventions for chronically ill patients is discussed. After summarizing the theoretical issues involved in the translation of the coping concept into an intervention, a review is undertaken of 35 studies concerned with the impact of interventions aimed at improving coping on patients' quality of life. These studies concern seven different chronic disease types (AIDS, asthma, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic pain, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis) and show explicit consideration of attempts to manage illness in terms of coping to be rare. Many studies nevertheless address the equivalent of coping, namely behaviors and/or cognitions intended to deal with an illness situation appraised as stressful. The results of these studies are encouraging, although largely limited to the improvement of one or two particular coping strategies and problem-focused strategies in particular. It is argued that in order to expand on these initially positive findings, greater and more explicit consideration should be given to the potential of the coping concept for intervention with the chronically ill. The appraisal of stressful situations, the use of coping resources, and the strategic application of particular coping strategies should, for example, be given more careful consideration.

Adaptation, Psychological↗