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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Ontogeny of cholinergic regulation of fetal upper gastrointestinal motility.

OBJECTIVE: In the fetal rabbit immediately prior to birth (day 30; 0.97 gestation), intragastric atropine suppresses upper gastrointestinal (GI) motility, indicating that cholinergic receptors are expressed and functional at birth. To explore the developmental timing of upper GI cholinergic receptor function, we assessed the effect of intragastric atropine administration in rabbit fetuses during the last 10% of gestation. METHODS: Pregnant rabbits were studied at day 27, day 28 and day 29 of their normal 31-day gestation. In each litter, two fetuses were selected as study fetuses and two as control fetuses. Under ultrasound guidance, fluorescein and either atropine (0.04 microg/g fetal body weight) or normal saline were injected into the fetal stomach. Two hours after injection, fetuses were delivered and the small intestine was harvested. The per cent motility was calculated as the fluorescein travel distance, which was measured by ultraviolet light optical density, divided by the total small intestinal length. RESULTS: Fetal body weight, small intestinal length and per cent motility increased from day 27 to day 29 (p < 0.01). There were no differences in fetal body weight and small intestinal length between atropine and control groups. Atropine significantly decreased per cent motility (versus control values) in fetuses at day 29 and day 28 (56.1 +/- 13.5 vs. 66.1 +/- 11.7% and 59.7 +/- 15.6 vs. 68.3 +/- 11.7%, respectively; p < 0.05), but not at day 27 (52.4 +/- 12.9 vs. 52.8 +/- 11.2%). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that upper GI functional cholinergic receptors develop between 0.87 and 0.90 of rabbit gestation. Extrapolation to human development suggests that reduced GI motility in preterm human infants results, in part, from immature GI cholinergic receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The relationship between gastrointestinal motility and secretion.

Few studies have addressed specifically or systematically the question of whether motility and secretion within the gastrointestinal tract are linked and if so by what mechanisms. The evidence for such a relationship is discussed in this review and we conclude that increased motor activity of the stomach is frequently associated with increased acid and pepsin secretion. Similarly, an increase in small intestinal motility is accompanied by elevated fluid and electrolyte secretion. Two possible mechanisms linking motility to secretion are considered. These could coexist. The first consists of parallel but separate neural pathways to smooth muscle and epithelium that might be activated synchronously and, therefore, produce simultaneous activation of motility and secretion. The existence of such parallel pathways in the stomach and small intestine are described, but their physiological significance is unresolved. The second mechanism we discuss is a sequential process in which increased motility provides a sensory stimulus for reflexly activated secretion. In the stomach the evidence for such a mechanism is largely deductive. In the intestine, however, we provide experimental evidence for an intrinsic neural mechanism activated by motor activity, which then stimulates fluid and electrolyte secretion. We conclude that such a sequential relationship exists and probably operates under physiological conditions but that further study is required.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Dose-related effects of lauric acid on antropyloroduodenal motility, gastrointestinal hormone release, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men.

We recently reported that intraduodenal infusion of lauric acid (C12) (0.375 kcal/min, 106 mM) stimulates isolated pyloric pressure waves (IPPWs), inhibits antral and duodenal pressure waves (PWs), stimulates release of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and suppresses energy intake and that these effects are much greater than those seen in response to isocaloric decanoic acid (C10) infusion. Administration of C12 was, however, associated with nausea, confounding interpretation of the results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different intraduodenal doses of C12 on antropyloroduodenal (APD) motility, plasma CCK and GLP-1 concentrations, appetite, and energy intake. Thirteen healthy males were studied on 4 days in double-blind, randomized fashion. APD pressures, plasma CCK and GLP-1 concentrations, and appetite perceptions were measured during 90-min ID infusion of C12 at 0.1 (14 mM), 0.2 (28 mM), or 0.4 (56 mM) kcal/min or saline (control; rate 4 ml/min). Energy intake was determined at a buffet meal immediately following infusion. C12 dose-dependently stimulated IPPWs, decreased antral and duodenal motility, and stimulated secretion of CCK and GLP-1 (r > 0.4, P < 0.05 for all). C12 (0.4 kcal/min) suppressed energy intake compared with control, C12 (0.1 kcal/min), and C12 (0.2 kcal/min) (P < 0.05). These effects were observed in the absence of nausea. In conclusion, intraduodenal C12 dose-dependently modulated APD motility and gastrointestinal hormone release in healthy male subjects, whereas effects on energy intake were only apparent with the highest dose infused (0.4 kcal/min), possibly because only at this dose was modulation of APD motility and gastrointestinal hormone secretion sufficient for a suppressant effect on energy intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Versatile digital data logger: storage of gastrointestinal motility data.

An inexpensive four-channel data logger for recording gastrointestinal potentials is described. A 512 K bytes memory and a sampling speed of 1.25 Hz per channel is adequate for these potentials and permits recordings for up to 27 hours. The small size and light weight allow the device to be carried in a pocket so that recordings can be made while the subject is freely ambulatory. A separate replay unit allows the data stored in the data logger to be presented to a chart recorder or to an interface card in a PC AT. This interface, a Microsoft C vers 5.0 program and the computer display the data as single frames or scrolled, expanded or condensed on either the time or amplitude axis. From the computer the data can be written to a printer and displayed as a chart or to an ASCII format file which can be used for analysis with statistical packages. Examples of recordings from both man and dog are illustrated and the analogue recorded data are compared with data digitally recorded. It is suggested that the data logger has many applications where long-term slow potential changes must be recorded under specially difficult conditions.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1994

Development of gastrointestinal motility in the infant and child.

The neuromuscular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract develops early in gestation, but normal patterns of innervation and contractile activity are not achieved until near birth. This article reviews the ontogeny of gastrointestinal neuromuscular anatomy and the development of coordinated peristaltic function in the different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. This information provides a basis for understanding the difficulties encountered in successfully providing enteral feeding to the preterm infant.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Effects of oral erythromycin on upper gastrointestinal motility in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Twenty patients (18 males, 2 females) with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus were enrolled in the study. They were aged 49-72 years (mean age 65 years). Radionuclide-labelled water was used to measure oesophageal motility, expressed as the oesophageal mean transit time (MTT). A radionuclide-labelled solid meal was used to measure gastric motility, expressed as the half-time of gastric emptying (T1/2GET). A baseline study was performed before oral erythromycin therapy. After a 2-week course of treatment, the subjects underwent a second study. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was also monitored in each study. In the baseline study, MTT was 8.88 +/- 2.00 s and T1/2GET was 198.0 +/- 58.9 min. After treatment with erythromycin, MTT decreased to 7.48 +/- 2.24 s (P < 0.01) and T1/2GET decreased to 137.1 +/- 71.2 min (P < 0.01). In addition, the FBS decreased from 159.0 +/- 40.2 mg dl-1 at baseline to 139.2 +/- 39.8 mg dl-1 after 2 weeks of erythromycin treatment (P < 0.05). We conclude that erythromycin is an effective prokinetic agent for diabetic gastroparesis, and that improved oesophageal transit and gastric emptying may improve glycaemic control.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Use of endoluminal ultrasound to evaluate gastrointestinal motility.

The use of high-frequency ultrasound transducers in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) has already yielded remarkable findings concerning the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the GI tract and of various motility disorders. These transducers have made completely invisible portions of the GI tract (the longitudinal smooth muscle, muscles of the upper esophageal sphincter, components of the gastroesophageal junction high-pressure zone, and the muscle of the anal sphincter complex) accessible to investigation. Use of simultaneous ultrasound and manometry has allowed the exploration of the normal physiology of peristaltic contraction. The components of the high-pressure zone of the distal and proximal esophagus have been isolated and the movement of these components has been studied individually and as a group. Various esophageal motility disorders have been investigated including achalasia, scleroderma, Barrett's esophagus and diffuse esophageal spasm. The possible etiology of the symptoms of esophageal chest pain and heartburn (sustained esophageal contractions of the longitudinal smooth muscle), have been studied. The possible underlying pathophysiology of GERD (the missing gastric clasp and sling fiber pressure profile) has been explored. Three-dimensional high-frequency ultrasound imaging has allowed the peristaltic contraction sequence to be viewed in a completely new and unique manner. The biomechanics of both esophageal contraction and the gastroesophageal junction high-pressure zone have been investigated and the mechanical advantage of esophageal shorting has been studied. The mechanism of action of standard surgical and newer endoscopic therapies for GERD has been defined. Future applications of this technology are limited only by our imagination.

Endosonography↗
PubMed1993

Effect of trospium chloride on gastrointestinal motility in humans.

The aim of this double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study was to investigate the effect of trospium chloride on gall bladder contraction, gastric emptying of a liquid meal, gastrooesophageal reflux, and orocaecal transit time in healthy subjects. Gall bladder contraction was examined by ultrasonography before and after stimulation with two raw eggs. Gastric emptying was evaluated by an intubation technique and by sonography. To determine gastrooesophageal reflux and orocaecal transit time, 24-hour pH metry and a hydrogen breath test were used. The gall bladder ejection fractions were significantly lower after oral treatment with both 4 x 10 mg and 4 x 20 mg trospium compared to placebo, but no difference was seen between the two doses of drug. Gastric emptying of a liquid meal was significantly delayed after intake of 4 x 15 mg trospium, whilst the time course of the intragastric volume determined by ultrasound did not differ from that after placebo, suggesting an antisecretory effect of trospium on gastric secretion. The fractional time of oesophageal pH < 4 as a percentage of the entire 24-hour investigation period was significantly increased by treatment with trospium 3 x 15 mg per day. The orocaecal transit time of 10 g lactulose was significantly prolonged. Provided that the observed effects on gall bladder contraction, gastric emptying, and orocaecal transit time are reproduced in disease states, trospium should be regarded as a potentially useful antispasmodic agent.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Correlation of the gastric emptying of nondisintegrating tablets with gastrointestinal motility.

The aim of the present study was to correlate the gastric emptying (GE) of nondisintegrating tablets with changes in gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Eight, healthy, male subjects each received 5 x 7-mm radiolabeled tablets, a radiolabeled meal, and a radiotelemetry capsule (RTC). Transit of the radiolabeled formulations was followed by gamma scintigraphy and the RTC detected contractile activity in the GI tract. The study demonstrated that 7-mm tablets can empty from the fed stomach, prior to the onset of interdigestive activity. Those tablets that were not emptied during fed activity were retained through the period of quiescence associated with the onset of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) and left the stomach during contractions associated with phase 2 and 3 activity. The RTC was retained in the stomach and was emptied only by large phase 3 contractions commonly termed the "housekeeper" wave. However, in one subject, the RTC was retained in the stomach for over 12 hr, during which time three distinct phase 3 complexes were monitored.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of acupressure to improve gastrointestinal motility in women after trans-abdominal hysterectomy.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acupressure on gastrointestinal (GI) motility in women after trans-abdominal hysterectomy (TAH). Patients were randomly assigned into two groups of 21 and 20 patients each. The experimental group received acupressure for 3 minutes at each of three meridian points: Neiguan (PC-6), Zusanli (ST-36) and Sanyinjiao (SP-6). The control group received 3 minutes of acupressure on sham points. Acupressure was performed twice a day. A questionnaire was used to determine patients' satisfaction prior to and after afternoon acupressure. GI contractions were measured with a multifunctional stethoscope before and after acupressure. Acupressure of these three meridian points significantly (p < 0.05) increased GI motility in the experimental group, but there was little change in the control group (p > 0.05). Our conclusions are that non-invasive acupressure of these meridian points can significantly improve GI motility and can be incorporated into the technical curriculum and clinical education program of nursing schools. Patients and their family members can be taught to continue this procedure at home to enhance GI motility in patients who have undergone TAH.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed1992

Manometric evaluation of gastrointestinal motility in a case of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS).

We report on a manometric study of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum and anorectum in a case of megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS). An esophageal examination showed normal esophageal contractions and a positive rectoanal reflex was obtained in an anorectal manometry. However, the continuous fasting manometric recording of the antrum, duodenum and jejunum lasting a total of 12 hours revealed a severe motility disturbance of the gastrointestinal tract. During the examination a band of low amplitude contractions was observed in the antrum only once and it was followed by small rhythmic contractions of the duodenum, but none of propagated or spontaneous contractions were seen in the jejunum.

Child, Preschool↗