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PubMed1952

FERROKINETICS.

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Humans↗
PubMed1978

Maturation of circulating red blood cells in young baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.).

The maturation of circulating red blood cells (RBC) in salmon (Salmo salar L.) has been studied. A developmental RBC series of 6 classes based on morphological criteria was proposed. After a single dose of iron (55Fe) given to 5-6 months old salmon the incorporation of radioactivity in maturing RBC was followed by autoradiography on blood smears. The relative distribution of labelled RBC between the 6 classes in specimens taken 15, 20, 41, and 52 days after the injection of iron showed that the RBC matured along the proposed series. The projected area of the RBC increased by 100% during the maturation. This RBC growth was caused by an elongation of the RBC. Thus the ratio between short and long axes of the RBC decreased with maturation and can be used as a measure of the degree of maturation. The uptake of radioactive iron measured as grain count per RBC or per projected area of the RBC increased during the maturation in classes II-IV. Radioactive iron was not incorporated by mature RBC. The maturation time from class I to class VI was shorter than 41 days. RBC iron bound to non-haemoglobin proteins as a possible restriction in estimations of the haemoglobin concentrations of developing RBC is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Iron uptake from ferrichrome A and iron citrate in Ustilago sphaerogena.

Double radioactive label transport assays with iron, chromium, and gallium chelates were used to investigate the mechanism of iron uptake by Ustilago sphaerogena. In iron-deficient cells, ferrichrome A iron was taken up without appreciable uptake of the ligand. Iron-sufficient cells partially accumulated the ligand with the metal. The chromium- and gallium-containing analogs of ferrichrome A were transported as intact chelates. Ferrichrome A iron uptake was inhibited by dipyridyl. The data suggest that the intact ferrichrome A chelate binds to a specific receptor, the iron is then separated from the ligand at the membrane by reduction, and the metal is released to the inside of the cell while the ligand is released to the exterior. The reduction step is not transport rate limiting. Iron chelated to citrate was taken up by an energy-dependent process. The citrate ligand was not taken up with the metal. Uptake was sensitive to dipyridyl and ferrozine. Chromic ion chelated to citrate was not transported, suggesting that the iron, rather than the chelate, is recognized by the receptor or that reduction of the metal is required for transport.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1996

The Caco-2 cell culture system can be used as a model to study food iron availability.

To assess the usefulness of the Caco-2 cell culture system as a model to study the availability of dietary iron, preliminary experiments were performed to determine the optimal conditions for iron uptake and transport. Iron uptake of radioactive ferrous sulfate was optimal at pH 5.5 using a 2:1 molar ratio of ascorbic acid to iron and a 1-h incubation time. Under these experimental conditions, we studied the effect on iron uptake of adding supernatants from homogenates of different meat sources, soybean protein isolates, egg albumen and bovine serum albumin. Iron uptake was 6.3 +/- 1.7% from meat, which was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than the values of 1.2 +/- 0.3% from soybean protein, 1.3 +/- 0.3% from egg albumen and 0.8 +/- 0.1% from bovine serum albumin. Iron uptake was also significantly higher from digested meat samples than from undigested meat when the protein concentration was equalized. Measurements of iron uptake and protein concentration from fractions obtained after preparative isoelectric focusing of meat and soybean protein extracts showed two peaks of higher protein concentration and iron uptake in meat, apparently not found in soybean protein, that contained the factor(s) responsible for the higher iron uptake by the cells. In view of these observed similarities with iron absorption studies in humans, we conclude that the Caco-2 cell culture system is a useful in vitro model to study food iron availability.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed1984

Iron-induced changes in rat liver isoferritins.

The effects of single and of multiple iron injection on the distribution of isoferritins was studied in rat liver with the aid of 14C-labelling either after or before iron treatment. Several effects of iron can be seen. Analysis of protein and labelling patterns show that it not only produces a disproportionate increase in the more-basic isoferritins, but may, in sufficient dose, actually lead to a decrease in the more-acidic isoferritins. Use of iron injection after radioactivity shows that it must give rise to post-assembly changes causing acidic isoferritins to become more basic. With a moderate iron dose this change is relatively slow, taking several hours, and seems to occur in addition to a differential stimulation of the synthesis of the more-basic isoferritins. With higher iron dosage the post-assembly changes may be so rapid that it is difficult to distinguish them from a switch in the pattern of synthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Fate of hexachlorobenzene in C57BL/10 mice with iron overload.

The distribution of radioactivity in male C57BL/10 mice dosed with [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was followed over 21 days and found to be high in adipose tissue and adrenals, moderate in thymus whereas liver was relatively poorly labelled. A predose of iron (500 mg/kg), which greatly promotes the porphyrogenic action of HCB in this strain, had only a small effect on the distribution of radioactivity in tissues and excreta. Iron induced excretion of urinary metabolites from HCB by C57BL/10 mice but not by the insensitive DBA/2 strain. However, there was no such difference in faecal metabolites, total metabolism was only slightly increased and there was no correlation between liver porphyrin levels and urinary excretion of metabolites by individual mice. At the end of 4 weeks exposure of iron-treated C57BL/10 mice to HCB urinary metabolites fell while porphyrin excretion continued to rise. Thus the considerable sensitisation of the C57BL/10 strain after iron overload to the induction of porphyria by HCB cannot be ascribed simply to enhancement of total metabolism but must be caused either by the formation of a specific undetected metabolite or induction of some other toxic process.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Differential sedimentation-velocity and gel-filtration measurements on human apotransferrin and iron-transferrin.

Differential measurements of sedimentation velocity showed that binding of 2 atoms of iron per molecule of human apotransferrin caused an increase in s(0) (20,w) of about 1.8%. Gel-filtration experiments to compare the elution volumes of apotransferrin and transferrin radioactively labelled with iron showed that binding of the first atom to a molecule produced a decrease in Stokes radius of about 0.7%, and the binding of a second atom an equal decrement. These results confirmed that saturation of human transferrin with iron alters the conformation sufficiently to produce detectable changes in the hydrodynamic properties. They also indicate that the local changes brought about by successive addition of 2 atoms of iron are very similar, if not identical.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed2006

The disposal of radioactive ferric floc.

An iron hydroxide floc is used as treatment for adsorbing low amounts of actinides during nuclear fuel re-processing. This waste is cemented only after pre-treatment with Ca(OH)(2). Characterisation of all simulant material has been undertaken using XRD, TGA and SEM/EDS. The floc is a moderately alkaline colloidal slurry containing approximately 15wt% solids, with the main particulate being an amorphous hydrated iron oxide. The main phase formed during pre-treatment appears to be an X-ray amorphous hydrated calcium-ferrate phase. Embedded within this are small amounts of crystalline Ca(OH)(2), calcite, Fe(6)(OH)(12)(CO(3)), Ca(6)Fe(2)(SO(4))(3)(OH)(12).26H(2)O and Ca(3)B(2)O(6), and can form depending on concentrations of Ca(OH)(2) and time. Apart from Ca(OH)(2) and calcite, none of the crystalline phases detected during pre-treatment are detected when the floc is encapsulated in an OPC/PFA composite cement hydrated for 90 days. The main crystalline phase detected in the hardened wasteform is a solid solution hydrogarnet, Ca(3)AlFe(SiO(4))(OH)(8), known as C(3)(A,F)SH(4) in cement chemistry nomenclature.

Construction Materials↗
PubMed2007

Separation of iron and cobalt using 59Fe and 60Co by dialysis of polyvinylpyrrolidone-metal complexes: a greener approach.

An environmentally benign method to separate iron and cobalt has been developed using a safe chemical, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The method involves dialysis of PVP-Fe and PVP-Co complexes against triple-distilled water. (59)Fe and (60)Co were used as radioactive tracers of iron and cobalt throughout the experiment. No other chemicals are required for clean separation of cobalt from iron. The optimum condition for separation has been obtained at pH 5 using 10% aqueous solution of PVP. The method is applicable from trace scale to macro-scale. Very high separation factors have been obtained.

Cobalt↗