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The reservoir function of the equine cecum and ventral large colon--its relation to chronic non-surgical obstructive disease with colic.
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Antibacterial therapy for pulmonary infections.
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The diagnosis of liver disease in equine and food animals.
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Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. VII. Percentage venous admixture.
The percentage venous admixture was calculated in 21 clinically normal horses and ponies and in 13 horses and ponies with chronic obstructure pulmonary disease (COPD). The oxygen contents of pulmonary end-capillary blood, arterial and mixed venous blood were calculated from blood and respiratory gas values and substituted in the shunt equation. The mean percentage venous admixture of the COPD subjects was significantly greater than that of the normal subjects. It was concluded that a larger proportion of alveoli in the lungs of COPD subjects were hypoventilated than that of alveoli of the normal lungs.
Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the horse. II. Right heart haemodynamics.
Pressure curves obtained by cardiac catheterization of the pulmonary artery, right ventricle and right atrium of 9 horses and ponies with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were compared with those similarly recorded from 6 clinically normal control subjects. The mean pulmonary peak systolic, pulmonary minimum diastolic and ventricular peak systolic pressures of the COPD subjects were significantly higher (P less than 0,01) than the corresponding mean pressures of the clinically normal control subjects. The mean pressure calculated from pressure curves obtained from 8 Thoroughbreds in training did not differ significantly from those of the clinically normal subjects not in training.
Pathophysiology of acquired dental diseases of the horse.
Periodontitis, infundibular necrosis, and periapical infection are dental diseases commonly affecting adult horses. Routine dental examinations and care may help to prevent these diseases. Further investigation of the treatment of horses with these diseases using local antimicrobial therapy, restorative dentistry, and endodontic therapy is needed. An understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases aids in diagnosis and treatment. Gingival hyperplasia and odontogenic tumors are uncommon but should remain in a list of differential diagnoses when examining a horse with pertinent clinical signs. Recognition of odontogenic tumors as early as possible may facilitate surgery. Examination of the oral cavity of foals beyond the neonatal period should allow identification of brachygnathia and timely treatment when indicated.
Clostridium fallax as a cause of gas-oedema disease in a horse.
We record a fatal case of gas-oedema disease (malignant oedema) in a 5-year-old horse. The nature of the lesion is consistent with a gas-oedema type infection due to a Clostridium spp. The causative organism was isolated and identified by conventional biochemical tests and by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of its metabolic products as Clostridium fallax, but significant variations in the reported biochemical characteristics of Cl. fallax were detected. We believe that this is the first reported case of Cl. fallax infection in a horse.
Hereditary skeletal muscle diseases in the horse. A review.
Since riders nowadays are expecting the highest level of performance from their horses, muscular disorders therefore represent a major problem for the equine athlete. A lot of research has been done to identify muscular disorders and their etiopathogenesis. Both acquired and inherited forms of muscle diseases have been described. In this review only the latter forms will be mentioned. Major signs of all muscle disorders are muscular stiffness, cramping or pain, muscular fasciculations, muscular atrophy and exercise intolerance. Muscle biopsies can help to identify the cause of rhabdomyolysis or muscular atrophy. However, especially in hereditary muscular diseases, a lot of questions are still to be answered. Increasing knowledge of the etiopathogenesis and newer diagnostic tests may lead to a more accurate diagnosis of the individual diseases in future.
[Primary liver disease in the horse].
The clinical signs of liver disease are highly variable and non-specific. Irrespective of the cause or the duration of liver disease, more specific clinical signs, e.g. hepatic encephalopathy, become apparent in the advanced stages of the disease. Due to the non-specific clinical signs, the possible diagnosis of liver disease is frequently not taken into consideration. However, measurement of the plasma or serum concentrations of total bile acids and gamma glutamyl transferase (gamma GT) may provide valuable diagnostic information. The specific diagnosis can be confirmed by ultrasound examination of the liver and histological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. The most frequently documented liver diseases are acute hepatic necrosis, chronic hepatitis caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids, cholelithiasis, and haemochromatosis. Immediate treatment with antibiotics and polyionic fluids, in association with supportive nutritional care, is usually necessary to maintain the horse until sufficient liver regeneration occurs to provide adequate function. The use of corticosteroids is contraindicated, except for patients with chronic active hepatitis. In some cases, e.g. portosystemic shunts or cholelithiasis, surgical intervention is indicated. Liver disease may be more common than is currently appreciated since little accurate information on the prevalence or incidence is available.
Histochemical changes in skeletal muscles of four male horses with neuromuscular disease.
Skeletal muscle biopsy specimens were taken from 4 male horses with neuromuscular disease such as myotonia congenita, chronic myositis, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and shivers. Histologic and histochemical techniques were used to evaluate skeletal muscle morphologic features and fiber-type population, size, and area, as well as muscle enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and esterase). A histochemical and histologic profile were described for each muscle biopsy specimen.
[THE INFECTIOUS ANEMIA OF HORSES].
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[Periodic ophthalmia as a symptom of virus diseases in the horse and cattle].
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Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease in a horse: attempted treatment with hydroxyurea and dexamethasone.
Equine multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease is rare in horses. The clinical signs vary according to the organs affected, the skin and gastrointestinal tract being most commonly involved. This paper gives the first reported description of a horse with multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease in the United Kingdom and the attempts to treat it. The horse showed dermatological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, pulmonary and pancreatic involvement. Some improvement was seen when the horse was treated with corticosteroid and hydroxyurea.
[On clinical diagnostics of chronic pulmonary diseases of the horse].
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[Practical demonstration of allergy-associated cells in the bronchial secretion of horses with lung diseases].
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[Pulmonary artery wedge pressure and heart rate measurement during pharmacological stress induction for left cardial function diagnosis in horses with and without heart disease].
In 18 horses, the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the heart rate were measured during pharmacological stress load. 12 horses were healthy (4 trained, 8 untrained) and 6 horses had a heart disease (3 trained, 3 untrained). Pharmacological stress induction was carried out with the sympathomimetic drug dobutamine at a dosage rate of 7.5 microg/kg/min over 10 minutes of infusion. At the fourth minute, the parasympatholytic drug atropine was administered (5 microg/kg bw), and the heart rate and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure were continuously measured over 26 minutes. During sole dobutamine infusion, a significant decrease in heart rate and a significant increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure were observed. After the application of atropine in the fourth minute, a significant increase in heart rate (from 35.7 +/- 6 up to 106 +/- 38/ min) and in pulmonary artery wedge pressure (from 15.7 +/- 3 up to 24 +/- 8.6 mmHg) were visible in the group of healthy horses. The horses with heart diseases had a significantly higher increase in both parameters (heart rate and pulmonary artery wedge pressure) with a significantly positive correlation (r = 0.7). The heart rate increased in the horses with heart diseases from 35.2 +/- 2,8 beats/min up to 132 +/- 45.7 beats/min and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure increased from 17.3 +/- 3,2 mmHg up to 32.7 +/- 13 mmHg. The cardiac status (healthy or heart disease) as well as the training level of the horses (untrained or trained) had a significant influence on the heart rate and the pulmonary artery wedge pressure. The untrained horses (healthy and heart disease) showed significantly higher values over a longer period of time than did the trained horses with the same cardiac status. Additionally the influence of pharmacological stress induction on echocardiographic parameters was investigated. The left atrial size (p = 0.015) and left ventricular diameter were significanly different in the systole (p = 0.008) and in the diastole (p = 0.001) between healthy horses and horses with heart diseases. All horses showed a positive correlation between the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the left atrial size (r = 0.8), as well as between the left ventricular systolic (r = 0.6) and the diastolic diameter (r = 0.6). The correlation between the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the left atrial size was nearly the same in the healthy horses (r = 0.74) and in the horses with heart diseases (r = 0.76). Regarding the training level, all untrained horses had a significantly higher correlation between the pulmonary artery wedge pressure and the left atrial size (r = 0.87) in comparison to the trained horses (r = 0.74). Particularly in the untrained horses with heart diseases, this correlation was remarcable (r = 0.99).
Anesthetic management of the horse with respiratory disease.
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