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Results for “Functional Laterality”

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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

Method for quantitatively evaluating the lateralization of linguistic function using functional MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Various methods for evaluating the lateralization of linguistic function using functional MR imaging have been proposed. However, the optimal method remains controversial. The purpose of this study was not only to establish a method for quantitatively evaluating the lateralization of linguistic function but also to evaluate its optimality. METHODS: Internal speech tasks were measured by functional MR imaging in 17 healthy adult volunteers by use of z scores. The laterality index (LI) was calculated first by a previously reported method and second by our newly designed method, in which we investigated the correlation between the z scores and the number of activated pixels in the regions of interest; that is, we made scatter diagrams (z scores versus number of activated pixels). To obtain detailed information, we searched a regression function that fit the scatter diagrams well. RESULTS: We found the number of activated pixels was proportional to (1/z score)(4) and the correlation coefficient was very high. Each hemisphere showed an original proportional constant. Our newly designed LI was calculated from these two constants and was found to be a fixed value. In contrast, the reported LI varied with the z score. We found our LI differed in robustness and reproducibility from the reported LI. CONCLUSION: Our LI method proved more optimal than the reported LI. The lateralization of linguistic function can be evaluated quantitatively using our new LI method.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Morphological feature and incidence of TMJ disorders in mandibular lateral displacement cases].

In the malocclusion with mandibular lateral displacement (MLD), it is difficult to establish the functional occlusion by orthodontic means. The careful diagnosis brings us to recognize that MLD condition is the rule rather than the exception. In order to examine the characteristics of the cranio-facial morphology in the cases with MLD, the posteroanterior cephalograms were analyzed. Furthermore, the incidence of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (joint sound and joint pain) were examined clinically. The results were as follows: 1) Occlusal plane and mandibular plane (the plane running through the anti-gonialnotch bilaterally) inclined superiorly toward the mandibular displaced side. 2) The position of mandibular head shifted to the opposite direction of the mandibular displaced side. 3) The symptoms of TMJ disorders were found in 65.0% of patients with MLD, and more frequently at the TMJ of mandibular displaced side. Considering the evidences, the symptoms of TMJ disorders were much detected and occlusal deviation was found in MLD, it is suggested that mandibular dysfunctions derived from occlusal problems relate to the appearance of MLD. Since both the mandibular plane and the occlusal plane revealed the similar changes in response to mandibular deviation, it is considered that the condition of MLD as skeletal problem may be induced by the functional lateral shift of mandibular position come from occlusal interference during growth period. The deviation of mandibular head may relate to the appearance of TMJ disorders in MLD. Therefore, it is important to recognize the adequate mandibular position prior to occlusal reconstruction, and the vertical dimension control of the occlusal plane is necessary for improving the condition of TMJ and establishing the functional occlusion in the cases with MLD.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

Reversed lateralization of cognitive functions in right handers. Exceptions to classical aphasiology.

Most current and past research on the cerebral organization of cognitive functions has presupposed certain specialized hemisphere operations. At least for right handers, language and praxis are to be organized in the left hemisphere, while affective prosody, configurational spatial capacity, and global attention are lateralized in the right hemisphere. Deviations from these presuppositions, as in crossed aphasics and perhaps left handers, are generally considered to be 'exceptions' and either to disprove the rules or to be irrelevant to the rule. We report 4 very 'exceptional' cases, right handers with almost entirely reversed lateralization of functions. Analysis of the intrahemispheric relationships between functions suggests that there may be a specific neurobiology to the interrelationships between and among cognitive functions, handedness, and the intrahemisphere localization of the function.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Abnormal brain lateralization in high-functioning autism.

Disturbances in lateral preference in autism are of interest because of their potential to shed light on brain maturational processes in this disorder. Forty-seven autistic individuals with a history of disordered early language development and 22 autistic individuals with normal early language acquisition were matched with 112 healthy individuals and compared on a standardized measure of lateral preference, the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Autistic individuals with a history of early language disturbance showed more atypical cerebral dominance than both healthy participants and autistic individuals with normal early language skills. The data indicated maturational disturbances in establishing lateral preference rather than increased rates of left handedness. Atypical establishment of cerebral dominance may be one cause of disordered language development in autism.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Cortical asymmetry on magnetic resonance imaging related to unilateral hemispheric function. A preliminary investigation.

Cortical brain R/L asymmetry was assessed by spin echo lateral sagittal sections on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classified by visual comparison and by measuring the length of the parietal operculum and the inclination of the sylvian fissure. The results were related to handedness, selected as a lateralized function. The results indicate that assessment of the cortical surface by sagittal MRI is feasible. Comparison between images from two imaging systems (40 hemispheres: 0.15 T/0.75 and 1 cm section thickness versus 4 hemispheres: 0.5 T/0.5 cm section thickness) indicates a minimum standard for this approach on a large scale to be set by the more powerful system, mainly dependent on image noise and volume averaging factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Efficiency of callosal transfer and hemispheric interaction.

The corpus callosum (CC) is essential to hemispheric interaction, but it is unclear how individual callosal properties affect interaction between the cerebral hemispheres. A number of studies have demonstrated some relationship between morphology or structure of the CC and measures of hemispheric interaction. However, to the authors' knowledge, none of these studies has been able to show a clear, direct relationship between a behavioral measure of transfer speed through the CC, interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT), and a behavioral measure of hemispheric interaction. Eighty participants were tested over 6 sessions on 2 tasks assessing IHTT and hemispheric interaction. The Poffenberger paradigm was used to measure IHTT, and a divided split-visual-field letter-matching task was used to assess hemispheric interaction. A significant correlation that could not be accounted for by other factors such as functional lateralization, handedness, age, sex, or attention was found between these 2 measures. These results are discussed in relation to CC morphology and structure and functional and structural hemispheric lateralization.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Pulmonary physiology, airway responsiveness and asthma.

What we know: Tests that have allowed the measurement of lung function in infants have greatly enhanced our understanding of early pulmonary development and the pathophysiology of early respiratory disease. Airway responsiveness in infancy appears to be an independent determinant of symptoms and lung function later in childhood. New tests of airway responsiveness hold the promise of predicting, with increased specificity, infants at risk of developing asthma. What we need to know: What are the factors that determine airway responsiveness soon after birth? Why does airway responsiveness in the first weeks of life relate to lung function many years later? Do different challenge agents reflect different pathophysiological processes involved in the development of persistent asthma?

Asthma↗

PubMed1985

Behavior disorders and laterality of cerebral function.

A dichotic listening test was employed to test the hypothesis that behavior disorders might have an abnormal laterality patterns of cerebral function. Eighteen behavior disorder out-patients of the psychiatry department at an university hospital and seventeen normal subjects were requested to recall dichotically presented words. The results showed that compared with the normal controls, the subjects with behavior disorders yielded less prominent right ear advantage, lesser response ear alternations, but better overall performances. The results do not support the hypothesis of the left hemisphere dysfunction in behavior disorders but suggest the possibility of the right hemisphere dysfunction.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

How to interpret normal electromyographic findings in patients with an alleged history of polio.

OBJECTIVE: In some patients with a history of polio, the electromyography is normal, not showing the typical neurogenic signs. The aim of this study was to explain the normal findings in electromyography, especially in paralytic polio. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Concentric needle electromyography, macro electromyography (including single fibre electromyography) and neurography were performed in various combinations in 688 patients with an alleged history of polio. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients with paralytic polio had normal or minimally abnormal neurophysiology. In 6 patients the diagnosis of polio was rejected and was instead found to be other diagnoses. Three patients had a very atypical history. Of the 26 with possible paralytic polio, 17 showed a strong suspicion of previous paralytic polio without any neurophysiological signs of degeneration of the anterior horn cells. CONCLUSION: If neurophysiological findings are normal in patients with a history of polio, the original diagnosis may be incorrect. However, the absence of electromyography changes does not entirely exclude a previous history of polio with transient functional loss without degeneration of anterior horn cells vulnerable for later functional impairment.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2001

Gene expression profiles during the initial phase of salt stress in rice.

Transcript regulation in response to high salinity was investigated for salt-tolerant rice (var Pokkali) with microarrays including 1728 cDNAs from libraries of salt-stressed roots. NaCl at 150 mM reduced photosynthesis to one tenth of the prestress value within minutes. Hybridizations of RNA to microarray slides probed for changes in transcripts from 15 min to 1 week after salt shock. Beginning 15 min after the shock, Pokkali showed upregulation of transcripts. Approximately 10% of the transcripts in Pokkali were significantly upregulated or downregulated within 1 hr of salt stress. The initial differences between control and stressed plants continued for hours but became less pronounced as the plants adapted over time. The interpretation of an adaptive process was supported by the similar analysis of salinity-sensitive rice (var IR29), in which the immediate response exhibited by Pokkali was delayed and later resulted in downregulation of transcription and death. The upregulated functions observed with Pokkali at different time points during stress adaptation changed over time. Increased protein synthesis and protein turnover were observed at early time points, followed by the induction of known stress-responsive transcripts within hours, and the induction of transcripts for defense-related functions later. After 1 week, the nature of upregulated transcripts (e.g., aquaporins) indicated recovery.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Speech lateralization and attention/executive functions in a Finnish family with specific language impairment (SLI).

Hemisphere lateralization for speech perception was investigated in a Finnish family with specific language impairment. We used dichotic presentations of consonant-vowel (CV) syllables, consisting of the six stop-consonants paired with the vowel /a/, under three different attentional instructions. The dichotic listening technique means that two different speech stimuli are presented simultaneously, one in each ear. Left hemisphere dominance for speech perception is assessed from a preference for the right ear stimulus. Response accuracy was compared in five members, over three generations, of a family with SLI with 5 healthy control subjects. The dichotic listening task was performed under three different instructions, to attend only to the right ear stimulus, to attend only to the left ear stimulus, or with no instruction about attention. The subjects indicated orally which of the six CV-syllables they heard on each trial. There were 36 dichotic presentations of the CV-syllables for each instruction. The CV-syllables were played from a CD with digitized stimuli. The results showed no difference between the groups during the no instruction condition, indicating normal speech lateralization in the SLI group. However, the SLI group was deficient in modifying the ear advantage through focused attention to the left ear, thus indicating an attentional/executive deficit in addition to a deficit in left hemisphere lateralization. It is concluded that individuals with specific language impairment may have a cognitive deficit related to attention in addition to a language processing deficit related to left hemisphere function.

Attention↗

PubMed2006

Memory lateralization with 2 functional MR imaging tasks in patients with lesions in the temporal lobe.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies to determine memory lateralization with functional MR imaging (fMRI) have used encoding or recall tasks. The convergence between the results of both tasks, however, is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate hemispheric asymmetries of temporal lobe activity (parahippocampus and fusiform gyri) in patients with temporal lesions by using both kinds of fMRI tasks. METHODS: By using blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI, hemispheric asymmetries of 25 consecutive patients admitted for presurgical evaluation of memory and 12 healthy control participants were studied. Activation was induced by using the picture-encoding task (processing of complex scenes) and the hometown-walking task (requiring mental navigation through one's hometown by using landmarks given by participants themselves). RESULTS: Results in the control group showed that both tasks activated the parahippocampus similarly. The picture-encoding task, however, yielded greater posterior activations in the parahippocampus than did the hometown-walking task. As observed in other studies, more than half the patients showed contralesional representation of memory in each task. It is important to note that estimated memory lateralization from each task was different in 30% of patients, and several cases showed clear discrepancies between both tasks. CONCLUSION: Although previous studies showed that both tasks were useful for evaluating memory lateralization, the present study suggested that the administration of both tasks is necessary for presurgical evaluation of memory lateralization in patients with lesions in the temporal lobe. Therefore, both encoding and recall processes should at least be considered in the evaluation of memory.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Expiratory muscle function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Few data exist concerning expiratory muscle function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We studied 26 patients with ALS (16 with respiratory symptoms and 10 without) and measured the maximal static expiratory mouth pressure (MEP), the gastric pressure during a maximal cough (Cough Pga), and the gastric pressure after magnetic stimulation of the lower thoracic nerve roots (Tw Pga). These measurements were related to the ability to generate transient supramaximal flow during a cough (cough spikes), to arterialized capillary blood gases, and to inspiratory muscle strength. Vocal cord motion was examined endoscopically in 11 of the 16 symptomatic patients. Expiratory muscle weakness was related to inability to generate cough spikes with a threshold effect such that spikes were absent for Cough Pga < 50 cm H2O (p = 0.009) or Tw Pga < 7 cm H2O (p = 0.006) and was usually associated with inspiratory muscle weakness. However, in multivariate analysis, PaCO2 was only significantly associated with the maximal sniff esophageal pressure (p = 0.02). Symptomatic patients had significantly lower inspiratory muscle strength, whereas, of the expiratory muscle tests, only Tw Pga was significantly lower (p = 0.0009) in symptomatic patients. Abnormal vocal cord motion was observed in two of the 11 patients examined. We conclude that abdominal muscle weakness in ALS, when substantial, results in an inability to generate transient supramaximal flow during a cough. However, the primary determinant of both ventilatory failure and respiratory symptoms seems to be inspiratory muscle weakness.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Bilateral asymmetry in the limb bones of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).

There is much debate in behavioral primatology on the existence of population-level handedness in chimpanzees. The presence or absence of functional laterality in great apes may shed light on the origins of human handedness and on the evolution of cerebral asymmetry. The plasticity of long bone diaphyses in response to mechanical loading allows the functional interpretation of differences in cross-sectional geometric. While left-right asymmetry in upper limb diaphyseal morphology is a known property in human populations, it remains relatively unexplored in apes. We studied bilateral asymmetry in 64 skeletons of wild-caught chimpanzee using the humerus, second metacarpal, and femur. The total subperiosteal area (TA) of the diaphyses was measured at 40% of maximum humeral length and at the midshaft of the metacarpals and femora using external silicone molds. Overall, the TA values of the left humeri were significantly greater than the right, indicating directional asymmetry. This effect was even greater when the magnitude of difference in TA between each pair of humeri was compared. The right second metacarpals showed a tendency toward greater area than did the left, but this did not reach statistical significance. The lack of asymmetry in the femur serves as a lower limb control, and suggests that the upper limb results are not a product of fluctuating asymmetry. These findings imply behavioral laterality in upper limb function in chimpanzees, and suggest a complementary relationship between precision and power.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗

PubMed1970

Pancreatic function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

No abnormality of exocrine function of the pancreas was found in 10 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eight patients showed abnormal glucose metabolism, attributed to the effects of age, malnutrition, diminished physical activity, and decreased muscle mass.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Sex determination by discriminant function analysis of lateral radiographic cephalometry.

The present work is an attempt to develop a new method to determine sex from the skull with lateral radiographic cephalometry and discriminant function analysis. The superciliary ridges, frontal sinuses, external occipital protuberance, and mastoid processes were adopted as objects of lateral radiographic cephalometric measurements. With discriminant functions created from 18 established cephalometric variables, a total of 100 cases were classified into two sexual groups with 100% accuracy in a random sample of Taiwanese adults. Therefore, we may obtain a much greater reliability of sex determination from skulls according to this newly developed technique.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Surgical treatment of chronic lateral instability of the ankle joint. A new procedure.

Sixty patients with chronic lateral functional and mechanical instability of the ankle joint were treated with shortening and reinsertion of the lateral ankle ligaments. All patients were followed prospectively for 2 to 5 years (mean, 3 years 6 months). We found the functional results to be excellent or good in 53 patients (88%). Patients with unsatisfactory results had either generalized joint hypermobility or long-standing ligament insufficiency. Anterior talar translation (ATT) and talar tilt (TT) were measured radiologically on standardized radiographs. Patients with excellent and good functional results had better mechanical stability, both ATT and TT, than those with fair and poor functional results. A good correlation was found between clinical, functional, and radiological results. In conclusion we found that reconstruction of the ankle stability by shortening and reinsertion of the lateral ankle ligaments is a safe and simple method and is a good alternative to other more complex methods of ligament reconstruction. The method should, however, be used with great care in patients with generalized joint hypermobility or in patients with long-standing ligament insufficiency.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

[3H]Etorphine binding activity in early chick embryos: brain and body tissue.

Stereospecific [3H]etorphine binding has been detected in chick embryos as early as day 4 of incubation in both brain and body tissue. By day 10 of incubation [3H]etorphine stereospecific binding activity is not detectable in nonneuronal tissue. The ubiquitous opiate binding sites early in embryogenesis are high affinity and respond to ion and GTP regulation in a manner similar to adult brain tissue. We interpret our observations to indicate all embryonic cells prior to cell differentiation contain opiate receptors. Therefore, we propose that opiate receptors play a dual role; one function early in embryogenesis not associated with neurotransmitter regulation, and another function later in embryonic development and in the adult: the classical neurotransmitter regulatory function.

Animals↗