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Results for “FOWLS, DOMESTIC”

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PubMed1976

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus.

The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl. In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum. The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

[The relationship between heart rate and type of growth in the domestic fowl].

The heart rate at 6 and 24 weeks of age and the relative weight of the heart at 8 and 24 weeks were studied in four strains of domestic fowl, differing in growth and, in this study, in body weight. Heart rate at 6 weeks of age was not related to sex, body weight, absolute or relative heart weight. Heart rate at 24 weeks of age was related to relative heart weight at 24 weeks, to absolute heart weight at 6 and 24 weeks, and to body weight at 6 weeks. There was a marked sex effect at 24 weeks. No within-species relationship between heart rate and body weight was found, but a negative correlation existed between heart rate and relative heart weight.

Aging↗

PubMed1993

Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in female reproductive tract of domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and its interactions with semen.

Presence of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) in female reproductive tract and its interaction with semen has been investigated in domestic fowl. Higher activity of ACE was detected in homogenates of infundibulum region followed by magnum and relatively low level was noticed in rest of the parts of the oviduct (i.e. isthmus, uterus, uterovaginal-junction and vagina). This decreasing order in ACE activity was, however, reversed when these segments were incubated with semen. ACE in the ovarian follicular wall increased with corresponding increase in the follicle size. Presence of some stimulatory or inhibitory substances for ACE in the oviduct of fowl is suggested.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Calbindin immunoreactivity in the neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion of the domestic fowl.

The distribution of the vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin, was mapped in the brachial spinal cord and in the 15th dorsal root ganglion of the domestic fowl, using fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Cell somata of the dorsal root ganglion ranged in area from 200 microns 2 to 2000 microns 2. Sixteen percent of cell bodies displayed calbindin immunoreactivity. Reactivity occurred in both the small and large sensory neurons. These were randomly distributed within each ganglion. In the spinal cord, calbindin immunoreactivity was intense in Lissauer's tract, and in nerve fibres and nerve cell bodies within laminae 1 to 3 of the dorsal horn. Scattered varicose fibres were observed in laminae 4 to 7. Immunoreactivity was intense in laminae 10 where nerve fibers formed a meshwork around the central canal. Immunoreactive perikarya were occasionally observed in the outer region of lamina 10 and between laminae 8 and 9. The perikarya of the large motoneurons of lamina 9 were not reactive although they were enmeshed in calbindin-immunoreactive fibres.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Determination of monensin, salinomycin and narasin in muscle, liver and eggs from domestic fowl using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry.

A method is presented for the simultaneous determination of the three ionophores, monensin, salinomycin and narasin in muscle, liver and eggs from domestic fowl. Samples are homogenised in methanol and any ionophores present are extracted into toluene-hexane. The extracts are concentrated and injected into a bench-top electrospray LC-MS system. Chromatography is carried out using an end-capped reversed-phase column, with a mobile phase consisting a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol, tetrahydrofuran, trifluoroacetic acid and water. Using single-ion monitoring, the ionophores can be detected down to the 1 ng/g level.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Storage and evacuation of spermatozoa from the uterovaginal sperm-host glands in domestic fowl.

Autoradiography with 3H-labeled spermatozoa was utilized to study spermatozoal oviductal interrelationships. Results demonstrated that sperm displacement from the uterovaginal sperm-host glands did not occur in domestic fowl. Furthermore, there was no indication that phagocytosis of labeled spermatozoa by sperm gland epithelium occurred. Associated studies demonstrated that extensive head-to-head agglutination occurred between freshly ejaculated spermatozoa, but the ability to agglutinate was lost as the sperm cells aged. On the basis of these observations, it was proposed that agglutination may be the basic mechanism controlling sperm storage and release from the uterovaginal sperm-host glands. A working model to this effect was presented.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Balbiani's vitelline body in the oocytes of vitellogenic and nonvitellogenic females of the domestic fowl: a correlative cytological and histochemical study.

A cytological and histochemical study has been made of Balbiani's vitelline body in the oocytes of nonvitellogenic and vitellogenic females of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), which consists of yolk nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies and lipid bodies of diverse nature. The yolk nucleus consisting of RNA, protein and lipoprotein shows the greatest development and morphological complexity in the growing oocytes of vitellogenic females. Its possible significance has been discussed in relation, to the variable metabolism and hormonal status of the female during sexual maturation.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Eimeria spp. of the domestic fowl: analysis of genetic variability between species and strains using DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers and denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis.

The genetic relatedness of 5 Eimeria spp. of the domestic fowl, including 11 strains of E. acervulina, 2 strains of E. tenella and 1 precocious line of E. acervulina, was assayed by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Seven different oligonucleotides were used to generate similarity coefficients for the species and strains of Eimeria infecting chickens. Between 1 and 13 DNA segments, depending on the species/strain-primer combination, were amplified with the various primers. Amplification products ranged in size from 0.16 to 3.8 kb. E. acervulina strains demonstrated two to four major common bands unique to the species. These strains also exhibited major and minor differences in their DNA patterns. Band-match analyses from both polyacrylamide and denaturing gradient gels were used to calculate similarity coefficients for the Eimeria spp. and strains tested. Species differences, readily detected upon examination of DNA banding patterns, gave similarity coefficients of 4%-38% and 3%-18% when analyzed by polyacrylamide- and denaturing gradient-gel electrophoresis, respectively. A similar analysis of E. acervulina strains, yielded similarity coefficients of 55%-95% and 51%-85%, respectively. The differences observed between both species and strains were greater when the RAPD-assay products were analyzed via DGGE, indicating that a combination of these two techniques may provide a more stringent analysis of the genetic relatedness of these coccidia.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Relation between Ca2+ uptake and ATPase activity in the particulate fractions of the eggshell gland mucosa of the domestic fowl and duck.

The relation between the rates of ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake and ATP hydrolysis was studied in homogenates of eggshell gland mucosa and its subcellular fractions from the domestic fowl and duck. The Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity was 5-10% of that of the "basal" Mg2+-ATPase at an optimal Ca2+ concentration in the subfractions. The presence of K+ and/or Na+ increased the rate of Ca2+ uptake and the Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity; the effects of K+-Na+ were not inhibited by ouabain. The Ca/P ratio varied with the experimental conditions. At 10(-4) M Ca2+ and in the absence of K+ Na+ it was 0.8, and in their presence 0.4.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗

PubMed1985

TRH stimulation of in vivo GH release in the domestic fowl. Influence of TRH metabolites and effect of age on in vitro degradation of TRH.

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulated in vivo growth hormone (GH) release in conscious and anesthetized young domestic fowl. The administration of the presumed metabolites of TRH, deamido-TRH (TRH-OH) and histidyl-proline diketopiperazine (HPD), was followed by small but significant (p less than 0.05) increases in the plasma concentrations of GH in both conscious and anesthetized chicks. However, the ability of TRH-OH or HPD to stimulate GH secretion was less than that observed with a 100-fold lower dose of TRH. The administration of either TRH-OH or HPD with TRH increased the GH response over that observed with TRH alone. The ability of chicken plasma to degrade exogenous TRH in vitro was determined by measuring immunoreactive TRH (IR-TRH) content and by assessing the ability of the incubated samples to increase the plasma concentration of GH when administered to young fowl. The in vitro half-life of TRH was estimated to be 9.8 (by immunoassay) and 9.6 (by a biological index) min for plasma from adult male chickens and 23.9 (by immunoassay) and 20.2 (by biological index) min for plasma from 6-week-old chicks. This difference in degradation may account, at least in part, for the observed age-related decrease in the plasma concentration of GH in birds and for the diminished GH responsiveness of adult birds to exogenous TRH.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1982

3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase activity in the rapidly growing ovarian follicles of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

The total and specific activity of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were measured in ovarian follicles from the domestic fowl. The enzymes were assayed in the five largest yolk-filled follicles which were sampled twice during the ovulatory cycle, at 1 h and 16 h before an expected ovulation. The total and specific activity of granulosa enzymes increased throughout the hierarchy and reached a maximum in the largest follicle. The relative increase in 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase activity was greater than that of the other two enzymes examined. The total thecal 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase activity reached a maximum in the third and fourth largest follicles. Thereafter its activity decreased up to the time of ovulation. The activity of 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in follicles collected 1 h before and ovulation were significantly less than the activity in corresponding follicles collected 16 h before an ovulation.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗

PubMed1982

Synaptology of neurosecretory cells in the nucleus paraventricularis of the domestic fowl.

Processes of magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) are easily identifiable on the basis of their content in neurosecretory granules in the neuropil of the rostral division of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the domestic fowl. In specimens sacrificed during the winter the synaptic organization of the neuropil and the pattern of synapses ending on neurosecretory processes were studied at the ultrastructural level. Synapses in the rostral part of the PVN neuropil may be divided into three main categories on the basis of their morphology and their content of clear and dense-core synaptic vesicles. These different types of terminals can be attributed to aminergic, peptidergic or other types of synapses. The percent distribution of synapses within these categories differs when all synapses observed in the neuropil or only those ending on MNC processes are compared. Present ultrastructural data obtained in birds support two physiological hypotheses already suggested for mammals, i.e., the probable existence of a recurrent pathway to MNCs via an interneuron, and the importance of aminergic and peptidergic input in regulating the electrical activity ov MNCs.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

The distribution of polypeptide YY (PYY) - and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) - immunoreactive cells in the domestic fowl.

The distribution of the polypeptide which has an N-terminal tyrosine and a C-terminal tyrosine (PYY) - and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) - immunoreactive cells were investigated in the gut of the domestic fowl. PPY-immunoreactive cells were observed in the duodenum and jejunum. PP-immunoreactive cells were seen in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. Both PYY- and PP-immunoreactive cells were extended from the basal lamina to the gut lumen i.e. of open type. PYY-immunoreactive cells occurred mainly in the basal and middle portion of the villi. On the other hand, PP-immunoreactive cells were located mostly in the crepts. The occurrence of PYY-immunoreactive cells in the upper part of the small intestine is rather similar to that of amphibians and reptiles, than to that of mammals, where PYY-immunoreactive cells are located in the distal part of the small intestine and in the large intestine.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Effect of starvation and a protein diet on the amino acid metabolism enzyme activities of the organs of domestic fowl hatchlings.

The activities of alanine and aspartate transaminases, adenylate deaminase, glutamine synthetase and glutamate and xanthine dehydrogenases have been measured in liver, yolk sac membrane, intestine and breast and leg muscle of domestic fowl hatchlings receiving for 3 or 5 days either a standard diet or hard boiled eggwhite as well as in 3 or 5 days starved animals. The patterns of activation of amino acid metabolism enzymes were fully comparable in protein-fed and starved groups with respect to fed controls; the differences with respect to the latter became more marked in 5- than in 3-days old chicks. In 5-days old chicks intestine alanine transaminase activity increased in parallel to that of liver in protein-fed animals but not in those starved, in agreement with an enhanced alanine transfer between both organs under this situation. Both, starvation and protein-feeding, induced a general decrease in the amino acid metabolizing ability of muscle. Glutamine (but not alanine) synthetizing capabilities were enhanced.

AMP Deaminase↗

PubMed1975

The amino acid composition of the oviduct of the folic acid-treated and the folate-deficienct, oestrogen-treated immature domestic fowl.

Two experiments are described in which the effect of folate deficiency on the amino aicd content of the oviduct of oestrogen-treated, folic acid-treated and folate-deficient, immature domestic fowl is investigated. Oviducts from non-oestrogen treated, folic acid-treated and folate deficient birds are also compared. A third experiment was carried out in which the effect of folate deficiency on the amino acid composition of the five oviduct sections was examined. An attempt has been made to explain the differences in oviduct amino acid composition in terms of amino acid metabolism and the degree of structural development of the oviduct. It is concluded that folate is most essential for the response of oviduct tissue to oestrogen stimulation in areas where a specialised secretory function is involved. No direct evidence was obtained to indicate that the function of folate in glycine-serine interconversion or methionine regeneration was significant in the inhibition of oestrogen-stimulated oviduct growth.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1997

Sexual dimorphism of arg-vasotocin gene expressing neurons in the telencephalon and dorsal diencephalon of the domestic fowl. An immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study.

A strong sex dimorphism in the distribution of immunoreactive arginine-vasotocin (AVT) and AVT mRNA was observed in telencephalic and dorsal diencephalic areas of the domestic fowl using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Two subgroups of immunoreactive parvocellular perikarya surrounded by dense plexus of immunoreactive fibres were found within the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the dorsal part of the diencephalic paraventricular region of males. No signs of immunoreactivity were observed within corresponding regions of the female brain. Instead, in females a few scattered weakly stained perikarya were observed rostrally to the level of the anterior commissure, juxtapositioned to the nucleus accumbens and the floor of the lateral ventricle. The distribution of AVT mRNA containing cell profiles fully confirmed the immunocytochemical findings. Osmotic stress induced by water deprivation for 48 h had no influence on the number of immunoreactive or AVT mRNA containing parvocellular cell bodies. However, it resulted in an increase of immunoreactive cell area in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and dorsal diencephalon of 5. 9 and 11.7%, respectively. We suggest that the sexually dimorphic vasotocinergic circuit may be involved in the co-ordination of behavioural and autonomic functions in response to environmental stress.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of SCAR markers of Eimeria spp. of domestic fowl and construction of a public relational database (The Eimeria SCARdb).

This study reports the development and characterization of 151 sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for the seven Eimeria species that infect the domestic fowl. From this set, 84 markers are species-specific and 67 present partial specificity. The complete nucleotide sequence was derived for all markers, revealing the presence of micro- and minisatellite repetitive units in 22 SCARs, with up to five distinct repeat units being observed per marker. Only 15 markers showed significant hits in similarity searches against public sequence databases, thus confirming their anonymous and non-coding character. Finally, a relational database of the markers (the Eimeria SCARdb) was developed and made available on the Internet, providing a valuable resource of SCAR markers that can be useful for molecular diagnosis, and also for epizootiological, genetic variability and genome mapping studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Effect of synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and its analogues on growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).

Variations in plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations following iv or sc administration of synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH, Pyr-His-Pro-NH2) have been followed in immature and adult domestic fowl. TRH markedly stimulated GH secretion in newly hatched (1 and 2 day old) chicks and in 6-week-old cockerels but in adult male or female birds of two strains had very little effect, if any. Intravenous injection of 4 TRH analogues (Pyr-His-Mep-NH2, Pyr-Meh-Mep-NH2, Pyr-Meh-Mep-NH and Pyr-Meh-Pro-NH2) were also potent GH secretagogues in 6-week-old birds. The stimulatory effect of TRH or the TRH-analogues on GH secretion was not dose-related.

Age Factors↗