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PubMed1989

Exercise training increases the number of glucose transporters in rat adipose cells.

We studied the mechanism for the increase in glucose transport activity that occurs in adipose cells of exercise-trained rats. Glucose transport activity, glucose metabolism, and the subcellular distribution of glucose transporters were measured in adipose cells from rats raised in wheel cages for 6 wk (mean total exercise 350 km/rat), age-matched sedentary controls, and young sedentary controls matched for adipose cell size. Basal rates of glucose transport and metabolism were greater in cells from exercise-trained rats compared with young controls, and insulin-stimulated rates were greater in the exercise-trained rats compared with both age-matched and young controls. The numbers of plasma membrane glucose transporters were not different among groups in the basal state; however, with insulin stimulation, cells from exercise-trained animals had significantly more plasma membrane transporters than young controls or age-matched controls. Exercise-trained rats also had more low-density microsomal transporters than control rats in the basal state. When the total number of glucose transporters/cell was calculated, the exercise-trained rats had 42% more transporters than did either control group. These studies demonstrate that the increased glucose transport and metabolism observed in insulin-stimulated adipose cells from exercise-trained rats is due, primarily, to an increase in the number of plasma membrane glucose transporters translocated from an enlarged intracellular pool.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

The importance of exercise training in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease.

Patients with chronic renal failure show a decline in maximal exercise capacity and muscle strength as renal function decreases. Renal anemia, skeletal muscle dysfunction, tiredness and increasing inactivity are the major causes of this deterioration in predialysis patients. Exercise training improves maximal exercise capacity, muscle strength and endurance in young, middle-aged and elderly predialysis patients. It has a positive effect on muscle catabolism and counteracts weight loss and malnutrition. Moreover, exercise training has positive effects on functional capacity and health-related quality of life. However, early referral to a nephrologist and multiprofessional teamwork in the care of predialysis patients is essential in order to implement comprehensive predialysis care and exercise training successfully.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

The role of exercise training in the treatment of hypertension: an update.

Hypertension is a very prevalent cardiovascular (CV) disease risk factor in developed countries. All current treatment guidelines emphasise the role of nonpharmacological interventions, including physical activity, in the treatment of hypertension. Since our most recent review of the effects of exercise training on patients with hypertension, 15 studies have been published in the English literature. These results continue to indicate that exercise training decreases blood pressure (BP) in approximately 75% of individuals with hypertension, with systolic and diastolic BP reductions averaging approximately 11 and 8mm Hg, respectively. Women may reduce BP more with exercise training than men, and middle-aged people with hypertension may obtain greater benefits than young or older people. Low to moderate intensity training appears to be as, if not more, beneficial as higher intensity training for reducing BP in individuals with hypertension. BP reductions are rapidly evident although, at least for systolic BP, there is a tendency for greater reductions with more prolonged training. However, sustained BP reductions are evident during the 24 hours following a single bout of exercise in patients with hypertension. Asian and Pacific Island patients with hypertension reduce BP, especially systolic BP, more and more consistently than Caucasian patients. The minimal data also indicate that African-American patients reduce BP with exercise training. Some evidence indicates that common genetic variations may identify individuals with hypertension likely to reduce BP with exercise training. Patients with hypertension also improve plasma lipoprotein-lipid profiles and improve insulin sensitivity to the same degree as normotensive individuals with exercise training. Some evidence also indicates that exercise training in hypertensive patients may result in regression of pathological left ventricular hypertrophy. These results continue to support the recommendation that exercise training is an important initial or adjunctive step that is highly efficacious in the treatment of individuals with mild to moderate elevations in BP.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Exercise training effect on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

The role, if any, of exercise training in the management of individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is unclear. Anecdotally, patients have reported improvement in symptoms with regular participation in an exercise regime. In this study, we evaluated the effects of an exercise training program and weight loss on physical and subjective measures associated with OSAS. Nine subjects with mild to moderate OSAS completed a six month supervised exercise program. Pre and post-training measures on polysomnographic testing, physical training, anthropometric measures, quality of life (QOL), daytime somnolence and mood states were assessed. A significant decrease in the AHI (p=0.002) was noted along with improvements (p<0.05) in total sleep time, sleep efficiency, number of awakenings/hour, arousals/hour, apnea index and mean exercise training workloads. Significant decreases (p<.001) in weight (-6.2 kg) and body mass index (-1.6) were observed. Evaluation of QOL measures by the Health Status Questionnaire, Profile of Mood States and Epworth Sleepiness Scale showed significant changes in health status, affective state, and a decrease in daytime somnolence. Regular exercise training had a positive impact on the AHI, aerobic capacity, body mass index and QOL. However, exercise training alone was not an adequate intervention strategy for most individuals with OSAS but may serve well as an adjunct treatment strategy in the conservative management of individuals with mild to moderate OSAS.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, its subfractions, and responses to exercise training are dependent on endothelial lipase genotype.

Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that can be modified through exercise training. However, levels of HDL-C and its subfractions and their response to standardized exercise training are highly variable among individuals. Such variability suggests that levels of HDL-C, its subfractions, and their response to exercise training may be influenced by genetic variation and the interaction of that genetic variation with physical activity. The endothelial lipase gene (LIPG) may influence HDL-C metabolism and has several recently identified genetic variants. We hypothesized that the LIPG Thr111Ile polymorphism would be associated with variation in HDL-C levels and its subfractions and their response to exercise training. Eighty-three sedentary, healthy 50- to 75-year-old subjects were weight-maintained on an American Heart Association Step 1 Diet and then studied before and after aerobic exercise training. Sample size varied according to outcome measure as complete data was not available for all subjects. Initial age, body composition, and maximum oxygen consumption (V02max) did not differ between LIPG genotype groups (CC, n=41 to 44; CT/TT, n=37 to 39). Initial total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were not significantly different between groups. The CT/TT group had lower initial HDL(2NMR)-C (12 +/- 1.0 v 17 +/- 1.1 mg/dL; P =.002) and integrated HDL(1,2NMR)-C (13 +/- 1.0 v 18 +/- 1.1 mg/dL; P=.002) levels and somewhat higher initial levels of integrated HDL(3,4,5)-C (31 +/- 2.2 v 25 +/- 2.3 mg/dL; P=.06). With exercise training, Vo2max increased, and body weight, total body fat, and visceral adipose tissue decreased similarly in both groups. With training, HDL-C levels increased twice as much (4.4 +/- 0.8 v 1.9 +/- 0.9 mg/dL; P=.04), HDL3-C levels increased almost 2-fold greater (3.8 +/- 0.7 v 2.2 +/- 0.6 mg/dL; P=.07), and HDL(5NMR)-C levels increased more than 4 times as much (2.2 +/- 0.8 v 0.5 +/- 0.6 mg/dL; P=.08) in the CC compared to the CT/TT group. We conclude that the LIPG genotype is associated with interindividual variability in HDL-C and its subfractions and their response to exercise training.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2004

Influence of exercise training on cardiac baroreflex sensitivity in patients with COPD.

Decreased spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), which could lead to the onset of cardiovascular events, has been demonstrated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. This study evaluates the effects of an exercise training programme on BRS. Twenty-one chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (mean+/-SD age 62+/-9 yrs; forced expiratory volume in one second 43.6+/-18.1% of the predicted value) with mild hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen tension 8.96+/-1.18 kPa) were compared to 18 healthy age-matched subjects. BRS was calculated as the slope of the baroreflex sequences between spontaneous changes in systolic blood pressure and subsequent consecutive relative risk deviation length, and was measured in the supine position and following head-up tilt for sympathetic stimulation. Pulmonary function test results and blood gas levels, measured only in patients, did not change after the training programme. Exercise training increased the maximal sustained workload (16.5%) and peak oxygen consumption (20.5%). Before training, BRS was lower in patients than in controls (2.7+/-1.5 versus 7.8+/-4.9 ms x mmHg(-1)) and tilting induced a smaller reduction in BRS (13 versus 34%). After training, BRS increased to 3.4+/-2.6 ms x mmHg(-1) in patients but remained lower than in controls. The response to the tilt test remained unchanged after training. It is concluded that, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, exercise training is associated with a gain in spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, reflecting cardiovascular benefits.

Baroreflex↗

PubMed2001

Effects on quality of life, symptoms and daily activity 6 months after termination of an exercise training programme in heart failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Exercise training in heart failure patients improves exercise capacity, physical function, and quality-of-life. Prior studies indicate a rapid loss of these effects following termination of the training. We wanted to assess any sustained post-training effects on patients global assessment of change in quality-of-life (PGACQoL) and physical function. METHODS: Fifty-four stable heart failure patients were randomised to exercise or control. The 4-month exercise programme consisted of bicycle training at 80% of maximal intensity three times/week, and 49 patients completed the active study period. At 10 months (6 months post training) 37 patients were assessed regarding PGACQoL, habitual physical activity, and dyspnea-fatigue-index. RESULTS: Both post-training patients (n=17) and controls (n=20) deteriorated PGACQoL during the 6-month extended follow-up, although insignificantly. However, post-training patients improved PGACQoL slightly but significantly from baseline to 10 months (P=0.006), differing significantly (P=0.023) from controls who were unchanged. Regarding dyspnea-fatigue-index, post-training patients were largely unchanged and controls deteriorated insignificantly, during the extended follow-up as well as from baseline to 10 months. Both groups decreased physical activity insignificantly during the extended follow-up, and from baseline to 10 months post-training patients tended to decrease whereas controls significantly (P=0.007) decreased physical activity. CONCLUSION: There was no important sustained benefit 6 months after termination of an exercise training programme in heart failure patients. A small, probably clinically insignificant sustained improvement in PGACQoL was seen in post-training patients. Controls significantly decreased the habitual physical activity over 10 months and post-training patients showed a similar trend. Exercise training obviously has to be continuing to result in sustained benefit.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Exercise training augments cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of forearm vascular resistance in middle-aged subjects.

Nine subjects (average age 56 +/- 7 years old) underwent sitting cycle ergometer exercise for four months. Exercise capacity and maximal VO2 increased after exercise training in these subjects. Forearm vascular responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -10 and -40 mmHg were compared before and after exercise training. The magnitude of reflex forearm vasoconstriction in response to LBNP at -10 mmHg was greater after exercise training than before. The decreases in central venous pressure during LBNP at -10 mmHg were similar before and after exercise training. The pressor and forearm vasoconstrictive responses to the cold pressor test also did not differ before and after exercise training. These results suggest that mild exercise training in middle-aged subjects augments the tonic inhibitory influence of the cardiopulmonary receptors on forearm vascular resistance.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[Arrhythmias newly provoked by exercise training in patients who underwent cardiac surgery].

We investigated the incidence and the varieties of arrhythmia during exercise training in patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Subjects were 1293 patients who underwent cardiac surgery and enrolled our cardiac rehabilitation program. According to the charts and cardiac rehabilitation records, we evaluated the incidence and the varieties of arrhythmia provoked by exercise training in patients after cardiac surgery retrospectively. The arrhythmias related to the exercise training were provoked in 12 times, and the incidence was only 0.09% (12/13646). Atrial fibrillation was the most common arrhythmia, and the incidence was 41.6% (5/12) in these patients. Moreover, these arrhythmias occurred within 2 weeks after surgery. Although most patients recovered to the sinus rhythm spontaneously, 3 patients needed medical treatment or cardioversion. We concluded that the arrhythmia provoked by exercise training in patients after cardiac surgery were rare, non-fatal, and common in the early recovery phase after surgery. However, the supervised exercise training was required in those patients, particularly in early recovery phase of cardiac surgery.

Aged↗

PubMed2007

The effects of exercise training on fat-mass loss in obese patients during energy intake restriction.

Dietary restriction combined with endurance exercise training represents an effective strategy to promote weight loss and reduce fat mass in obese patients. Exercise programmes without dietary restriction are less efficient. However, addition of exercise to a dietary restriction programme does not induce a greater fat-mass loss than dietary restriction alone. The latter is likely attributed to a compensatory reduction in daily physical activity following the implementation of exercise training. Nonetheless, inclusion of an exercise training programme is important to prevent a decrease in fat-free mass, increase relative visceral fat-mass loss, improve dietary compliance and eventually maintain long-term weight control. Obese male patients with the highest fat mass are most likely to lose the largest amount of fat mass in such lifestyle intervention programmes. Influences of training modalities during energy intake restriction on fat-mass loss are reviewed. The relationship between total energy expenditure during exercise training and overall fat-mass loss has been firmly established. The amount of training forms a more important predictor of fat-mass loss than training intensity. The sort of exercise (e.g. walking, cycling, swimming) plays another important predictor of fat-mass loss in intervention programmes. The implementation of resistance training in such programmes does not augment fat-mass loss but improves body composition by increasing fat-free mass. Further studies are needed to define the optimal interventional programme for obese patients.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Effects of aerobic exercise training on antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA levels in soleus muscle from young and aged rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise training on activities and mRNA levels of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Cu,Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutases (SOD), TBARS content, and xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, in soleus muscle from young and aged rats. The antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA levels were markedly increased in soleus muscle with aging. TBARS content of soleus muscle from the aged group was 8.3-fold higher as compared with that of young rats. In young rats, exercise training induced an increase of all antioxidant enzyme activities, except for Cu,Zn-SOD. XO also did not change. The TBARS content was also increased (2.9-fold) due to exercise training in soleus muscle from young rats. In aged rats, the activities of CAT, GPX and Cu,Zn-SOD in the soleus muscle did not change with the exercise training, whereas the activities of Mn-SOD (40%) and XO (27%) were decreased. The mRNA levels of Mn-SOD and CAT were decreased by 42% and 24%, respectively, in the trained group. Exercise training induced a significant decrease of TBARS content (81%) in the soleus muscle from aged rats. These findings support the proposition that exercise training presents an antioxidant stress effect on skeletal muscle from both young and aged rats.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed1994

Patients with high baseline exercise capacity benefit from cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs.

Despite the well-proven benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, no data are available on the benefits of this therapy in patients with preserved baseline exercise capacity. Therefore we assessed data before and after phase II cardiac rehabilitation and exercise programs at two large teaching institutions to determine the benefits in 163 patients with high baseline exercise capacity (> or = 6 estimated [mean 8.8 +/- 2.4] metabolic equivalents [METs]) compared with 125 patients with low baseline functional capacity (< 6 estimated [mean 4.6 +/- 0.8] METs). After cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training, patients with high baseline exercise capacity had significant improvements in triglyceride (-10%; p < 0.05), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+7%; p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-4%; p = 0.09) levels; low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio (-10%; p < 0.01); body mass index (-1.5%; (p < 0.001); percent body fat (-6%; p < 0.0001); and exercise capacity (+22%; p < 0.0001). Patients with high baseline exercise capacity had less relative improvement in exercise capacity (p < 0.0001) after cardiac rehabilitation but had greater relative improvement in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (p < 0.05) and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio (p < 0.05) than did patients with low baseline exercise capacity. These data demonstrate the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training in patients with preserved exercise capacity and support routine referral of these patients to these programs after major cardiac events.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Myocardial adaptation to endurance exercise training in diabetic rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether exercise training would prevent the progressive functional decline in pump function of hearts from diabetic rats. Four groups were studied: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic, and trained diabetic. Trained rats were adapted to the treadmill prior to induction of diabetes in half of the group streptozotocin injected (50 mg/kg). Thereafter the duration, speed, and grade were then progressively increased until the trained rats could run for 60 min at 27 m/min, 5% grade (wk 8). Cardiac output and work were measured in isolated working hearts perfused at various left atrial filling pressures and with buffer containing the concentrations of glucose and fatty acids found in vivo. Sedentary diabetic rats had lowered body weight, elevated plasma glucose, triacylglycerol, and cholesterol. Exercise training of diabetic rats lowered plasma triacylglycerol levels. Training increased plantaris muscle cytochrome oxidase activity significantly in both the trained control and trained diabetic groups. Cardiac pump function was impaired in hearts from the sedentary diabetic rats perfused with either normal or diabetic substrate conditions, but the impairment was larger under diabetic conditions. Training of diabetic rats prevented this depression. Myocardial carnitine content was decreased in hearts from sedentary diabetic rats. Exercise training increased carnitine content in both control and diabetic rats. This training protocol did not affect cardiac pump function of the trained control group. These results suggest that exercise training may limit the myocardial contractile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Effects of short-term exercise training on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1).

PURPOSE: To observe the effects of exercise training on plasminogen activator inhibitor, type-1 (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and associated metabolic variables in sedentary men and women. METHODS: A randomized, controlled experimental design was used to examine the influence of 10 d of moderate-intensity exercise training on measures of fibrinolysis. Sixteen men and 16 women between the ages of 50 and 70 yr were randomly assigned to exercise (EX) and control groups (CON) that were balanced for gender and hormone replacement therapy. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, 11, and 12 for measurement of plasma PAI-1, tPA, insulin, glucose, and triglyceride. Subjects in EX performed 50 min of treadmill walking at an intensity corresponding to 65% of heart rate reserve each day for 10 consecutive days. RESULTS: There were no significant changes in PAI-1, tPA, or associated metabolic variables between EX and CON during the intervention period. Within EX subjects, those with higher body fatness had a significant decrease in insulin and triglyceride compared with those with lower body fatness. However, no changes in fibrinolytic measures were observed within these subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term exercise training does not change PAI-1 levels in normal, asymptomatic men and women. In addition, modest decreases in insulin and triglyceride in individuals with elevated body fatness do not result in changes in PAI-1 after short-term training. It appears likely that decreases in PAI-1 with exercise training require decreases in adiposity and/or marked changes in metabolic variables.

Aged↗

PubMed1982

Effects of exercise training on ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction.

We evaluated the effects of 6 months of exercise training (bicycle ergometry, walking and jogging) on exercise performance and ventricular function in patients with recent myocardial infarction. Fifteen patients were selected on the basis of myocardial infarction at least 6 weeks but not more than 6 months before the study and age younger than 65 years. The patients were evaluated by maximal treadmill exercise testing and radionuclide angiography at rest and exercise before and after training. Before exercise training, maximal treadmill exercise time ranged from 1.5 to 11 minutes, ejection fraction at rest from 18% and 67% and end-diastolic volume from 108 to 208 ml. The mean EF was 48 +/- 5% (+/- SD) at rest and did not change at maximal exercise (48.5 +/- 5%). All 11 patients who completed the exercise training program achieved a significant training effect, as defined by a reduction in heart rate at 50% maximal pretraining effort or an increase in maximal treadmill time. The mean ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume and wall motion abnormalities at rest and at comparable pretraining exercise work loads and heart rates were not significantly different after training. Despite a wide range of rest and exercise ventricular function, patients with recent uncomplicated myocardial infarcts significantly increased their exercise performance. Because rest and exercise ventricular function were comparable before and after training, improvement in exercise performance probably resulted from training effects on the peripheral vasculature.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Physical training programs and their effects on aerobic capacity and coronary risk profile in sedentary individuals. Design of a long-term exercise training program.

Currently the prevalent perception is that regular exercise training, besides increasing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), may have a beneficial effect on blood pressure and plasma lipid fractions. This is the basis for recommending exercise training for health maintenance and as a part of any prevention program for middle aged and older individuals. The purpose of this work was first, to review whether a basis exists for these recommendations and if so, to secondly design an exercise training program adjusted to these groups. Its parameters should be efficient enough to cause improvements in VO2max and risk profile, yet prevent cardial and orthopedic problems. The structure and the results of exercise programs in 27 experimental studies (n = 1153) were reviewed. The findings indicate that significant changes in VO2max, apart from individuals having least favourable values initially, do not necessarily effect simultaneous improvements in either blood pressure or plasma lipid fractions. Results strongly indicate the permanent benefits of participating in a long-term exercise program. This program should therefore provide a very useful and natural addition to the accepted dietary and pharmacological therapies.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Psychological effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients.

To assess the psychological effects of exercise training in hemodialysis patients 4 dialysis patients, matched by age, sex, and medical history with 4 controls, received psychological testing before and after a 6-month period of exercise training. The trained patients had a 28% improvement in graded exercise treadmill stress test duration and a 13% improvement in aerobic capacity. This was associated with a significant reduction in anxiety and depression (p less than 0.06), but no measurable change in these moods occurred in the control groups. These results suggest that exercise training may improve psychological functioning in dialysis patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Exercise training improves myocardial tolerance to in vivo ischemia-reperfusion in the rat.

Experimental studies examining the effects of regular exercise on cardiac responses to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) are limited. Therefore, these experiments examined the effects of endurance exercise training on myocardial biochemical and physiological responses during in vivo I/R. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 mo old) were randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group or to an exercise training group. After a 10-wk endurance exercise training program, animals were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated, and the chest was opened by thoracotomy. Coronary occlusion was achieved by a ligature around the left coronary artery; occlusion was maintained for 20 min, followed by a 10-min period of reperfusion. Compared with untrained, exercise-trained animals maintained higher (P < 0.05) peak systolic blood pressure throughout I/R. Training resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in ventricular nonprotein thiols, heat shock protein (HSP) 72, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and lactate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, compared with untrained controls, left ventricles from trained animals exhibited lower levels (P < 0. 05) of lipid peroxidation after I/R. These data demonstrate that endurance exercise training improves myocardial contractile performance and reduces lipid peroxidation during I/R in the rat in vivo. It appears likely that the improvement in the myocardial responses to I/R was related to training-induced increases in nonprotein thiols, HSP72, and the activities of SOD and PFK in the myocardium.

Animals↗