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Results for “Desensitization, Psychologic”

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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Desensitization of dietary restraint anxiety and its relationship to weight loss.

In this weight reduction study, 25 female university students received desensitization treatment to lessen their dietary restraint anxiety, while a control group of 24 female university students received only relaxation training. All participants were instructed to eat less, and to return monthly to be weighed during the six-month follow-up period. Weight loss data furnished qualified support for the use of desensitization of dietary restraint anxiety as part of a comprehensive treatment program for obesity.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Eye movement desensitization across subjects: subjective and physiological measures of treatment efficacy.

Eye movement desensitization (EMD) was investigated in an experimental multiple baseline across subjects design. Six subjects who met the diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were included in the study. While the EMD technique advanced by Shapiro has been reported to be clinically effective, major methodological issues have been raised which remain to be addressed. One issue raised is whether exposure to the traumatic image is sufficient to account for the reported clinical effects of EMD or whether the addition of saccadic eye movements is central to the treatment. This study attempted to address this concern by comparing two EMD-based procedures: a Non-saccade phase (without the saccadic eye movements) which functioned as a control and a second that included saccadic eye movements. Dependent variables included self-report information (SUDs, behavioral symptoms reports) and physiological data (heart rate and systolic blood pressure). The results showed no significant decreases in SUDs level with the EMD minus the saccadic eye movements procedure. However, five of the six subjects reported clinically significant decreases in their SUDs levels with the inclusion of the saccadic eye movements. This study appears to corroborate previous work employing single-case design as well as pre and postcomparisons.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Eye movement desensitization: a partial dismantling study.

Twenty-three PTSD subjects were exposed to either: (1) standard eye movement desensitization (EMD), (2) a variant of EMD in which eye movements were engendered through a light tracking task, or (3) a variant of EMD in which fixed visual attention replaced eye movements. All three interventions produced significant positive changes in all dependent measures and these changes were maintained at follow-up. No significant differences between groups were observed. It was concluded that the eye movements peculiar to EMD are not essential to treatment outcome. The implications of the present findings and previous reports are discussed and recommendations for future research provided.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A trial of eye movement desensitization compared to image habituation training and applied muscle relaxation in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Thirty-six patients with PTSD were randomly allocated to individual treatment with imaginal exposure (image habituation training -- IHT), or applied muscle relaxation (AMR) or eye movement desensitization (EMD). Assessment by a blind independent rater and self-report instruments applied pre and posttreatment and at 3-month follow-up indicated that all groups improved significantly compared with a waiting list and that treatment benefits were maintained at follow-up. Despite a failure to demonstrate differences among groups, there was some suggestion that immediately after treatment EMD was superior for intrusive memories.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Eye movement desensitization across images: a single case design.

The use of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) was investigated in a multiple baseline across two images. The subject was diagnosed as suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and had suffered from two distinct traumas which continued to generate intrusive disturbing images. Dependent variables included self-report information (Subjective Units of Distress, behavioral symptoms reports) and physiological data (heart rate and systolic blood pressure). Subjective and physiological data both demonstrated significant changes during the course of treatment which were maintained at a 2-month follow-up. This study represents the first investigation of EMD with multiple images within a single subject experimental design. Findings suggest that generalization across the images under investigation was not demonstrated. EMD treatment gains were clinically significant. However, the immediate and profound effects often cited in the literature were not demonstrated.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1994

A controlled comparison of eye movements and finger tapping in the treatment of test anxiety.

Fifteen pairs of introductory statistics students, matched on initial test anxiety, were randomly assigned to eye movement desensitization (EMD) or control (finger tapping) conditions to test whether EMD effectively treats test anxiety and, if so, whether eye movement is the critical factor. Both groups had significant decreases in subjective units of disturbance during treatment, suggesting that another source of attenuation of elicited anxiety may be as effective as eye movement in reducing anxiety. There was a significant decrease in Test Anxiety Inventory Emotionality Scale scores from pretest to follow up for both groups, but mixed results on the Worry Scale and total anxiety scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Eye movement desensitization: three unusual cases.

Three complex cases are presented to document further the broad applicability of eye movement desensitization (EMD) for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the first subject this disorder was combined with panic attacks; in the second, sexual dysfunction was an additional consequence of childhood sexual abuse; and in the third the causative directly resulted in profound impairment of occupational and social function. In all three cases treatment produced rapid resolution of symptoms and functional recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Eye movement desensitization of medical phobias: two case studies.

We treated two medical phobic subjects with eye movement desensitization (EMD). Using detailed images of fear-related events, the treatment design conformed to an additive, within-series phase change to examine enduring effects. Results indicated that both subjects' verbal reports of fear decreased substantially using the EMD procedure. There were no consistent changes in heart rate. Similarly, self-reported fear toward a simulated blood draw decreased, but heart rate and blood pressure did not. Data for a number of standardized measures of medical fear indicated posttreatment reduction for both subjects. Anecdotal reports of medical procedures revealed limited generalization of treatment effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

On the origin of eye movement desensitization.

Francine Shapiro, the founder of eye movement desensitization therapy (EMD) claims to have serendipitously discovered this technique by experiencing spontaneous saccadic eye movements in response to disturbing thoughts during a walk in the woods. This explanation is difficult to accept because normal saccadic eye movements appear to be physiologically undetectable and are typically triggered by external stimuli. In the present limited study, all subjects failed to elicit any experience of eye movements, thus calling into question how best to interpret Dr. Shapiro's experience and the origin of EMD.

Arousal↗
PubMed1995

The empirical status of the clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing.

The published reports of the clinical application of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are reviewed in terms of empirical validity. Case studies, single-subject experiments and group design experiments on clinical problems are evaluated for the effectiveness of the protocol, component effects, comparative effects and treatment fidelity. Classification of disorders and measurement issues are addressed. The protocol frequently reduces verbal report and independent observer ratings of distress--strikingly in some instances. Psychophysiologic measures show little effect of treatment. There is little empirical evidence to indicate the effect of treatment on motoric or behavioral indices. Eye movements do not appear to be an essential component of treatment, and there have been no substantial comparisons with other treatments. No studies have adequately controlled for nonspecific (placebo) effects of treatment. Suggestions are made for applying improved methodological controls for future applications of EMDR to clinical disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatments for social phobia.

A meta-analysis was conducted using 42 treatment-outcome trials for social phobia. Six conditions were compared: Waiting-list control, placebo, EXP (within-session exposure and homework exposure), CT (cognitive restructuring without exposure exercises), CT + EXP, and SST (social skills training). All interventions, including placebo, had larger effect sizes than that of the waiting-list control, and the interventions did not differ in drop-out proportions. Only CT + EXP yielded a significantly larger effect size than placebo. Effects of treatments tended to increase during the follow-up period. These results support the use of cognitive-behavioral treatments for social phobia, especially the use of CT + EXP.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1996

AIDS-related obsessive compulsive disorder: deconditioning based on fluoxetine-induced inhibition of anxiety.

Abel's (1993) review of treatments for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) indicated that both behavioral treatment (exposure with response prevention, and biological treatment (specific serotonin reuptake inhibiting drugs) are effective. It was recognized that having both available for patients is preferable because there would be situations where one treatment is more appropriate than the other. One indication for using drugs would be where situational constraints do not allow for effective exposure treatment. We present a case study of a microbiology technician with AIDS-related OCD who had an excellent response to the administration of fluoxetine without relapse when the drug was discontinued.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1996

On the origin of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: a response to Rosen.

Rosen argues that the eye movements experienced by Shapiro during the incident leading to her development of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) could not, as she later inferred, have been saccadic. The present author disputes Rosen's conclusion by showing that his arguments are based on a faulty understanding of the nature of saccadic eye movements or are irrelevant to Shapiro's claim.

Attention↗