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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Perioperative immunonutrition ameliorates the postoperative immune depression in patients with gastrointestinal system cancer (prospective clinical study in 42 patients).

Cancer surgery is a major challenge for patients to develop immune depression in postoperative period. Several cytokines can depress immune cell subpopulations. Increased cytokine response after surgery is assumed to arise mainly from lipooxygenase pathway acting on membrane arachidonic acid. Therefore; investigators focused their efforts to alter the membrane fatty acid profile by changing the nutritional regimen with epsilon-3 fatty acid supplementation and encouraging results were obtained after surgery. Despite the theoretical and clinical advantage of enteral nutrition many surgeons remain committed to parenteral nutrition for feeding of patients due to maintain bowel rest and fear of anastomosis leakage at the postoperative period. Several studies investigating role of the postoperative immunonutrition reported that beneficial immunological changes were associated with reduction of infectious complications. Interestingly; these findings were observed at least five days after the surgery in which the highest incidence of complications was seen. In this prospective study including 42 patients eligible for curative gastric or colon cancer surgery; we investigated the beneficial effect of enteral immunonutrition (EEN) compared to total parenteral hyperalimentation (TPN) beginning from the preoperative period. Cortisol and CRP levels as stress parameters significantly increased one day after surgery in both groups but they rapidly returned to (on POD1) preoperative baseline level in EEN group whereas these values remained high in the TPN group. Additionally a significant decrease in natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ levels were observed in both groups. However they recovered on POD3 in EEN group and on POD6 in TPN group. CD4+ subset remained almost same as preoperative value in the TPN group whereas it increased from (%) 40.14 to 46.40, 51.29 and 54.7 on PO 6th hr, POD3 and POD6 in the EEN group. Our findings suggest that preoperative nutrition via the enteral route provided better regulation of postoperative immune system restoration than parenteral nutrition. On the basis of our findings we recommend enteral immunonutrition to be started at the preoperative period rather than postoperatively before a major operation whenever the enteral route is feasible.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

[Carcinoembryonic antigen, its clinical and prognostic significance in malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal system].

A radioimmunoassay to determine the CEA level in 100 patients with GIT malignant tumors was performed. The test was shown to be of particular value for making a preoperative prognosis of the disease. In operated on patients it could be used for early diagnosis of recurrences and metastases. The dynamic performance of the test made it possible to evaluate therapeutic efficacy.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Emergency endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhage in the upper part of the gastrointestinal system].

The authors describe, based on an analysis of 2970 patients subjected to endoscopy, the advantages of urgent endoscopy performed within six hours after admission to the surgical department. They refute former statements that urgent endoscopy is endoscopy performed within 24 or 48 hours. They discuss the different approach of endoscopists to different types of haemorrhage and to the time factor and emphasize the prognostic considerations of the endoscopist.

Emergencies↗
PubMed1996

[The involvement of prostaglandins in the inhibiting effect of endotoxin on the myoelectric activity of the gastrointestinal system in pigs].

The probable involvement of prostaglandins in the myoelectrical response of the antrum pylori and small intestine to endotoxin (LPS) was studied in the piglet. In these experiments the influence of I.V. infusion of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 and of I.V. injection of LPS, without and with indomethacin (INDO) pretreatment, on myoelectrical activity of the antrum pylori, duodenum, jejunum and ileum as well as on some clinical and haematological parameters was studied. Infusion of the 2 PG's, especially PGE2, inhibited myoelectrical activity of the antrum pylori. PGE2 also reduced duodenal activity. PGF2 alpha was without effect on duodenal and jejunal activity, but stimulated ileal activity. Both PG's induced fever, nausea, vomiting and sedation or excitation. With the higher dose of PGE2 diarrhoea was also observed. Injection of LPS induced identical myoelectrical and clinical changes, as described for PGE2. However, endotoxin did not induce diarrhoea. Depending on the dose, administration of LPS resulted in a leukocytosis or a leukopenia together with an increase in band neutrophils. Following pretreatment with INDO the effects of LPS on gastrointestinal electrical activity were reduced and its clinical symptoms were nearly completely inhibited. The haematological changes induced by LPS, however, were not influenced by INDO. These experiments suggest a possible involvement of the PG's in the clinical symptoms and in the initial inhibitory effect of LPS on myoelectrical activity especially of the antrum. However, the induced haematological changes are probably not mediated by the arachidonic acid pathway.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal system: description of a clinical case simulating a lymphoproliferative process].

A case of diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of the gastroenteric tract which involved a large portion of the small intestine is discussed. It arose in a patient not previously affected with allergic traits and without eosinophilia in peripheral blood. Problems of differential diagnosis and clinical-therapeutic implications are reported.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Immunomodulatory properties of substance P: the gastrointestinal system as a model.

Communication between nerves and immune and inflammatory cells of the small and large intestine plays a major role in the modulation of several intestinal functions, including intestinal motility, ion transport, and mucosal permeability. Neuroimmune interactions at intestinal sites have been associated with the pathophysiology of infectious and enterotoxin-mediated diarrhea and intestinal inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). During the past 20 years the neuropeptide substance P (SP) has been identified as an important mediator in the development and progress of intestinal inflammation by binding to its high-affinity neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R). This peptide, released from enteric nerves, sensory neurons, and inflammatory cells of the lamina propria during intestinal inflammation, participates in gut inflammation by interacting, directly or indirectly, with NK-1R expressed on nerves, epithelial cells, and immune and inflammatory cells, such as mast cells, macrophages, and T cells. SP-dependent activation of these cells leads to the release of cytokines and chemokines as well as other neuropeptides that modulate diarrhea, inflammation, and motility associated with the pathophysiology of several intestinal disease states. The recent development of specific nonpeptide NK-1R antagonists and NK-1R-deficient mice helped us understand the functional importance of the SP-NK-1R system in mediating intestinal neuroimmune interactions and to identify the particular cells and signaling pathways involved in this response. This review summarizes our understanding on the immunomodulatory properties of SP and its receptor in the intestinal tract with particular focus on their involvement in intestinal physiology as well as in the pathophysiology of several intestinal disease states at the in vivo and cell signaling level.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Ganglionic blockers in abdominal surgery: facts and hypotheses. I. Benzohexonium and motor function of the gastrointestinal system in the early postoperative period].

The method of registration of the intraluminal pressure was used to study the function of the stomach, small intestine and sigmoid colon under conditions of partial ganglionic blockade in the first days after truncal vagotomy and resection of the stomach. It was found that benzohexonium in doses 0.1-0.3 mg/kg failed to substantially decrease the frequency of early functional motor-evacuation disorders of the "operated" stomach, but the results of using N-cholinolytic was better after truncal vagotomy than after resection of the stomach. Benzohexonium in doses 0.1-0.2 mg/kg failed to considerably stimulate the motor function of the small intestine while the doses of 0.3-0.4 mg/kg resulted in a decrease of its contractile activity. No reliable changes in the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the sigmoid colon motor function were found against the background of ganglionic blockade. So, for prevention and correction of early postoperative motor-evacuation disorders of the gastrointestinal tract the ganglionic blockade with N-cholinolytics should not be taken as a method of choice or a variant of monotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Image-guided thin needle puncture of tumors of the gastrointestinal system. Puncture technique and handling of materials].

The image-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal tumors has reached a very high value out of other diagnostic tools. The results of this method depend directly on the technical performance (aspirator, technicians, cytologist) of the punction and processing of the obtained cytological material. The following paper is a brief communication on technical methods and experience in performing the image-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy at the university hospital of Zurich.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1983

[Early diagnosis of cancer in the area of the gastrointestinal system].

The early recognition of carcinomas is also in the abdominal region the aim of our permanent effort in the improvement of the prognosis of this disease. Only by a timely diagnosis a permanent cure is possible. Endoscopy and radiology are the corner-pillars of the diagnostics. At the least suspicion of a tumorous disease these methods should be used with all consequence. Since the methods mentioned cannot be used as mass examinations the control of risk groups are of great importance. In these groups of patients an actual care is possible. With the help of the operative endoscopy in form of polypectomy a decrease of the frequency of carcinoma might be achieved.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

[Parenteral and enteral nutrition in patients with diseases of the gastrointestinal system].

A literature review is given on effectivity and safety of total parenteral and enteral nutrition in gastroenterological diseases and associated disorders. There is a well-known close association between malnutrition and morbidity. Administration of total parenteral and/or enteral nutrition is often life-saving regimen and omission of this therapy could be considered as a seviour vitium artis in such a condition. However, there are some diseases with a lack of proved effectiveness of nutritional support. It is necessary for patients' safety to be stressed that it is necessary to give parenteral and enteral nutrition only in indicated cases (being aware of risk, cost and possible benefit). This regimen can be administrated only by well-trained skilled staff (nutrition teams if possible) with regular controls and patient monitoring.

Enteral Nutrition↗
PubMed2006

The effect of anabolic steroids on the gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and adrenal glands.

Over the past several decades we have seen an increase in the prevalence of anabolic steroid use by athletes. Because use of anabolic steroids is illicit, much of our knowledge of their side effects is derived from case reports, retrospective studies, or comparisons with studies in other similar patient groups. It has been shown that high-dose anabolic steroids have an effect on lowering high-density lipoprotein, increasing low-density lipoprotein, and increasing the atherogenic-promoting apolipoprotein A. Steroid abuse can also be hepatotoxic, promoting disturbances such as biliary stasis, peliosis hepatis, and even hepatomas, which are all usually reversible upon discontinuation. Suppression of the hypothalamic adrenal axis can also lead to profound adrenal changes that are also reversible with time. Although rare, renal side effects have also been documented, leading to acute renal failure and even Wilms' tumors in isolated cases. Much of our knowledge of these potentially severe but usually limited side effects is confounded by use of combinations of different steroid preparations and by the concomitant use with other substances. Physicians must target their efforts at counseling adolescents and other athletes about the potential harms of androgenic anabolic steroids and the legal options to improve strength and performance.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Smoking and diseases of the gastrointestinal system: an epidemiological review with special reference to sex differences.

Smoking increases the risk of peptic ulcer disease and death from it. Smoking delays peptic ulcer healing, with or without treatment, and increases the risk of recurrence after healing. The effects of smoking on this disease are similar and equally pervasive in women and men. There is growing evidence that cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Crohn's disease (CD) in both women and men. However, women smokers appear to be at particular risk for this disease. In studies that examined this risk separately in women and men. At each level of smoking the excess risk in women smokers compared with nonsmokers clearly exceeded the excess risk in men smokers compared with nonsmokers. Smoking also appears to adversely affect the clinical course of CD in both women and men, but more so in women. The possible interaction between smoking and oral contraceptives with regard to the risk of CD deserves further study. There is growing evidence that current smoking protects against ulcerative colitis in both men and women. Although there is some evidence that smoking is a risk factor for gallstones, particularly in women, evidence to support a causal relationship is inadequate. Further studies, controlling for alcohol consumption in the analyses, are needed. Smoking does not appear to be a risk factor for cirrhosis of the liver.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed2006

Anaphylactic reaction to drugs commonly used for gastrointestinal system diseases: 3 case reports and review of the literature.

Proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor antagonists, which are commonly used to treat peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux diseases, are associated with a low incidence of adverse reactions. We report 3 cases of anaphylactic reactions induced by lansoprazole or ranitidine diagnosed in a population of 8304 first-referral patients over a 13-year period. Cutaneous sensitivity to famotidine, ranitidine, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and lansoprazole was evaluated by skin prick tests with a concentration of 10 mg/mL (at 1:1000, 1:100, 1:10 and 1:1 dilutions), and if they were negative, intradermal skin tests were performed with the same dilutions of the extracts. Single-blind, placebo-controlled oral provocation tests were performed with lansoprazole, omeprazole, famotidine, and ranitidine in 2 cases. One case involved anaphylaxis during an oral provocation test with lansoprazole, and 2 cases were anaphylactic reactions to ranitidine. In both cases the skin test was positive for ranitidine and in 1 case an oral provocation test was also positive. The second patient refused that test. Cross reactivity to other H2 receptor antagonists was not demonstrated and a safe alternative drug was found for all 3 patients. Although incidences of anaphylactic reactions induced by proton pump inhibitors or H2 reactions are rare, they can be life threatening.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed1994

'Choline/orphan V8-2-1/creatine transporter' mRNA is expressed in nervous, renal and gastrointestinal systems.

Several cDNAs with substantial sequence homologies to members of the neurotransmitter transporter gene family currently remain 'orphan' transporters, without clearly-identified substrates. We were concerned that a cDNA 'V8-2-1' isolated from a ventral midbrain cDNA library in this laboratory and a virtually-identical cDNA 'CHOT1' reported by Mayser et al. [J. Neurochem., 20 (1973) 581-593] might represent such an orphan. Despite initial reports that it could mediate some choline uptake; neither CHOT1 nor V8-2-1 was demonstrated to confer pharmacologically appropriate choline uptake not already present in either Xenopus oocytes or COS cells. Determination of the regional and tissue-specific distribution of mRNA hybridizing with V8-2-1 cDNA was undertaken to aid in identifying its function. Examination of the distribution of V8-2-1 expression reveals several novel features of this transporter gene family member's distribution, including several features that add to current evidence suggesting that the clone may not encode the classical pharmacologically-defined, hemicholinium-3 sensitive high affinity transporter of cholinergic neurons. These data fit with and extend recent data that suggest that this cDNA represents creatine transporter, and provide initial documentation of its regional distribution in brain.

Animals↗