Primary transplant treatment of hepatitis B: hepatitis B immunoglobulin (passive immunization).
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Hepatitis B↗
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Results for “Immunization, Passive”
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Passive immune protection of turkeys against Coryza.
Antisera made against whole cells of Bordetella avium protected turkeys against disease signs of turkey coryza, but antiserum against the dermonecrotic heat-labile toxin (DHLT) did not. Neither antiserum against whole cells nor antiserum against DHLT protected turkeys against colonization of the trachea by B. avium. At least 25 bands in whole cell lysate of B. avium separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reacted in immunoblots with protective antiserum. These bands occurred at < 40 kDa and > 105.3 kDa. DHLT had an isoelectric point (pI) in the range pH 6.3-6.7. Following SDS-PAGE of isoelectric-focused fractions, two bands were recognized by anti-DHLT with immunoblots of pI 6.3, pI 6.5, and pI 6.7 fractions separated by SDS-PAGE.
Animals↗
[Biological effects of passive immunization with anti-testosterone antibodies in immature and castrated rats and rats treated with testosterone propionate].
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Age Factors↗
Cost of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus chest infection and implications for passive immunization strategies in a developing nation.
UNLABELLED: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) chest infection is a common cause of hospitalization in the very young child. The aim of this study was to determine the direct cost of resource utilization in the treatment of children hospitalized with RSV chest infection and the potential cost-savings with passive immunization for high-risk infants. An audit of the hospital resource consumption and its costs was performed for 216 children aged < 24 mo admitted with RSV chest infection between 1995 and 1997. The cost-saving potential of passive immunization using monoclonal RSV antibodies during the RSV season was determined by assuming an 0.55 efficacy in hospitalization reduction when administered to "high-risk" infants according to the guidelines outlined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). The hospital treatment cost of 1064 bed-days amounted to USD 64 277.70. Each child occupied a median of 4.0 bed-days at a median cost of USD 169.99 (IQ1 128.08, IQ3 248.47). Children, who were ex-premature or with an underlying illness were more likely to have a longer hospital stay, higher treatment costs and need for intensive care. Ten (42%) of 24 ex-premature infants fulfilled the recommended criteria for passive immunization. Its use resulted in an incremental cost of USD 31.39 to a potential cost saving of USD 0.91 per infant for each hospital day saved. CONCLUSION: Ex-prematurity and the presence of an underlying illness results in escalation of the direct treatment cost of RSV chest infection. Current guidelines for use of passive RSV immunization do not appear to be cost-effective if adopted for Malaysian infants.
Cost Savings↗
Passive immunization of immune-suppressed animals: chicken antibodies protect against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection.
Unravelling of the protective immunity acquired during a natural infection may contribute to vaccine development. To assess the role of antibody-mediated immunity in protection against Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale infection in chickens, a novel experimental method was applied that combined immune depletion and passive transfer of immunity within the same host. Administration of cyclophosphamide (CY) to broiler chickens successfully suppressed B lymphocyte development, and therefore humoral immunity, as confirmed by histological and serological analysis. Challenge of CY-treated birds with O. rhinotracheale revealed a significantly higher pathology score in comparison to immune-competent birds that received the same bacterial challenge. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels of immune-competent birds revealed a positive correlation between IgA and/or IgG production and protection against infection. Passive transfer of O. rhinotracheale-specific antiserum to the immune-suppressed birds prior to pathogen challenge significantly decreased morbidity. This protective effect was not observed after administration of control sera containing similar concentrations of immunoglobulins. Together, these results provide firm evidence that chicken humoral immunity to O. rhinotracheale is a key component in protection against infection. Our data confirm that the applied immune depletion and reconstitution approach is an attractive tool to analyse the nature of the protective immune response.
Animals↗
Effect of the increase of steroid binding plasma levels after passive immunization against testosterone on the control of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized underfed dairy heifers.
The ability of passive immunization against testosterone to increase sex steroid binding levels in plasma and thus to overcome the negative feedback of oestradiol-17 beta (E2) on LH secretion in underfed heifers was investigated. Dairy heifers were ovariectomized and divided in 3 groups: high energy diet (H group, n = 4), low energy diet (L group, n = 3) and low energy diet + E2 implants (LE2 group, n = 4). Twenty-four h before injection of bovine immunoglobulins, the mean concentrations of LH were not different between H and L groups. LH baseline was lower (0.8 vs 1.1 ng/ml, P less than 0.03) and the median number of LH pulses was higher (10 vs 5, P less than 0.03) in H than in L group. E2 markedly decreased (P less than 0.01) the mean and basal concentrations of LH (0.27 ng/ml), and number of LH pulses (0) in the LE2 group (P less than 0.05). After injection of anti-testosterone immunoglobulins in the L group, mean and basal LH concentrations tended to decrease. The median number of LH pulses in the L group rose 8 days after immunization (5 vs 7 on day -1 and day +8, P less than or equal to 0.05). Amplitude of pulses tended to decrease after injection (P = 0.08). In the LE2 group, the mean concentration and baseline of LH were not affected by passive immunization against testosterone, while pulses of LH appeared at day +1 and rose (P = 0.07) at day +8 after immunization with 3.5 pulses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Prevention of cytomegalovirus-related death by passive immunization. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in kidney transplant recipients treated for rejection.
In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, the value of prophylactic anti-CMV immunoglobulin administration was evaluated in 39 kidney transplant recipients treated for rejection with rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Passive immunization completely prevented CMV-related death, although it did not reduce the incidence of CMV isolation, viremia, or disease. The effect of passive immunization was exclusively observed in CMV-seronegative recipients of a CMV-seropositive kidney donor. It could be demonstrated even when instituted when antirejection therapy was started. Seropositive recipients did not benefit from immunoglobulin treatment. Moreover, CMV-seronegative recipients of a kidney from a seronegative donor were not at risk for CMV infection at all. Therefore passive immunization should be restricted to seronegative recipients of seropositive allograft donors treated for rejection.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Intracerebroventricular passive immunization in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
Since uncontrolled production of beta-amyloid (Abeta) is considered a key seeding event underlying progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), elimination of excessive Abeta and preventing its reaccumulation constitute the primary therapeutic goal in preventing and treating AD. To date, immunoneutralization has been the most effective strategy in removing pre-existing cerebral Abeta. Both active and systemic passive immunizations are known to reduce cerebral Abeta and improve memory in transgenic murine models of AD. However, active immunization is associated with adverse effects such as encephalitis with perivascular inflammation and hemorrhage, while passive immunization has the potential to disrupt cerebral vasculature that is laden with amyloid and exposed to high levels of antibody in the blood. Intriguingly, intracerebroventricular passive immunization established in the authors' laboratory circumvented these problems. The authors demonstrated that a single intracerebroventricular injection of anti-Abeta antibody reduced the cerebral Abeta burden and Abeta-related astrocytosis, retarded reaccumulation of Abeta and restored Abeta-induced depletion of presynaptic SNAP-25, for at least 1 month and reduced inflammatory reactions for 1 week in AD murine models without producing inflammation, microhemorrhage or systemic histotoxicity. These facts suggest that intracerebroventricular anti-Abeta may be a safe method for the rapid clearance of pre-existing Abeta and retarding reaccumulation of Abeta in AD. Intracerebroventricular administration via a catheter and reservoir, may be combined with the development of humanized monoclonal antibody against Abeta. Intraventricular shunts and ventriculostomy are frequently employed with acceptable risk-to-benefit ratios in the treatment of various brain disorders, while humanized antibodies are currently used in clinical trials of brain diseases such as multiple sclerosis and lymphoma.
Alzheimer Disease↗
Passive immunization against somatostatin increases resistance to Eimeria vermiformis infection in susceptible mice.
The effect of in vivo immunoneutralization of somatostatin (SRIF) on Eimeria vermiformis intestinal infection was studied in resistant (BALB/c), and susceptible (C57BL/6) mouse strains. An anti-SRIF monoclonal antibody (MAb-SRIF) was used to passively immunize the mice by intraperitoneal injection. The animals were subsequently orally infected with oocysts of E. vermiformis. Individual fecal samples were collected daily for 21 days to monitor the kinetics of oocyst shedding. The fecal oocyst shedding was significantly higher in the C57BL/6 strain than in the BALB/c strain (P < 0.01). Passive immunization with MAb-SRIF in the C57BL/6 mice significantly reduced the number of oocysts in feces (P < 0.05), when compared to the infected non-immunized mice of the same strain. Infected BALB/c mice showed no difference in oocyst shedding in response to the passive immunoneutralization with MAb-SRIF. In conclusion, passive immunization with MAb-SRIF increased resistance to E. vermiformis-infection in the susceptible C57BL/6 mice, but not in the resistant BALB/c mice. This suggests that SRIF modulates gut immune function in parasitic infection.
Animals↗
Protection of rats against Mycoplasma arthritidis-induced arthritis by active and passive immunizations with two surface antigens.
We previously identified two surface-exposed Mycoplasma arthritidis protein antigens, designated MAA1 and MAA2, that may be involved in cytadherence. Since adherence to host tissues is an important first step in most bacterial infections, we suggest that MAA1 and MAA2 may be virulence factors for M. arthritidis. In order to provide evidence for such a role, we conducted a series of experiments in which rats were actively immunized with each of these proteins purified from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels or passively immunized with poly- or monoclonal antibodies against MAA1 and MAA2. In each case, immunity against MAA1 and MAA2 conferred at least partial protection against M. arthritidis-induced disease. The greatest protection was achieved by passive immunization with monoclonal antibody A9a, directed against a surface-exposed epitope of putative adhesin MAA1. Because protective immunity in most bacterial infections is directed against major virulence factors, these results suggest that MAA1 and MAA2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of M. arthritidis-induced arthritis of rats, possibly by mediating initial colonization of joint tissues.
Adhesins, Bacterial↗
Antibody protection: passive immunization of neonates against oral AIDS virus challenge.
We have established models for intrapartum and milk-borne HIV transmission by orally challenging neonatal macaques with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs). This allowed us to test safety and efficacy of passive immunization with human neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs), which had been isolated from HIV clade B-infected individuals and which target conserved, functionally important epitopes. The nmAbs studied were F105 or IgG1b12, b12 for short (directed against the CD4 binding site), 2G12 (anti-gp120), 2F5 and 4E10 (both anti-gp41). Out of 16 newborn macaques challenged orally with different SHIV strains, 11 were completely protected by triple or quadruple nmAb combinations, even by post-exposure prophylaxis. In vitro, the combination of b12, 2G12, 2F5 and 4E10 potently neutralized primary HIV isolates of clades A, B, C, and D. Our data suggest that passive immunization with currently available anti-HIV clade B nmAbs could play a role in preventing transmission of non-clade B isolates through breastfeeding. We furthermore conclude that the epitopes recognized by the nmAbs in our successful passive immunization studies are important determinants for protection and provide targets for developing neutralizing antibody-response-based, active AIDS vaccines.
Adult↗
Prevention of paralysis and suppression of lymphoma in wild mice by passive immunization to congenitally transmitted murine leukemia virus.
Lake Casitas wild mice were passively immunized as newborns with antiserum to congenitally transmitted murine leukemia virus. Immunization with immunoglobulin having a high neutralizing titer to ecotropic virus and a low titer to amphotropic virus correlated with the complete prevention of paralysis and a slight (25%), but statistically insignificant, reduction in the incidence of lymphoma. Occurrence of other tumor types and total mortality rate were not affected by immunization.
Animals↗
Passive immunization of hamsters against experimental infection with the Lyme disease spirochete.
Hamsters passively immunized with as little as 0.0125 ml of immune rabbit serum (indirect fluorescent-antibody titer, 1:8,192) were protected from challenge with 1,000 50% infective doses of Borrelia burgdorferi. Cross-protection studies with Minnesota and Connecticut isolates of B. burgdorferi indicated no major differences in their capacity to elicit mutually protective antibodies in rabbits.
Animals↗
Passive immunization with antiserum to adrenocorticotropin increases weight gain in normal female rats.
Passive immunization against ACTH was used to test the hypothesis that growth in female rats is constrained by physiological concentrations of glucocorticoids. When animals were stressed by 15-min exposure to ether before blood sampling by cardiac puncture, serum concentrations of corticosterone were lower (P less than .05) in immunized rats than in stressed controls. The maximum effect was apparent 2 h after injection of ACTH antiserum, and no effect was apparent 6 h after injection. To examine the effects of ACTH immunization on growth, rats received daily injections of either saline, sheep immunoglobulin G, or ACTH antiserum, 2 h before the afternoon peak in plasma concentrations of corticosterone. After 7 d of treatment, rats treated with ACTH antiserum had gained 37% more body weight than saline-injected controls, and this effect was accompanied by a 59% reduction in peak plasma concentrations of corticosterone. Immunoglobulin G purified from normal sheep serum had no effect on weight gain. It is concluded that growth rate in normal female rats can be stimulated through the suppression of adrenal activity.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
The effect of passive immunization against somatostatin on marker retention time in lambs.
The effects of passive immunization against somatostatin on retention time of marker have been investigated in sheep using Cr2O3 as a marker. The mean transit time for clearance of 50% of the marker was significantly retarded in all the anti-somatostatin-treated animals by approximately 19.0 h, as compared with control lambs given a nonspecific antiserum. The findings suggest an important role for circulating somatostatin in the regulation of the rate of flow of digesta through the gastrointestinal tract in lambs. Moreover, it enhances the claim of the immunological approach as a new technique to investigate factors controlling food utilization in farm livestock.
Animals↗
Passive immunization of lactating mice with stanniocalcin-1 antiserum reduces mammary gland development, milk fat content, and postnatal pup growth.
During pregnancy and lactation in rodents, stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) production by the ovaries is upregulated markedly and released into the circulation. The mammary glands are one target of this systemically delivered hormone. The purpose of this study was to lower serum levels of STC-1 in lactating mice through passive immunization so as to monitor the effects on mammary gland function and postnatal pup growth. Passive immunization significantly reduced circulating hormone levels, and pup growth was significantly compromised (30%), even though control and experimental litters had ingested equal amounts of milk. When mammary glands were analyzed, the alveolar area was significantly reduced in antibody-treated mothers. An analysis of milk composition revealed no changes in lactose, protein, or electrolyte levels but an approximately 40% reduction in triglyceride levels. The latter was due to a significant reduction in mammary gland lipoprotein lipase activity and led to a significant buildup of triglycerides in the serum. Body fat content was also significantly reduced in pups from antibody-treated mothers, whereas pup fecal fat content was increased. In mothers, passive immunization also caused significant behavioral effects, in particular, increased locomotor and hindleg rearing activities. Collectively, the results suggest that systemically derived STC-1 has important effects on mammary gland development and the transfer of serum-based triglycerides into milk. Locomotor effects suggest that STC-1 also has a role in maternal behavior.
Adipose Tissue↗
[Passive immunization in neonatal piglets in natural rearing--effects of birth order, birth weight, litter size and parity].
603 neonatal piglets (German Landrace) were investigated for passive immunization affected by birth order, birth weight, litter size and parity. Concentrations of immunoglobulins in the blood serum of piglets on the first day of life served as measure for passive immunization. Blood samples were drawn at 12, 18 and 24 hours post partum. Quantitative measurements of immunoglobulin classes were carried out by radial immunodiffusion. There was a significant effect of birth order, because of the rapid changes in colostrum composition between onset of birth and the last piglet of each litter. The effect of birth weight was only partly significant and different for the immunoglobulin classes. There was no significant effect of litter size on passive immunization. Parity had a significant positive effect on IgG- and IgA-concentrations in sow's colostrum with litter two to six, parity 1 and 2 lead to highest IgM concentrations in the blood serum of piglets.
Animals↗
Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies specific for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-side chain protects mice against intravenous Yersinia enterocolitica serotype O:3 infection.
Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies specific for the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-side chain protected mice against intravenously given lethal doses of Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 bacteria. On the other hand, passive immunization with monoclonal antibody specific for the LPS core oligosaccharide did not protect mice. Neither antibody was able to protect mice against orally given lethal doses of bacteria. These results indicate that the O-side chain functions as an important antigenic structure during infection, and that immunity to it probably offer protection also in the in vivo situation.
Administration, Oral↗