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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Hand, foot, and mouth disease: a viral disease of importance to dentists.

Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a disease of viral origin that produces characteristic lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. Knowledge of the disease is important to dentists since the oral vesicular and ulcerative lesions are usually the first clinical signs of the disease, and the epidemiclike patterns of the disease make it likely that the dentist will contract the disease himself or possibly become a carrier of the virus. The lesions of hand, foot, and mouth disease usually regress in two to three weeks, and complications are rare. Treatment is basically palliative to reduce the pain and irritation. Differential diagnosis of the disease must include consideration of herpes simplex, herpangina, recurrent aphthae, erythema multiforme, and animal foot and mouth disease. A case involving a dentist and his family is reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Carcass disposal: lessons from Great Britain following the foot and mouth disease outbreaks of 2001.

The foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak that occurred in the United Kingdom in 2001 was of an unprecedented scale and severity and presented a massive logistical challenge to Government. Over 6.5 million animals were slaughtered and disposed of, over 4 million as a direct result of disease and a further 2.5 million on welfare grounds. On-farm burial and on-farm burning were the principal routes for disposal at the commencement of the outbreak. On-farm burial was limited by legislation to protect groundwater supplies and pyre burning came increasingly under attack from local communities concerned about health risks from smoke and emissions. Burning also painted a vivid but distressing picture of the war against disease. Increasingly, rendering capacity made an important contribution to disposal. The peak of the outbreak could only be managed by the development of a new disposal route--mass burial in engineered sites and by using licensed landfill where available. During the course of the outbreak, a disposal hierarchy was developed to reflect environmental and public health concerns, namely: rendering and incineration ranked first, licensed landfill next, followed by burning with mass burial or on-farm burial as the least preferred options. However, the campaign against the disease could not have been won without the tactical use of mass burial in addition to all the other available disposal routes. The authors describe the development and deployment of the disposal routes used in the 2001 outbreak.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1983

Histological and histochemical characterisation of mammary gland tissue of cows infected with foot-and-mouth disease by contact exposure.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus was observed to replicate in secretory epithelial cells of bovine mammary gland alveoli as a result of systemic infection initiated by exposure to infected animals. Viral antigens were demonstrated using fluorescent antibody and immunoperoxidase labelling techniques before the development of signs of clinical disease. In addition, labelled antigens were observed associated with cytoplasmic-like fragments in luminal membrane limited structures. Histologically, lesions of the alveolar secretory epithelium consisted of focal necrosis of these cells which eventually sloughed into the lumen.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Synthetic peptide vaccines against foot and mouth disease.

Synthetic peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) have been under examination for several years. Recent reports indicate that effective synthetic vaccines for use in cattle are being developed. However, there are still some unresolved questions regarding the response of cattle and other animals to these vaccines. This brief review describes some recent studies of synthetic vaccines against FMD and draws attention to some deficiencies in our understanding of the response to these vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The economics of foot and mouth disease.

The economic effects of foot and mouth disease (FMD) are summarised. Losses arise from the direct effects of the disease on production, costs of disease control and restriction of trade. Direct effects are of greatest importance in dairy and pig production systems. Costs of disease control, whether by stamping-out or vaccination are high. Even countries that are free of the disease incur prevention and emergency preparedness costs. The published studies indicate that where FMD eradication is feasible, this is the least-cost policy option, even allowing for the costs of prevention, emergency preparedness and the risk of outbreaks. Where eradication is not feasible, it is economically beneficial to protect high-producing livestock by vaccination. Vaccination of lower-producing animals may also be justified, especially where these animals produce milk or traction power, or where this would serve to protect high-producing livestock from disease challenge.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Utility of automated real-time RT-PCR for the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus excreted in milk.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can be excreted in milk and thereby spread infection to susceptible animals in other holdings. The feasibility of using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) as a diagnostic tool for detection of FMDV in milk was assessed by studying the excretion of virus from experimentally-infected cattle. Fore- and machine milk samples were collected over a 4-week period from two dairy cows infected with FMDV and from two in-contact cows held in the same pen. The whole, skim, cream and cellular debris components of the milks were tested by automated rRT-PCR and results compared to virus isolation (VI) in cell culture. The onset of clinical signs of FMD in all four cows correlated with viraemia, and the presence of FMDV in other clinical samples. rRT-PCR results matched closely with VI in detecting FMDV in all milk components and generally coincided with, but did not consistently precede, the onset of clinical signs. rRT-PCR detected FMDV in milk up to 23 days post inoculation which was longer than VI. Furthermore, the detection limit of FMDV in milk was greater by rRT-PCR than VI and, in contrast to VI, rRT-PCR detected virus genome following heat treatment that simulated pasteurisation. rRT-PCR was also able to detect FMDV in preservative-treated milk. In conclusion, this study showed that automated rRT-PCR is quicker and more sensitive than VI and can be used to detect FMDV in whole milk as well as milk fractions from infected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immune enhancing effects of recombinant bovine IL-18 on foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in mice model.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease in cloven-hoofed animals and can cause a considerable socio-economic loss for affected countries. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic cytokine and plays important role in both the development of a functional immune system as well as the response of the organism to infection. In the present study, bovine IL-18 (BoIL-18), Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 and VP1/BoIL-18 fusion genes were cloned and expressed in pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) and subsequently immune effects were evaluated to study the immune enhancing effects of recombinant BoIL-18 (rBoIL-18) on FMD vaccination. The results showed that the genes encoding for BoIL-18, VP1 and VP1/BoIL-18 are successfully expressed in P. pastoris and the expressed recombinant VP1 (rVP1) proteins could induce both humoral and marginal cell-mediated immune responses in mice, while the co-inoculation with rBoIL-18 could markedly enhance both of immune responses, and the inoculation of the fusion product rVP1/BoIL-18 showed even more dramatic immune responses, suggesting rBoIL-18 has a potential to enhance the efficacy of vaccination against FMDV infection.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1993

Avridine and LPS from Brucella ovis: effect on the memory induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccination in mice.

Foot-and-mouth disease is one of the more economically important diseases among meat-producing biungulate species. In contrast to natural infection, current foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccines, prepared with inactivated virus and adjuvants, elicit short-lived protection. The immunomodulating effect on FMDV vaccines of avridine and lipopolysaccharide of Brucella ovis (LPS) was tested in a murine model. The duration of immunity, protection, stimulation of immunocompetent cells producing a long-lasting secondary response and immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes were examined. The incorporation of either immunomodulator into aqueous and oil vaccines induced a long-lasting specific antibody response. The neutralizing titres and protection were significantly higher than those observed in animals immunized with control vaccines. Data collected from repopulation assays indicated that the immunomodulators used participate in the activation of immune cell populations involved in long-lasting memory. This resulted in an efficient B-cell secondary response even in the absence of T cells, which were necessary for the stimulatory effect of the immunomodulators in donor mice. Avridine and LPS stimulated IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b production, which was correlated with the improvement of the protection induced by these vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1992

New approaches to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease.

The economically important foot-and-mouth disease has been successfully controlled in Western Europe by comprehensive immunization using killed vaccine. The author discusses the wisdom of abandoning this policy, and outlines research into alternative vaccines using recombinant DNA technology, in particular using synthetic peptides.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The foot-and-mouth disease situation in Iran.

Foot-and-mouth disease has been known in Iran since long ago. Typing of virus was done in 1950 at Mérieux Institute and since 1959 at Razi Institute. Type Asia 1 was isolated three times: in 1957, in 1964 and in 1973. In June 1962, FMD type SAT 1 entered Middle-Eastern countries; it was soon controlled, and completely eradicated by the end of 1963. At the present time, endemic types of FMD cause limited and sporadic outbreaks in some regions of Iran; their incidence is lowered every year. Except the endemic types A and O, all other types in Iran are considered as exotic. The control measures are: 1) stamping-out policy against exotic types, 2) mass-vaccination of all healthy susceptible animals by a polyvalent vaccine, 3) regular disinfection of premises and utensils, 4) strict application of sanitary measures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Spatial statistical modeling of disease outbreaks with particular reference to the UK foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic of 2001.

In this paper we examine issues relating to the analysis of spatially-referenced disease data. Initially, we discuss the use of exploratory statistical tools such as density estimation and nonparametric regression. We then consider the need for descriptive epidemic models in space, time, and space-time models for epidemic dynamics. Implicitly space-time must be considered in any analysis of the spatial structure of epidemics. The use of Bayesian models for disease spread is discussed and applied to the recent foot and mouth outbreak in the UK.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies RNF24 as a critical host factor for foot-and-mouth disease virus entry.

BACKGROUND: Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes substantial economic losses in global livestock production; however, the key host factors supporting its early infection process remain poorly characterized. METHODS: In this study, we performed an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screening using porcine cells to screen and identify host factors involved in FMDV infection. RESULTS: We identified that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF24 supports efficient FMDV entry. RNF24 depletion inhibits viral entry and replication, whereas its overexpression enhances viral infectivity. Mechanistically, RNF24 preferentially promotes K27-linked non-degradative polyubiquitination of leupaxin (LPXN) at lysine 162, driving LPXN's trafficking to the plasma membrane. At the membrane, LPXN assembles a ternary integrin-LPXN-VP1 complex that strengthens virus-receptor interactions and promotes viral adsorption and entry. Disruption of this ubiquitination event via the LPXN K162R mutation impairs complex formation and compromises viral entry. CONCLUSION: Together, our study reveals a ubiquitin-dependent RNF24-LPXN regulatory axis that supports FMDV entry, highlights the role of non-degradative ubiquitination in viral pathogenesis, and proposes this interface as a potential target for antiviral intervention.

CRISPR screening↗