Some aspects of the epidemiology of Salmonella abortus-equi infection in equines.
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Abortion, Veterinary↗
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Results for “INFECTIOUS ABORTION”
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Significant familial differences in the frequency of abortion and Toxoplasma gondii infection within a flock of Charollais sheep.
A study was carried out to investigate the frequencies of abortion and congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection within 27 families (765 individuals) of a pedigree Charollais sheep flock maintained on a working farm in Worcestershire, UK, since 1992. Pedigree lambing records were analysed to establish the frequency of abortion for each family. The frequency of congenital infection was determined for each family by PCR analysis of tissue samples taken from newborn lambs. A total of 155 lambs were tested for congenital T. gondii infection, which were all born during the study period 2000-2003. Significant differences in the frequency of abortion between sheep families within this flock were observed with frequencies ranging between 0% and 48% (P < 0.01). Significantly different infection frequencies with T. gondii were also observed for different families and ranged between 0% and 100% (P<0.01). Although the actual cause of each abortion was not verified, a highly significant positive correlation was found to exist between the frequency of abortion and the frequency of T. gondii infection in the same families (P<0.01). The data presented here raise further questions regarding the significance of congenital transmission of T. gondii within sheep populations, the possible successive vertical transmission of T. gondii within families of sheep, and the potential role of inherited genetic susceptibility to abortion with respect to T. gondii infection. This work invites further study into the epidemiology of ovine toxoplasmosis and may have implications for sheep husbandry methods in the future.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Caprine mycoplasmosis: an outbreak of mastitis and arthritis requiring the destruction of 700 goats.
An acute outbreak of mastitis and arthritis in a herd of 700 goats required the destruction of all but the few animals that were held for observation. The milk of nearly all of about 400 lactating does contained almost pure cultures of Mycoplasma putrefaciens with counts in 150 samples up to 1 X 10(9) colony forming units/ml. At post mortem examination the joints of both the adults and kids contained a fibrinopurulent discharge. M putrefaciens was isolated in pure cultures and large numbers from joints, tissues and fluid not previously known to harbour this mycoplasma: brain, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, uterus and urine. The outbreak was milkborne and initiated by infusion of the pathogen into the teat canal by poor hygiene in the milking parlour and by feeding raw colostrum to kids. All but 12 of the herd of 700 goats were killed or sold for slaughter.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Latent infection of human herpesvirus 6 in astrocytoma cell line and alteration of cytokine synthesis.
In order to study the pathogenesis of HHV-6 infection in central nervous system disorders, U251 cell line was infected with freshly isolated variant B HHV-6. Although IEA/ex 3 antigen (immediate early protein) was detected in infected cell nuclei, neither the presence of OHV-3 antigen (late antigen) nor production of infectious virus was demonstrated. These results indicate that abortive infection was established in the cells. After viral infection, the viral genome copy in the infected cells gradually decreased and became stable after 6 cell passages. At that point, HHV-6 gene expression was restricted to only 2 immediate early genes (U90 and U94). However, 12-O-tetra-decanoyl (TPA) treatment induced transcription of other genes (U31 and U39) by the 10th cell passage, indicating HHV-6 reactivation. Moreover, production of two proinflamatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1beta) was up-regulated by the presence of the HHV-6 genome and TPA-induced activation of the viral transcripts.
Astrocytoma↗
Prevalence of positive anti-HIV in pregnant women at Ramathibodi Hospital.
Anti-HIV screening has routinely been done at the antenatal clinic in Ramathibodi Hospital since January 1990. The prevalence of positive anti-HIV during the first and second half of 1990, and the first half of 1991 are 0.056, 0.2, 0.24 per cent respectively. Twenty positive cases are now under counselling. Age range is between 18-35 years. Seventeen cases are from rural areas. Twelve of seventeen cases were from the north-eastern part of Thailand. Fifteen cases (71.4%) had their pregnancies terminated. This study shows that the prevalence of positive anti-HIV is increasing. Vertical transmission has already been known to be one of the most important and serious transmissions to newborns and infants. The data indicated that screening test for anti-HIV in pregnant women, previously regarded as a low risk group, should be reviewed and routinely done.
Adult↗
Hepatitis due to equine abortion virus. Comparison between the liver histology in human, canine, duckling, and equine viral hepatitis.
Five livers of equine fetuses, aborted due to the action of equine abortion virus, five livers from men, two of whom died of epidemic hepatitis and three obtained by needle biopsies, 5 livers of dogs with infectious canine hepatitis and 7 livers of ducklings that had hepatitis, were studied histopathologically. The foals' livers were studied by several staining methods and the others by H. E. only. The results indicate that the lesions are quite similar in the four species with the appearance of nuclear inclusion bodies only in foals and dogs. The strong staining properties of the nuclear inclusion bodies in infectious canine hepatitis and the weak staining properties of the equine virus abortion reveal that the protein-DNA association is different resulting in a different electropolarity. The lesions in foals are of two main types, one a Necrotic-Mosaic Type in which the hepatocyte degeneration is irregularly distributed within the hepatic lobules and the other an Hyperplastic Type in which marked regeneration occurs. In the Hyperplastic Type the practical absence of plasmocytes in foals' livers might suggest that if the newborn is a female, abortions may occur later in life because the virus remained alive in colts which were born in an immune tolerance state.Histologically the picture in the livers of aborted foals assume features of a viral hepatitis similar to the viral hepatitis in men, dogs and ducklings.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Evaluation of the rabbit as a laboratory model for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus infection.
Experimental infection of rabbits with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) produced diverse manifestations of disease which included abortion, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, vulvovaginitis, systemic infection, neonatal death and respiratory tract infection. Each disease syndrome was studied using virus isolation, fluorescent antibody examination and histologic examination. Conjunctivitis, dermatitis and vulvovaginitis lesions were characterized by edema, infiltration of mucosa and submucosa with inflammatory cells and ulceration of epithelium. Systemic infection resulted in severe necrosis of liver and adrenal glands with large numbers of cells containing intranuclear inculsions. Pregnant rabbits aborted within 48 hours following inoculation of IBRV. Virus infection and viral lesions were not demonstrated in aborted fetuses.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
The spectrum of clinical conditions associated with 40 cases of Haemophilus bacteremia.
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Abortion, Septic↗
[Chlamydiosis in animals].
In this brief review, the authors summarize the state of knowledge on chlamydial infections in birds and mammals, in particular those occurring in domestic animals. Chlamydia psittaci is responsible for a variety of syndromes in veterinary medicine, some of which may be of great interest in comparative pathology (polyarthritis, conjunctivitis, . . .). The frequency of latent infections, the difficulties involved in the diagnosis and control of chlamydial infections and the transmissibility of C. psittaci to man pose a number of problems for the veterinarian, both in terms of animal medicine and in terms of his role in public hygiene.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Clinical findings and pathological changes in Histophilus ovis infections of sheep.
The Gram-negative pleomorphic bacterium Histophilus ovis was incriminated as the cause of natural cases of epididymitis in rams, polyarthritis in lambs, mastitis and abortion in ewes. Epididymitis was sporadic in occurrence, unilateral in distribution and varied from acute to chronic in degree. Polyarthritis affected recently born lambs and resulted in acute lameness and subsequent debility. Mastitis was rare in occurrence, unilateral in distribution, acute and gangrenous in type. Abortion was also rare and manifested by a specific haemorrhagic placentitis. These four conditions were reproduced experimentally. The clinical, pathological and histopathological changes associated with field and experimental cases are described.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Treatment of extragenital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis.
Extragenital infections caused by Mycoplasma hominis and the indications for antibiotic treatment of such infections were reviewed. Invasion of the bloodstream in conjunction with urologic disease or trauma and metastatic spread of M. hominis to the central nervous system or the joints must be treated with effective drugs. In contrast, M. hominis bacteremia in women with febrile abortion and postpartum fever is often transient and self-limiting and does not generally require treatment. A tetracycline is generally the drug of choice in extragenital M. hominis infections. Although the various tetracycline analogues differ in their in vitro activity against M. hominis, they are all clinically effective. Clindamycin is an alternative to the tetracyclines. Clinical experience with the treatment of extragenital infections caused by M. hominis is still limited. The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy has not been established, but a review of the literature suggests a duration of 10-14 days. Sulfonamides, beta-lactam antibiotics, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides do not elicit a clinical response in patients with extragenital M. hominis infections.
Abortion, Septic↗
Reactive arthritis due to Clostridium difficile.
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Abortion, Incomplete↗
[Diagnosis of bacterial amnionitis].
Results of complex clinical laboratory diagnosis of bacterial amnionitis are analyzed. General clinical, bacteriological, cytological, immunological, and pathomorphological methods of investigation were used. The incidence of amnionitis was 29.8%. Changes in the amniotic fluid and fetal membranes, associated with bacterial amnionitis, were revealed. The authors come to a conclusion on the desirability of profound clinical laboratory monitoring of pregnant patients with infectious inflammatory diseases of the genitals, with habitual abortions, and preterm escape of the amniotic fluid.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Gonococcal endocarditis after a threatened abortion. A case report.
BACKGROUND: Disseminated gonocococcal infection arising during pregnancy is an uncommon occurrence. Gonococcemia following a threatened abortion has not been documented previously. CASE: Gonococcal arthritis and endocarditis in a 22-year-old primigravida occurred following a midtrimester threatened abortion. CONCLUSION: Since gonococcemia is thought to be secondary to endocervical disruption, chemoprophylaxis in the gravid cardiac patient after a threatened abortion is recommended.
Abortion, Threatened↗
Dairy cattle abortion in California: evaluation of diagnostic laboratory data.
A descriptive study was undertaken on 595 dairy cattle abortion submissions to the California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System from July 1, 1987, to December 31, 1989, to determine the etiologic nature and distribution (seasonal and geographical) of dairy cattle abortion in California as reflected by laboratory submissions. Univariate analysis was performed to characterize abortion-related submissions by farm and laboratory variables, and logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors that may influence success of abortion diagnosis in the laboratory. The proportions of dairies that submitted abortion-related specimens from northern, central, and southern milksheds during the 2.5-year period were 20.3%, 15.7%, and 13.1%, respectively, and 60% of submissions were from medium-sized (200-999 cows) dairies. Submissions consisted of fetus (58%), placenta (2%), fetus and placenta (12%), and fetus, placenta, and maternal blood (0.84%); fetal tissues and uterine fluid constituted the rest. An apparent pattern in abortion submissions was indicated by a peak in submissions during the winter and summer of 1988 and 1989. Infectious agents were associated with 37.1% of submissions; noninfectious causes, 5.5%, and undetermined etiology, 57.3%. Bacterial abortion accounted for 18% of etiologic diagnoses; protozoal, 14.6%; viral, 3.2%; and fungal, 1.3%. Submissions comprising fetus, placenta, maternal blood, or their combinations were associated with a higher likelihood of definitive diagnosis for abortion than tissues, as were fresher specimens and submissions associated with the second trimester of fetal gestation.
Abortion, Veterinary↗
Abortive infection of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBS1 in the presence of actinomycin D.
Actinomycin D caused the irreversible loss of PBS1 phage infectious centers and PBS1-mediated transductants. The loss of infectious centers occurred only within the first 4 min after the addition of phage to cells. Actinomycin did not inactivate free phage or inhibit phage adsorption. Electron micrographs indicated that phage adsorbed to cells in the presence of actinomycin ejected their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) normally. However, when cells were infected in the presence of actinomycin, 15 to 22% of their (32)P-labeled DNA appeared in the medium, whereas only 1.5 to 7.2% of the (32)P-labeled DNA appeared in the medium during normal infection. Neither 8-azaguanine nor chloramphenicol caused a similar loss of PBS1 infectious centers or transductants. Actinomycin also caused the loss of SP10 infectious centers but it had no effect on SP01 or phi29 infections. We conclude that actinomycin causes abortion of PBS1 infection by inhibiting the uptake or retention of phage DNA into host cells. The immunity of SP01 and phi29 infections to actinomycin probably reflects differences in the penetration mechanisms of these phages.
Adsorption↗
THE TERATOGENICITY OF MATERNAL RUBELLA.
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Abortion, Induced↗
Immunologically mediated abortion (IMA).
Roughly 20% of all clinical pregnancies evolve into "spontaneous abortions". The causes of spontaneous abortion have been determined in under 60% of the total and comprise genetic, infectious, hormonal and immunological factors. In some cases the immune tolerance mechanism may be impaired and the foetus immunologically rejected (IMA, immunologically mediated abortion). The immunological mechanism implicated depends on the time in which pregnancy loss takes place. During preimplantation and up to the end of implantation (13th day) the cell-mediated immune mechanism (potential alloimmune etiologies) is responsible for early abortion. This mechanism involves immunocompetent decidual cells (eGL, endometrial granulated lymphocytes) already present during pre-decidualization (late luteal phase) and their production of soluble factors or cytokines. Once the implantation process is over, after blastocyst penetration of the stroma and the decidual reaction of uterine tissue, IMA could be caused by cell-mediated and humoral mechanism (anti-paternal cytotoxic antibodies or autoantibody etiology), by the production of paternal anti major histocompatibility complex antibodies, or even by an autoimmune disorder leading to the production of autoantibodies (antiphospholipid antibodies, antinuclear antibodies or polyclonal B cell activation). The diagnostic work-up adopted to select IMA patients is crucial and includes primary (karyotype of both partners, toxo-test, hysterosalpingography, endometrial biopsy, thyroid function tests, serum hprolactin, luteal phase dating) and secondary (full hemochromocytometric test, search for LE cells, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, antinuclear antibodies, Rheumatoid factor, blood complement VDRL) investigations. Therapeutical approaches vary. If autoimmune disorders are demonstrated therapies with different combinations of corticosteroids, aspirin and heparin or intravenous immunoglobulin are administered. Otherwise, therapy with paternal or donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells should be instituted.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗