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PubMed1998

Domestic violence in the pregnant patient: obstetric and behavioral interventions.

Every day, obstetric providers treat patients experiencing domestic violence. Domestic violence can have both dramatic and subtle impacts on maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. This article enumerates patient risk factors for and obstetric consequences of domestic violence. It describes adaptations to the assessment and treatment of pregnancy complications occurring in the context of domestic violence and presents behavioral interventions that can be performed within existing obstetric care delivery systems. Behavioral interventions include assessments of a patient's readiness for change and her emotional responses to the violence. Obstetric interventions include an assessment of risk of physical harm to a pregnant woman and her fetus from domestic violence. Interviewing techniques include educating the patient about the effects of abuse and, over time, validating a patient's efforts to change. Reliance on a team approach and use of community resources are emphasized. All of these mechanisms enable obstetric providers to assist pregnant women in taking steps to end the abuse.

Battered Women↗

PubMed2001

Domestic violence reported by women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence occurs across all social, demographic, and economic strata of society, though women who report it are disproportionately young, unmarried, live with a male friend or family member other than a husband, engage in substance abuse, and are poor. GOAL: To assess the prevalence of domestic violence among a sample of women presenting for care at a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic, and to identify behavioral and clinical correlates of domestic violence in this group. STUDY DESIGN: Women attending an inner-city STD clinic were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire that ascertained demographic, clinical, and behavioral information. Questions regarding recent and lifetime physical and verbal abuse by a social intimate were included. Standard diagnostic tests and therapy for a variety of genitourinary infections were provided when indicated as a matter of routine care. RESULTS: Three hundred and seventy-five female clinic attendees completed the questionnaire. One hundred and forty one (37.6%) women reported ever having experienced physical assault by an intimate, and 123 (32.8%) reported verbal threats of violence. Fifty-eight (15.5%) women reported at least one episode of physical abuse in the year preceding participation. A report of physical violence was associated with drug use, STD history, and a history of a serious medical condition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of domestic violence among women seeking care at an inner-city STD clinic suggests that these sites may be important for the detection of abuse victims. Clinic staff should be trained to inquire about domestic violence. On-site or referred resources (e.g., legal, social, clinical) should be made available to these women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Predators select against high growth rates and risk-taking behaviour in domestic trout populations.

Domesticated (farm) salmonid fishes display an increased willingness to accept risk while foraging, and achieve high growth rates not observed in nature. Theory predicts that elevated growth rates in domestic salmonids will result in greater risk-taking to access abundant food, but low survival in the presence of predators. In replicated whole-lake experiments, we observed that domestic trout (selected for high growth rates) took greater risks while foraging and grew faster than a wild strain. However, survival consequences for greater growth rates depended upon the predation environment. Domestic trout experienced greater survival when risk was low, but lower survival when risk was high. This suggests that animals with high intrinsic growth rates are selected against in populations with abundant predators, explaining the absence of such phenotypes in nature. This is, to our knowledge, the first large-scale field experiment to directly test this theory and simultaneously quantify the initial invasibility of domestic salmonid strains that escape into the wild from aquaculture operations, and the ecological conditions affecting their survival.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Cattle domestication in the Near East was followed by hybridization with aurochs bulls in Europe.

Domesticated cattle were one of the cornerstones of European Neolithisation and are thought to have been introduced to Europe from areas of aurochs domestication in the Near East. This is consistent with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data, where a clear separation exists between modern European cattle and ancient specimens of British aurochsen. However, we show that Y chromosome haplotypes of north European cattle breeds are more similar to haplotypes from ancient specimens of European aurochsen, than to contemporary cattle breeds from southern Europe and the Near East. There is a sharp north-south gradient across Europe among modern cattle breeds in the frequencies of two distinct Y chromosome haplotypes; the northern haplotype is found in 20 out of 21 European aurochsen or early domestic cattle dated 9500-1000 BC. This indicates that local hybridization with male aurochsen has left a paternal imprint on the genetic composition of modern central and north European breeds. Surreptitious mating between aurochs bulls and domestic cows may have been hard to avoid, or may have occurred intentionally to improve the breeding stock. Rather than originating from a few geographical areas only, as indicated by mtDNA, our data suggest that the origin of domestic cattle may be far more complex than previously thought.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence.

Pathogens that can be transmitted between different host species are of fundamental interest and importance from public health, conservation and economic perspectives, yet systematic quantification of these pathogens is lacking. Here, pathogen characteristics, host range and risk factors determining disease emergence were analysed by constructing a database of disease-causing pathogens of humans and domestic mammals. The database consisted of 1415 pathogens causing disease in humans, 616 in livestock and 374 in domestic carnivores. Multihost pathogens were very prevalent among human pathogens (61.6%) and even more so among domestic mammal pathogens (livestock 77.3%, carnivores 90.0%). Pathogens able to infect human, domestic and wildlife hosts contained a similar proportion of disease-causing pathogens for all three host groups. One hundred and ninety-six pathogens were associated with emerging diseases, 175 in humans, 29 in livestock and 12 in domestic carnivores. Across all these groups, helminths and fungi were relatively unlikely to emerge whereas viruses, particularly RNA viruses, were highly likely to emerge. The ability of a pathogen to infect multiple hosts, particularly hosts in other taxonomic orders or wildlife, were also risk factors for emergence in human and livestock pathogens. There is clearly a need to understand the dynamics of infectious diseases in complex multihost communities in order to mitigate disease threats to public health, livestock economies and wildlife.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed1995

Histomorphologic and histochemical characteristics of carpal glands (Glandulae carpeae) in domestic swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and wild swine (Sus scrofa ferus).

Investigations were carried out on samples from carpal glands of domestic and wild swine of different ages. The anatomic position of carpal glands is identical in domestic and wild swine. Glandular acini in domestic swine are bigger and more scarce than in wild swine. LDH activity is more intense in wild swine, while the activity of the investigated diaphorases is almost even. The activity alkaline and acid phosphatase is stronger in domestic swine, while the activity of non-specific esterases is present only in wild animals. The more or less manifest presence of all investigated enzymes indicates that carpal glands in domestic and wild porcine specimens are very active metabolically. Regarding the intensity of enzymatic reactions, some differences are probably due to different sexual maturity, as well as to the method of feeding and housing in these groups of animals.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1996

Prevalence of domestic violence among patients attending a hospital emergency department.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of domestic violence victims among patients using emergency services at Sydney's Royal North Shore Hospital, in an affluent urban area of New South Wales. This study used a self-administered questionnaire (used in a similar study at the Royal Brisbane Hospital) to investigate the history of domestic violence among patients attending the emergency department during 64 randomly selected nursing shifts in October-November 1994. Adult domestic violence was reported by 19.3 per cent of females and 8.5 per cent of males, confirming the results of the Brisbane study. Evidence for underreporting was found: 4 per cent of females and 6.3 per cent of males who did not report being victims revealed experiences of abuse on nine measures of types of violence, including six taken from the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results supported evidence from other studies suggesting that experience of abuse as a child is a risk factor for being in abusive relationships as an adult. In the past, comparison of results has been limited because of variation in definitions of domestic violence; this has been overcome by intentional replication of the Brisbane study. The study was enhanced by inclusion of patients from non-English-speaking backgrounds and a cohort of parents of children attending. Similar prevalence estimates were found in these groups. Results have implications for the detection and treatment of victims of domestic violence across all strata of society and have potential to raise awareness and affect attitudes towards this significant community problem.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Male victims of domestic violence and their history of perpetrating violence.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether male victims of domestic violence have similar rates of violence perpetration compared with men evaluated in the ED with other causes of injury. METHODS: Case-control retrospective ED record review with linkage to police department records. Cases were identified by ICD code N-code 995.81 (adult maltreatment syndrome) over a 4-year period (January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1994) at one urban trauma center. Medical records were reviewed to confirm that the assailant was an intimate female partner. Controls were identified by E-codes 880-888 (unintentional falls) and matched by age, race, and date of visit. All names were linked to police department record information regarding arrests for domestic violence perpetration, nonaggravated assaults, aggravated assaults, firearms violations, and driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). This information was reported without patient identifiers. Comparisons between cases and controls were made with chi2 analysis. RESULTS: Forty-five cases and 45 controls were identified. The cases were injured by unarmed fights, E960 (31%); cuttings, E966 (33%); blunt objects, E968.2 (31%); and bites, E968.8 (5%). Median age (interquartile range) for cases was 32 (25.75, 38.25) years and for controls was 31 (25, 36.5) years. Median follow-up (interquartile range) of police records after ED visit was 45 (37, 50) months for cases and 45 (36.75, 51) months for controls. Fifty-one percent of the cases had arrests for domestic violence perpetration vs 22.2% of the controls (p=0.009). Forty-four percent of the cases had been arrested for nonaggravated assaults vs 20.0% of the controls (p=0.024). There was no statistical difference between the cases and controls in arrests for aggravated assaults (13.3% vs 4.4%), firearm violations (22.2% vs 17.8%), or DUIs (35.6% vs 20%). CONCLUSION: Men who present to the ED with injuries inflicted by their female partners have a high rate of domestic violence perpetration. This information calls into question whether many male "victims" of domestic violence are injured in self-defense by the female "victim." Also, injury by a female partner may be a useful indicator to identify batterers, so they can be referred by appropriate resources.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Domestic violence experienced by women attending an accident and emergency department.

The aim of the study was to establish the extent and severity of domestic violence experienced by women attending the accident and emergency department of a large teaching hospital in Newcastle. The data were collected over a five-week period in 1992. All women between 17 and 80 years, attending the emergency or ambulatory areas between 8 a.m. and midnight, were asked to complete a confidential structured interview. A total of 401 women participated in the study, representing 82 per cent of eligible women approached. Each participant was asked if she had ever been physically hurt by someone close to her. Questions were asked to determine the relationship to the perpetrator, the type and cause of injury, treatment necessary and help sought. Seven (1.7 per cent, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 0.46 to 3.02) of the women surveyed were attending the hospital as a direct result of an incident of domestic violence, and 100 women (25 per cent, CI 21 to 29) had experienced domestic violence at some time. Bruising, fractures and cuts were the most common forms of injury, with the most common locations being the head, face and chest. Weapons, such as guns and knives, were used in 20 per cent of the incidents. A considerable number of the women (68 per cent) did not seek help at the time of their injuries. As a substantial proportion of women have experienced domestic violence in their lives, accident and emergency workers should receive training in recognising and assisting victims of domestic violence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Effects of domestication on animal behaviour.

Centuries of domestication of animals by civilised man have had many measurable effects on the various species involved, but only in relatively recent history has scientific curiosity been directed to assessing their extent. The process of domestication is analysed and its known effects on animals reviewed through observations of and experiments with various species of domesticated animals conducted by researchers into animal psychology and biology. The known facts on the effects of domestication in animals are extrapolated in an attempt to determine to what extent modern man himself has been domesticated in the urban environment.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Injuries from domestic violence in the Autonomous Community of Valencia (Spain)].

The lack of homogeneous and reliable epidemiological data on domestic violence greatly limits public decision making on the help that should be provided to victims of this form of abuse. Health professionals are obliged to report cases of domestic violence in adults to the judicial authorities and a unified, easily completed model for reporting injuries from domestic violence has been established in the Autonomous Community of Valencia. From June to October 2005, 500 cases of domestic violence were received and processed, most of which were reported by primary care physicians (68%). Cases of domestic violence occurred mainly in young women (aged, 20-39 years), either married or cohabiting, and with primary or secondary level education. The most frequent findings were physical injury or psychological damage (62%). Eighty-three percent of victims had at least one antecedent of abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Enhanced cortisol suppression following dexamethasone administration in domestic violence survivors.

OBJECTIVE: The authors compared responses of female domestic violence survivors and a matched group of nontraumatized participants to a low-dose (0.5 mg) dexamethasone suppression test (DST). METHOD: Seventy female domestic violence survivors and 14 nontraumatized women matched for age and race were recruited. Participants were assessed for trauma severity, severity of PTSD and depressive symptoms, and DST cortisol response. Of the domestic violence survivors who were DST-compliant, comparisons were made among those with PTSD (N=15), those with PTSD plus depression (N=27), and those with no PTSD or depression diagnosis (N=8) along with the nontraumatized comparison subjects (N=14). RESULTS: Domestic violence survivors with PTSD, regardless of whether or not they had comorbid depression, had significantly lower baseline cortisol levels at 9:00 a.m. than the healthy subjects and trauma survivors with no diagnosis. Survivors with a sole diagnosis of PTSD showed significantly greater cortisol suppression to dexamethasone than did healthy subjects or the group diagnosed with PTSD plus depression. CONCLUSIONS: These findings agree with previous studies showing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities in PTSD. The findings suggest that the chronic nature of domestic violence leads to a severe dysregulation of the HPA axis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Child abuse and domestic violence in families of children seen for suspected sexual abuse.

We surveyed families of children seen in a sexual abuse evaluation clinic regarding domestic violence in the child's home and physical and sexual abuse during childhood among the mothers. Domestic violence occurred in 54% (216/402) of the children's homes; 28% (111/392) of mothers reported childhood physical abuse, and 42% (167/395) reported sexual abuse. There were no differences in the rates of domestic violence (chi 2 = 0.42, 2 df, p = 0.8), maternal physical abuse (chi 2 = 2.40, 2 df, p = 0.3), or maternal sexual abuse (chi 2 = 2.11, 2 df, p = 0.3) based on whether our current, patient was at high, medium, or low risk for having actually experienced sexual abuse. Neither domestic violence in the child's home nor the mother's childhood experience of abuse was increased if the child's perpetrator was a relative or lived in the home. Domestic violence in the child's home was more frequent if the mother had experienced physical abuse during childhood (65% 70/107) than if she had not (48%, 130/271; chi 2 = 8.69, p < 0.01). Child sexual abuse is part of a global pattern of victimization, and clinicians must address other forms of family violence when evaluating a child for allegations of sexual abuse.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Mental health problems and social supports among homeless mothers and children victims of domestic and community violence.

BACKGROUND: Children and mothers who have suffered domestic or neighbourhood violence constitute a high risk group, although it has not been clear whether their mental health needs are specifically related to the type of violence. This paper reports on the prevalence of mental health problems in homeless parents and children who have experienced domestic and neighbourhood violence and their access to social support networks. METHODS: Three groups of families who had become homeless were compared: those experiencing domestic violence (48 with 75 children), victims of neighbourhood violence (14 with 29 children), and those who became homeless for other reasons (31 with 54 children). Mothers completed a service use semi-structured interview, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire, the Family Support Scales, and the SF-36 Health Status Questionnaire. RESULTS: Levels of psychiatric morbidity were high in the group experiencing domestic violence (35.7% in children and 21.9% in mothers) and higher still in those who were victims of neighbourhood violence (52.2% in children and 50% in mothers). Levels of social support were found to be an important factor, particularly in relation to professional support and support from other family members, as they predicted both child and maternal psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Mental health interventions for victims of domestic and neighbourhood violence should be integrated with community programmes of social reintegration. Mental health professionals should work in close collaboration with Housing Departments, Social Services, Education and the Police.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

"Women must endure according to their karma": Cambodian immigrant women talk about domestic violence.

Asian populations living in the United States share similar cultural values that influence their experiences with domestic violence. However, it is critical to recognize how differential cultural beliefs in the context of immigration and adjustment to life in the United States affect attitudes, interpretations, and response to domestic violence. This article discusses findings from community-based participatory action research that explores how Cambodian immigrant women talk about domestic violence, what forms of abuse contribute to domestic violence, and what strategies they use to cope with and respond to abuse in their lives. The richness of this research lies in the stories that immigrant women tell about their struggle and their strength in addressing domestic violence.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Changing coverage of domestic violence murders: a longitudinal experiment in participatory communication.

Stressing relation-building and participatory communication approaches, the Rhode Island Coalition against Domestic Violence worked with journalists to develop a best practices handbook on news coverage of domestic violence murders. This study compares print coverage of domestic violence murders prehandbook (1996-1999) and posthandbook (2000-2002). Significant changes include increased labeling of the murder of intimates as domestic violence and doubled usage of advocates as sources. As a result, domestic violence murders, previously framed as unpredictable private tragedies, are more commonly framed posthandbook as social problems warranting public intervention. The authors conclude that relation-building approaches can affect news cultures and public discourse when conducted in conjunction with comprehensive participatory communications strategies.

Domestic Violence↗

PubMed2007

Predicting the occurrence of stalking in relationships characterized by domestic violence.

A high correlation has been found between domestic violence and stalking. However, very few studies have examined what factors predict the occurrence of stalking in relationships characterized by domestic violence. Using in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence whose cases have gone through the criminal justice system, this article explores this issue. It was found that experiences of stalking by their abusers were very prevalent in this group of domestic violence victims. In terms of predicting stalking, domestic violence victims who were not in a relationship with their abuser, whose abusers had an alcohol or drug problem, who experienced more controlling behaviors by their abusers, and who had experienced prior stalking by their abusers were at the greatest risk of experiencing more severe stalking. Implications for intervention are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

The co-occurrence of child maltreatment and domestic violence: examining both neglect and child physical abuse.

Research supports a substantial overlap between domestic violence and child maltreatment. However, few studies examine the characteristics of families in which both domestic violence and child maltreatment are present, with most studies exploring only child physical abuse. This study examined differences in demographic characteristics, parental problems, and maltreatment characteristics for families involving physical abuse or neglect and woman battering compared to families with the same type of maltreatment but no known woman battering present. Descriptive analyses found more differences between families with domestic violence and neglect and neglect-only than between co-occurring physical abuse and physical abuse-only families. Analyses looking at the association or interaction between the type of maltreatment and presence of domestic violence found a significant association between marital status, father's biological relationship to the child, mother-as-perpetrator, and age of the children with co-occurrence of domestic violence for neglect but not for physical abuse.

Adult↗