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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Motor development and the mind: the potential role of motor abilities as a determinant of aspects of perceptual development.

Recent advances in the science of human movement have enabled developmental psychologists to discover unique patterns of organization and control in infant motor behavior and development, provoking a resurgence of interest in this topic. In this article, we emphasize the role that motor development may play in determining developmental sequences or "timetables" in other domains. Specifically, we argue that particular motor achievements may be integral to developments in the domains of haptic perception and depth perception. In both cases, there is a high degree of fit between the developmental sequence in which certain perceptual sensitivities unfold and the ages at which the corresponding motor abilities onset. The discussions may provide new contexts in which to consider the developments of haptic perception and depth perception. The general purpose, however, is to highlight the wide-ranging influence of motor development during infancy.

Brain↗
PubMed1983

Development of visual skills in infants and young children.

The development of ocular motilities, convergence, form perception and depth perception were studied for 128 infants at the ages of 18, 24 and 30 months of age. Developmental trends were evident in ocular motilities and form perception. Convergence ability was relatively good at 18 months and remained constant. Depth perception did not show a specific trend over the period studied.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2005

All Pulfrich-like illusions can be explained without joint encoding of motion and disparity.

In the Pulfrich effect, an interocular time delay results in the perception of depth. Two modified versions, the stroboscopic Pulfrich effect and dynamic visual noise with a delay, are generally explained by postulating an early stage of space/time-inseparable filtering, encoding motion and disparity jointly. However, most disparity sensors in monkey V1 do not show joint motion/disparity encoding, and we recently showed that depth perception in the stroboscopic Pulfrich effect is equally compatible with space/time-separable filtering. Here, we demonstrate that this filtering can be implemented with a population of physiologically plausible energy model units. Similar results are obtained whether the neurons are pure disparity sensors (like most V1 neurons) or joint motion/disparity sensors (like MT). We also demonstrate that the dynamic noise stimulus produces correlations between the activity in pure disparity sensors, and in a separate population of pure motion sensors. These correlations are sufficient to explain the percept. Thus, joint encoding of motion and disparity is not required to explain depth perception in Pulfrich-like stimuli: a brain which encoded motion and disparity in entirely separate neuronal pathways could still experience all of these illusions.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Noise improves three-dimensional perception: stochastic resonance and other impacts of noise to the perception of autostereograms.

Autostereograms can be perceived in different well-defined spatial levels. Therefore they are an excellent tool with which to examine spatiotemporal processes of multistable three-dimensional perception. We study properties of spatial ambiguity such as phase transitions between different spatial levels and hysteresis in perception with and without noise. We show that the perception of physical noise-which is added to the autostereograms in the form of a random dot pattern-is dependent on the perceived spatial level. We demonstrate that noise can be helpful for the perception of depth in some cases. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio of depth perception is enhanced at an intermediate level of noise strength that is the signature of stochastic resonance in depth perception.

Artifacts↗
PubMed1984

The perception of depth in simple figures.

When subjects with good stereoscopic acuity are given the task of judging which of two vertical lines lies nearer, the presence of other features nearby alters the perceived depth within the test pair. In the presence of a single flanking line shown with disparity, the test line pair is seen as fronto-parallel when it has disparity in the direction which tends to align it in depth with the flanking line. The notion of "salience" is introduced. This is the summed disparity--weighted approximately inversely with distance--between test objects and their neighbours. We make the hypothesis that objects appear at equal depths when they have equal salience. The salience hypothesis accounts for a variety of depth interaction effects between test lines and adjoining features, such as one or more other lines and a lattice of dots with a disparity gradient. Whether features other than nearest neighbours influence depth judgments depends on the individual. For five good stereo subjects, in two a single line completely masked all effects beyond the nearest neighbour, two others had partial masking, and one had none. If the visual system is interested in corners between planes in depth and in objects protruding from such planes, then salience constitutes a useful indicator for this purpose.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed2004

Aging and the perception of depth and 3-D shape from motion parallax.

The ability of younger and older observers to perceive 3-D shape and depth from motion parallax was investigated. In Experiment 1, the observers discriminated among differently curved 3-dimensional (3-D) surfaces in the presence of noise. In Experiment 2, the surfaces' shape was held constant and the amount of front-to-back depth was varied; the observers estimated the amount of depth they perceived. The effects of age were strongly task dependent. The younger observers' performance in Experiment 1 was almost 60% higher than that of the older observers. In contrast, no age effect was obtained in Experiment 2. Older observers can effectively perceive variations in depth from patterns of motion parallax, but their ability to discriminate 3-D shape is significantly compromised.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Amodal completion and the perception of depth without binocular correspondence.

Half-occlusions and illusory contours have recently been used to show that depth can be perceived in the absence of binocular correspondence and that there is more to stereopsis than solving the correspondence problem. In the present study we show a new way for depth to be assigned in the absence of binocular correspondence, namely amodal completion. Although an occluder removed all possibility of direct binocular matching, subjects consistently assigned the correct depth (convexity or concavity) to partially occluded 'folded cards' stimuli. Our results highlight the importance of more global, surface-based processes in stereopsis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Perception of depth in photographs.

In a world of computer-manipulated pictures easier than ever to achieve, many photographers and artists are called upon to combine images from various sources for illustrative purposes such as 'web pages', advertisements, public relations brochures, etc. To achieve an accurate interpretation in a finished composite illustration made up of photographs manipulated using a computer (or using conventional methods) the illustrator must be aware of the design and compositional elements of each image incorporated in the final illustration. Design and composition elements include: lighting direction and shadow, density, colour balance, etc. Yet another design and composition element too often overlooked is depth cues. Depth cues are the means by which the viewer perceives depth in a two-dimensional image, in this case: a photograph. This paper describes and illustrates the known depth cues contained in the photographic image.

Cues↗