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PubMed1984

The crystal structure of human deoxyhaemoglobin at 1.74 A resolution.

The structure of human deoxyhaemoglobin was refined at 1.74 A resolution using data collected on film at room temperature from a synchrotron X-ray source. The crystallographic R-factor is 16.0%. The estimated error in atomic positions is 0.1 A overall, 0.14 A for main-chain atoms of internal segments, and 0.05 A for the iron atoms. The effects of intermolecular contacts on the structure were investigated; such contacts cause only highly localized distortions, as judged from the degree of molecular asymmetry that they induce. The geometry of the iron-nitrogen complex closely resembles that of the deoxymyoglobin structure of Takano (1977) and of the 5-co-ordinated model compounds of Hoard (1975) and Jameson et al. (1980). The distance of the iron from the mean plane of N(porphyrin) is 0.40(5) A and 0.36(5) A, respectively, at the alpha and beta haems, in contrast to the corresponding distance of +0.12(8) A and -0.11(8) A in oxyhaemoglobin ( Shaanan , 1983); the Fe-N epsilon (F8) bond length is 2.12(4) A and the Fe-N(porphyrin) bond length is 2.06(2) A; the last is also in good agreement with extended X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy measurements on deoxyhaemoglobin ( Eisenberger et al., 1978; Perutz et al., 1982). The haems are domed toward the proximal side; the separation between the mean planes of N(porphyrin) and C(porphyrin) being 0.16(6) A and 0.10(6) A, respectively at the alpha and beta haems. At the alpha haems, the normals to the mean pyrrole planes are tilted uniformly toward the haem centre, by about three degrees relative to the haem normal, and there is a folding of about four degrees of the haem about an axis running between the methene carbons that are between the pyrrole rings bearing like-type side-chains. At the beta haems, there is no such folding, and only pyrroles II and IV (those eclipsed by His F8) are appreciably tilted, by about eight degrees. The independence of these parameters from restraints imposed on the model was verified by unrestrained refinement of the entire molecule starting from a structure with modified haem geometry.

Crystallography↗

PubMed1982

Feeding pattern in Peromyscus maniculatus: the response to periodic food deprivation.

The prairie deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi) is strongly nocturnal on a 12:12 LD-cycle with a bimodal, dusk-dawn feeding pattern. It has been suggested for the rat that the dusk peak is more dependent on the animal's immediate energy needs while the dawn peak has an anticipatory function in storing food. The present study investigates this pattern in terms of the feeding response of deermice following periodic food deprivation. It was found that the response is not uniform within the D-phase; survivability, food intake, and maintenance of body mass were all favored by access to food during the final six hours vs the initial six hours. Deprivation experience enhanced survivability with the early-food, presumably through a reduction in locomotor activity and not by increased food intake. These results suggest a rigid temporal organization of feeding behaviors whereby early-night foraging and hoarding are necessary in allowing for late-night filling in anticipation of the L-phase.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Olfactory bulbectomy impairs the rat's radial-maze behavior.

Previous studies had shown that transection of the lateral olfactory tracts and lesions of the septohippocampal system were similar in the deficits they engendered in nest building and food piling or hoarding by hamsters. The present investigation asked whether olfactory lesions would also produce deficits in radial-maze behavior like those associated with septo-hippocampal lesions. Radical olfactory bulbectomy led to a marked deterioration in preoperatively trained behavior in an 8-arm radial maze. The behavioral changes resembled those resulting from septo-hippocampal lesions in three ways: (1) There were fewer choices of adjacent arms and more choices of more distant arms. (2) Choice accuracy as a function of successive choices within a trial declined more rapidly. (3) The probability of repeating choice sequences was abnormally high. Earlier studies had shown that the rat does not require olfactory cues to perform efficiently in radial mazes. It therefore seems likely that the deficits described here resulted from the disruption of interconnections between the olfactory and septo-hippocampal systems rather than from the loss of olfactory sensitivity.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

The effects of paraventricular hypothalamic lesions on maternal behavior in rats.

The present study was undertaken to determine whether the disruptive effects of knife cuts which sever the lateral connections of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) on maternal behavior are mediated by interfering with the output of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN). Postpartum rats received one of the following: Knife cuts severing the lateral connections of the MPOA; knife cuts severing the lateral connections of the PVN; radiofrequency lesions of the PVN; sham lesions or knife cuts. Only females that received knife cuts severing the lateral connections of the MPOA showed severe deficits in maternal behavior. These results indicate that the influence of the MPOA on maternal behavior is not mediated by the output of the PVN. Since the PVN is the major source of oxytocin input to other brain regions, these results also suggest that oxytocinergic neural pathways are not critical for postpartum maternal behavior. Another important finding was that females with MPOA knife cuts that did not retrieve their young were capable of hoarding candy, suggesting that the retrieval deficit was not the result of a general oral motor deficit.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Mesial prefrontal cortical lesions and timidity in rats. I. Reactivity to aversive stimuli.

Two experiments were conducted to assess the degree to which mesial prefrontal cortical (MFC) lesions in male rats alter the behavioral manifestations of fear (timidity). The first experiment gauged the reactivity to the threat of electroshock. MFC lesions did not alter the incidence of freezing in a box associated with shock. MFC and sham-lesioned subjects made few errors when they were required to run from an open field into a small compartment to avoid shock, but displayed the classical MFC deficit when forced to run in the opposite direction. MFC lesions also increased the latency to enter an open field when the field was novel or aversive, but not when it was familiar. In a second experiment, it was found that the classical MFC hoarding deficit occurred when rats had to traverse an illuminated but not a dark runway to reach food pellets. Similarly, burrowing was normal when subjects had to burrow to escape from an open field, but not when they had to enter an open field to burrow. It is concluded that damage restricted to MFC enhances timidity, and that this effect accounts for several behavioral alterations that contribute to the MFC lesion syndrome.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Is nest building an important component of thermoregulatory behaviour in the pouched mouse (Saccostomus campestris)?

The thermoregulatory significance of nest building in Saccostomus campestris was investigated by examining the effect of temperature and photoperiod on the size and thermal conductance of nests built within artificial burrows by pouched mice from four localities in southern Africa that experience contrasting thermal conditions. There was no correlation between the amount of nesting material used and the thermal conductance of nests, which indicates that nest size was not a reliable measure of nest quality. For this reason, the significant interactive effect of sex and locality on the quantity of nesting material used, and the significantly larger nests built by wild-caught animals, appear to be unrelated to differences in nesting ability, particularly as there were no similar differences in the thermal conductance of nests between these groups. Several animals blocked the entrance to their artificial burrows and caused a significant reduction in the rate of heat loss from nests therein. However, heat conservation may not have been the primary function of plugging burrow entrances because this did not occur more frequently at lower temperatures and was not more common among animals from cooler localities. Instead, animals that sealed the entrance to their burrows were found to hoard significantly more food than animals that left the entrance open, which suggests that burrows may have been blocked to prevent the potential theft of stored food. Despite substantial variability in both the size and thermal conductance of nests built throughout the present study, there was no significant effect of temperature, photoperiod, or locality on these characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Similarities and differences between nonorganic failure to thrive and deprivation dwarfism.

Although the terms, nonorganic failure to thrive and deprivation dwarfism, are sometimes used interchangeably, and while the family pathology is similar in both conditions, the clinical features differ. The majority of children with nonorganic failure to thrive are under 2 years and often 18 months of age. Weight loss is the most marked feature and they are often withdrawn and apathetic. In contrast, the documented ages of children with deprivation dwarfism range from 2 to 15 years although the history may reveal earlier feeding and behavior problems. Short stature is the most striking feature, their weight often being in proportion to their height. They may steal and hoard food and have bizarre eating habits. In some cases reversible hypopituitarism has been documented. It is suggested that deprivation dwarfism constitutes a subgroup within the nonorganic failure to thrive syndrome. Management in both conditions is similar. It should emphasize a practical, supportive approach and be on a long-term basis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Long-term effects of preoptic area knife cuts on the maternal behavior of postpartum rats.

Knife cuts severing the lateral connections of the medial preoptic area disrupt maternal behavior in postpartum rats. In these studies the knife cuts were produced 1-2 days prior to behavioral testing. The present study examined whether preoptic area knife cuts produce long-term deficits in maternal behavior. Nulliparous Charles River CD rats received knife cuts severing the lateral connections of the medial preoptic area or sham cuts. Approximately 2 weeks later they were mated. All females delivered young 22-23 days after mating, and litter size did not differ between the groups. Females with preoptic knife cuts cleaned their young, built nests (albeit of inferior quality), crouched over their young in a nursing posture, and lactated. The major deficit shown was the near total elimination of retrieval behavior. Females with preoptic knife cuts, however, were capable of performing the oral-motor responses associated with hoarding behavior. These results show that severing the lateral connections of the medial preoptic area does produce long-term deficits in maternal behavior, particularly with respect to maternal retrieving.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Food carrying: a new method for naturalistic studies of spontaneous and forced alternation.

Spontaneous alternation has been studied in laboratory tests given to rodents since 1935. Herein is described a simple new technique that allows the animal to perform without intertrial handling. The apparatus has a centered covered 'home base' and two relatively exposed arms. When presented with large food pellets, the rats carry them from the exposed arms to the home base before consuming them. The utility of the method is demonstrated in four exemplar paradigms ranging from two choice tasks to food 'hoarding' and exploratory tasks. The procedure can be modified for forced and other alternation paradigms and allows collection of a variety of psychophysical measures. The strength of the task is that it provides an analogue of natural foraging behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Effects of intra-accumbens dopaminergic grafts on behavioral deficits induced by 6-OHDA lesions of the nucleus accumbens or A10 dopaminergic neurons: a comparison.

Local lesion of the dopaminergic (DA) terminals of the nucleus accumbens have been described to reproduce part of the behavioral deficits evoked by the lesion of the whole mesocorticolimbic DA system. The most straightforward interpretation of these results would be that the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens is necessary for and critically involved in the normal performance of the given behaviors. However, while giving some indication as to the necessity of the integrity of this DA innervation for normal behaviors, such an approach cannot reveal whether the presence of the DA innervation of other mesocorticolimbic areas (e.g. amygdala, septum, etc.) is also required. In order to approach this question, the behavioral effects of DA grafts implanted into the nucleus accumbens of rats were evaluated following two different 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions: a lesion restricted to the anterior DA field (DA terminals of the nucleus accumbens and to a lesser degree the frontal cortex and anteromedial striatum) or a lesion of the whole mesocorticolimbic DA system. The latter lesion induces a disappearance of the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens as well as the amygdala, septum, etc. Both kinds of lesions led to locomotor hypoactivity, loss of locomotor activation by amphetamine, increased locomotor stimulation to apomorphine, decrease of exploratory activity and loss of hoarding behavior. These deficits were not seen in grafted animals bearing a local lesion of the DA innervation of this structure. For some of these recoveries, however, a pharmacological stimulation of the grafted neurons was required to reveal the effect of the graft. In the case of the total lesion of the mesocorticolimbic DA system, only locomotor dysfunctions were compensated by the intra-accumbens DA implants, while the other deficits remained intact, irrespective of a stimulation of the graft. These results indicate that the re-establishment of the DA innervation of the nucleus accumbens is a sufficient condition for the compensation of locomotor deficits, irrespective of the presence of the DA terminals in more posterior limbic structures, while for deficits of more complex behaviors the simultaneous presence of posterior DA innervations is also required. This latter requirement suggests the existence of some cooperativity between the different central DA terminal areas for the normal performance of behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Optimizing distal landmarks: horizontal versus vertical structures and relation to background.

During hoarding excursions, golden hamsters use distal landmarks and dead reckoning (updated signals derived from locomotion) to find their way back from a food source at the centre of a circular arena to their nest at the periphery. The preference for particular landmarks was assessed by setting landmark panoramas in conflict with dead reckoning. The hamsters tended to prefer horizontal landmarks to vertical ones when these landmarks were presented alone. However, in combination with a continuous background pattern including a single apex, vertical landmarks were more effective than horizontal ones. A panorama consisting of a vertical cylinder or bar and the background pattern was optimal provided the vertical landmark was aligned or superimposed on the apex of the background. The impact of a landmark panorama therefore depends on its particular components as well as on their mutual relationship.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

The nucleus accumbens in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): I. The organization of behaviour.

A behavioural comparison was made between six unoperated control monkeys and six monkeys which received bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the nucleus accumbens. Two of the control monkeys were subsequently given bilateral lesions of the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex (areas 24, 25 and 32) and were retested on the behavioural tasks. The NA lesioned monkeys, but not the anterior cingulate lesioned monkeys, were significantly impaired on a hoarding task in which they were required to remove 18 peanuts from their shells and store them in their cheek pouches. These same monkeys were not impaired when the nuts were presented without shells. Evidence is provided which suggests that this deficit is not motivational or due to gross motor impairments. A second task in which the animals were required to search through four boxes to retrieve food revealed a decrease in the tendency for the NA and cingulate lesioned animals to use an organized pattern of searching. Both groups were found to return to a previously opened box more often than controls. However, neither group showed signs of perseverative behaviour. Data from a ten-box version of this task suggest that these return errors were not due to a decrease in working memory. Together these studies suggest that both the NA and the anterior cingulate cortex contribute to the ability to organize behaviour temporally and spatially.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Oxygenated compounds in beeswax: identification and possible significance.

1. Beeswax synthesized by non-foraging honeybee workers contains six oxygenated volatiles in addition to a series of normal alkanes. 2. Decanal constitutes nearly 50% of the oxygenated volatiles and is accompanied by octanal, nonanal, furfural, benzaldehyde and 1-decanol. 3. The possible significance of the aldehydes as stimulators of hoarding behaviour and attractants for wax moths is discussed.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1988

Burns in adults in Zaria, Nigeria.

From 1971 to 1981, 245 adults with burn injuries were admitted to the Ahmadu Bello University Hospital, Zaria. The burns were major in 197 patients, moderate in 28 and minor in 20. Socioeconomic factors contributing to the injuries included the use of wood fires for cooking, for warming the body and the dwelling during the cool harmattan season, loose indigenous garments, thatch-roofed huts, petrol hoarding and epileptic seizures. Flame burns exceeded scalds with a high seasonal frequency in both men and women during the harmattan. Scalds occurred predominantly among the women, puerperal hot baths being a major cause. The overall mortality rate of 22 per cent is excessive. General economic development, architectural improvements, proper handling of petrol and kerosene, modification or abandonment of the puerperal ritual of hot baths, the maintenance of chronic epileptics on anticonvulsants and a programme of universal active immunization against tetanus would contribute to the prevention of burns and complications in adults and decrease the mortality rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Effects of intracerebral dopaminergic grafts on behavioural deficits induced by neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesotelencephalic dopaminergic pathway.

The functional capabilities of dopamine neuron-rich grafts implanted into the accumbens and striatal regions in neonatal rats were evaluated in a series of behavioural tests. The ascending mesotelencephalic dopaminergic system of three-day-old rat pups was bilaterally lesioned by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine at the level of the lateral hypothalamus. Five days later a suspension containing dopaminergic neurons obtained from embryonic day 14 mesencephali was injected bilaterally into the striatal complex. The functional effects of such grafts were evaluated using behavioural tests for which it was known that the performance of the animals is changed following the lesion of the mesotelencephalic pathway and for which the influence of dopaminergic grafts implanted into adult hosts have previously been described. The dopamine-rich grafts compensated for the modifications of the locomotor responsiveness to amphetamine and apomorphine induced by neonatal dopamine depletion. However, the grafts were unable to restore more complex behaviours such as hoarding for food pellets, schedule-induced polydipsia and learning behaviours. Moreover, the neonatal transplants induced additional deficits such as catalepsia, nocturnal hyperactivity and day-time hyperactivity during food deprivation. It was concluded that, at least in the present paradigm, the implantation into neonatal brain does not lead to any greater functional recovery than that observed after implantation during adulthood.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

FMRFamide: an endogenous peptide with marked inhibitory effects on opioid-induced feeding behavior.

The peptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2), which displays a broad phylogenetic distribution, is considered to have important regulatory influences on basic functions in invertebrates. Extensive FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neuropeptides have also been demonstrated in the mammalian central nervous system, suggesting a possible physiological role for these peptides in mammals. There is evidence that FMRFamide, and/or related neuropeptides, may modulate opioid-mediated responses. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administrations of FMRFamide inhibit in a dose-dependent manner (0.01-10 micrograms) mu- (morphine) and kappa- (U-50,488H) opiate-induced feeding in the laboratory mouse. In deer mice, FMRFamide inhibits the display of exogenous opiate-induced components of natural feeding behavior, such as food hoarding and food ingestion. In addition, ICV administrations of FMRFamide also antagonize endogenous opioid-mediated, stress-induced feeding in mice. These observations suggest that FMRFamide, or FMRFamide-like peptides present in the mammalian brain, may have important roles in the control of opioid-mediated feeding.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Repetitive behaviors in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic patients.

Repetitive dysfunctional behaviors (e.g., polydipsia, bulimia, hoarding, mannerisms) are frequently observed in chronically institutionalized schizophrenics, cause significant morbidity and are readily reproduced in animal models. The goal of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of these behaviors. Thirty-two chronic schizophrenics on an extended treatment unit were rated on the Elgin Behavioral Rating Scale, which includes eight repetitive behaviors and eight positive and negative symptoms. Forty-seven percent of the patients exhibited at least one severe, or 2 moderate, repetitive behaviors, while 63% exhibited at least one severe or 2 moderate positive or negative symptoms. The mean total score (+/- SD) on the eight repetitive behaviors (10.3 +/- 6.1) was about 2/3 that for the eight positive and negative symptoms (15.3 +/- 8.9, t = 4.1, p = .0001). Interrater reliability for the repetitive behaviors was similar to that for the positive and negative symptoms. Repetitive behaviors were positively related to male gender, white race and total length of hospitalization. Repetitive dysfunctional behaviors are frequently observed and can be reliably rated in chronically institutionalized schizophrenics.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Repetitive behaviors in schizophrenia: a single disturbance or discrete symptoms?

Schizophrenia patients often display multiple repetitive behaviors. We investigated relations among nine repetitive behaviors and evaluated the hypothesis that these behaviors are varied manifestations of a single underlying biobehavioral disturbance. Nine repetitive behaviors from the Elgin Behavioral Rating Scale were assessed in 400 schizophrenia patients residing at a state hospital. A majority of patients were smokers (76.3%) and very few had pica (3%). Several other repetitive behaviors showed substantial frequency. A principal components analysis revealed eight of nine behaviors shared at least 10% of their variance with a single, common component. However, a principal factor analysis suggested a five-factor model best represented the data. The five factors and items identifying them were: (1) 'oral consumption' behaviors-polydipsia and smoking; (2) 'Kluver-Bucy' behaviors-bulimia and hypersexuality; (3) 'movement' behaviors-mannerisms/postures and pacing; (4) 'bizarre use of objects'-bizarre grooming and hoarding; (5) 'Pica'. Associations among repetitive behaviors varied. Symptoms such as smoking and polydipsia appeared reliably related, and others such as pica appeared discrete and independent. Overall, the data did not support the 'single disturbance' hypothesis and suggested a multifactorial model is needed to characterize repetitive behavior disturbances in schizophrenia.

Adult↗