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PubMed1998

The effects of semantic category and knowledge type on lexical-semantic access: a PET study.

Neuropsychological studies of patients with category-specific recognition disorders, as well as PET investigations of semantic category effects in visual recognition tasks, have led some authors to the hypothesis that visual-perceptual knowledge plays a crucial role in the recognition of natural items, such as animals, while functional-associative information is more important for the recognition of man-made tools. To study the cerebral correlates of the retrieval of different types of semantic knowledge about living and nonliving entities, we performed a PET experiment in which normal subjects were required to access visual- and functional-associative information related to visually presented words corresponding to animals and tools. The experimental conditions were the following: (1) Rest. (2) Baseline: letter detection in pseudo-words. (3) Animal, visual knowledge: decide whether the animal has a long or short tail with respect to the body. (4) Animal, associative knowledge: decide whether the animal is typically found in Italy. (5) Tool, visual knowledge: decide whether the object is longer than wider or vice versa. (6) Tool, functional knowledge: decide whether the object is typically used as a kitchen tool. Lexical-semantic access (all lexical conditions pooled) activated the prefrontal cortex on the left and the parietal-occipital junction and posterior cingulate cortex bilaterally. An analysis of the individual experimental conditions in comparison with the nonword baseline showed that accessing visual versus associative knowledge was associated with different activation patterns: predominantly frontal in the case of visual features, temporoparietal for associative knowledge. While the activation patterns involved similar areas for living and nonliving entities, in the case of the latter they were restricted to the left hemisphere. The analysis of main effects confirmed these findings: there were several significant differences in the visual-associative comparison, while category-related differences were less prominent. These findings indicate that the retrieval of different types of knowledge is associated with distinct patterns of brain activation; on the other hand, category-related differences were less evident than in picture matching and naming tasks.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Knowledge of cardiovascular disease prevention: an analysis from two New England communities.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality has been decreasing in the United States, possibly due in part to educational programs about CVD prevention. This study investigates CVD risk-reduction knowledge among demographic subgroups in two New England cities and how the level of knowledge changed in these subgroups over time. METHODS: Six independent cross-sectional surveys including a series of open-ended recall CVD knowledge questions were conducted biennially from 1981 to 1993 as part of the outcome evaluation for the Pawtucket Heart Health Program. We constructed a raw CVD knowledge score and then created an analysis of variance model with knowledge score as the dependent variable and explanatory variables including demographics, survey, and city. RESULTS: CVD prevention knowledge improved significantly over time in both cities and in every demographic subgroup, increasing rapidly from 1981 to about 1988 and then plateauing between 1988 and 1993. Adjusted knowledge scores were higher for people born in the United States, women, more educated individuals, and those who spoke English at home. The increase in knowledge over time came mainly from an increase in the identification of physical inactivity, and blood cholesterol/high fat diet as CVD risk factors, while there was a decrease in the identification of overweight and blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: In order to assure that reductions in CVD morbidity and mortality will be sustained, national educational efforts which stress behavior change skills as well as knowledge must continue. These programs should focus particularly on higher risk subgroups, and risk factors such as weight reduction and blood pressure control should be special priorities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Knowledge about osteoporosis: assessment, correlates and outcomes.

During the last 10 years, we have witnessed an impressive increase in the number of studies examining knowledge about osteoporosis. The aim of the present paper is to examine the status of research on knowledge about osteoporosis by reviewing and analyzing the current literature as it pertains to assessment of knowledge about osteoporosis, factors associated with knowledge, and relationship between knowledge about osteoporosis and participation in health-related behaviors. Finally, future directions in the field are discussed. Many of the studies are still characterized by the lack of a theoretical framework, as well as by various methodological flaws. Serious deficits in knowledge are reported among healthy and diagnosed women and men, as well as among health professionals. Educational interventions are accompanied by an increase in knowledge, but no change in behavior. There is need to expand the research on knowledge about osteoporosis, especially in an effort to increase its impact on the prevention and early diagnosis of the disease. The deficits found in the knowledge of both the general population and among health care professionals, should be addressed by providing updated and reliable information through appropriate health promotion and professional venues.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

The knowledge and use of screening tests for colorectal and prostate cancer: data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey.

Data based on the 1987 National Health Interview Survey are presented depicting factors associated with the knowledge and use of three tests for the early detection of colorectal and prostate cancer: digital rectal examination, fecal occult blood tests, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. The percentage of the at risk adult population who have ever heard of or had these tests is reported. The association of demographic, personal resource, and health system factors with knowledge of these tests is explored using multivariate logistic regression. Health system factors are most consistently associated with use of the tests and with knowledge. Family income, family size, education, knowledge of cancer early warning signs, and measures of encounters with the health care system are associated both with knowledge of and, independent of knowledge, with use of the tests. Residency in the non-South, being white or female, and having an optimistic attitude about cancer prevention are all factors associated with greater knowledge of the tests, but not greater use among those aware of the tests. Membership in a health maintenance organization is more strongly associated with knowledge and use of fecal occult blood tests than the other tests. No association was found between current smoking status and knowledge of or use of any of the tests.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Knowledge of osteoporosis correlated with hormone therapy use and health status.

OBJECTIVES: The study objectives were: (a) to evaluate knowledge about osteoporosis and to identify its correlates among women > or =40 years of age attending outpatient centers; (b) to compare the level of knowledge between women already receiving treatment for osteoporosis and first-time attendees. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with women recruited from nine outpatient centres in the Czech Republic. The women were divided into two subgroups: patients who have already been diagnosed with osteoporosis (osteopenia) and who are receiving treatment for the disease (OS group); first-time attendees who have been referred for the assessment of osteoporosis (comparison group). The patient's knowledge of osteoporosis was assessed using the Osteoporosis Questionnaire (OPQ) developed by Pande et al. [Pande KC, Takats D, Kanis JA, Edwards V, Slade P, McCloskey EV. Development of a questionnaire (OPQ) to assess patient's knowledge about osteoporosis. Maturitas 2000;37:75-81]. RESULTS: A total of 474 women (median age 63 years) were studied (306 in the OS group, 168 in the comparison group). Knowledge scores based on OPQ (median) were 7 and 6 points in the OS and comparison groups, respectively. When adjusted for age, the statistics showed better knowledge patients in the OS group (P=0.019). In both the OS and comparison groups, knowledge was found to be correlated positively with education (P<0.001) and experience of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (P<0.001) and negatively with age (P<0.001). Knowledge was higher among women with better health status in the OS group. CONCLUSION: Knowledge about osteoporosis among Czech women aged > or =40 years and attending outpatient centers is relatively poor. To improve it, special attention should be paid to elderly women, those who have not used HRT, poorly educated women and those treated with several drugs.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

The nutritional knowledge of Australian nurses.

Sound nutrition is an essential component of good health. A number of health professionals, including nurses, provide nutritional information to the community. However, little research exists which measures the nutrition knowledge of nurses in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of nurses in regional Victoria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used with 103 nurses (81% currently practicing in an acute regional hospital). The nurses answered 48 multiple choice general knowledge questions (using a valid and reliable questionnaire) and provided educational and demographic details. Each multiple choice question was scored as correct or incorrect and given the value of one point (maximum possible 48 points). The mean knowledge score for all nurses was 60.2% (SD = 8.4). Older nurses, those with more years of experience, and nurses with general training (rather than a degree) scored higher average knowledge scores. Respondents reported requests for nutrition information from patients and clients, and indicated that the most frequently used nutrition information sources were dietitians, other nurses, professional journals, books and literature from the National Heart Foundation. The nutrition knowledge score reported in this study is low to moderate by definition from previous studies using the same questionnaire. It is recommended that the Australian nursing profession determines its own nutrition knowledge standard and the nutrition knowledge needs of nurses working in particular areas of practice. Further work is required to determine the validity and reliability of an Australian knowledge instrument.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

An informed decision? Breast cancer patients and their knowledge about treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Although involving women in breast cancer treatment decisions is advocated, there is little understanding of whether women have the information they need to make informed decisions. The objective of the current study was to evaluate women's knowledge of survival and recurrence rates for mastectomy and breast conserving surgery (BCS) and the factors associated with this knowledge. METHODS: We used a population-based sample of women diagnosed with breast cancer in metropolitan Los Angeles and Detroit between December 2001 and January 2003. All women with ductal carcinoma in situ and a random sample of women with invasive disease were selected (N=2382), of which 1844 participated (77.4%). All participants were mailed surveys. The main outcome measures were knowledge of survival and recurrence rates by surgical treatment type. RESULTS: Only 16% of women knew that recurrence rates were different for mastectomy and BCS, and 48% knew that the survival rates were equivalent across treatment. Knowledge about survival and recurrence was improved by exposure to the Internet and health pamphlets (p<0.01). Women who had a female (versus male) surgeon, and/or a surgeon who explained both treatments (rather than just one treatment) demonstrated higher survival knowledge (p<0.01). The majority of women had inadequate knowledge with which to make informed decisions about breast cancer surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Previous explanations for poor knowledge, such as irrelevance of knowledge to decision making and lack of access to information, were not shown to be plausible explanations for the low levels of knowledge observed in this sample. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest a need for fundamental changes in patient education to ensure that women are able to make informed decisions about their breast cancer treatment. These changes may include an increase in the use of decision aids and in decreasing the speed at which treatment decisions are made.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Can a brief video intervention improve breast cancer clinical trial knowledge and beliefs?

A total of 262 women in the USA (161 breast cancer survivors and 101 controls) were exposed to a video vignette using modeling in which a physician discussed the concept of a clinical trial (CT) with a woman who was in the process of making a treatment decision. A pretest-post-test design was used and improvements in clinical trial knowledge and beliefs were assessed. Results indicate that video modeling is a powerful tool for increasing CT knowledge (pretest mean=41.5% correct, post-test mean=77.5% correct) but not for improving CT beliefs. Increased clinical trial knowledge, as measured by change scores, was associated with white race, lower levels of education and pretest breast cancer knowledge, more negative pretest CT beliefs, and a higher estimate of the lifetime probability that a woman will have breast cancer. When pretest CT knowledge was added to the analysis using hierarchical multiple regression, all variables except white race became nonsignificant; an increase in CT knowledge was associated with having lower pretest CT knowledge. Results indicate that the effects of low education, low breast cancer knowledge, and biased probability assessment were mediated through the pretest score. An increase in post-test positive CT beliefs was associated with older age, thinking about breast cancer less often, and having lower pretest CT knowledge in the total sample. When pretest CT beliefs was added to the analysis using hierarchical multiple regression, all other variables became nonsignificant; an increase in CT beliefs was associated with having lower pretest CT beliefs, again indicating mediation of the effects of other variables.

Anxiety↗

PubMed2003

Development of the obstructive sleep apnea knowledge and attitudes (OSAKA) questionnaire.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To develop and validate a questionnaire that assesses physicians' knowledge and attitudes about obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Knowledge and Attitudes (OSAKA) questionnaire. DESIGN: Questionnaire study. SETTING: Physicians associated with the Washington University Physicians Network. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty physicians in the pilot testing and 115 physicians in the final testing of the instrument. INTERVENTIONS: Physicians completed the OSAKA questionnaire containing sections regarding knowledge about OSA (18 items), attitudes about OSA (five items), and demographics of the study participants. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Knowledge scores ranged from 0 to 18 (mean+/-SD=13.3+/-2.8). Individual knowledge items did not differ significantly by gender or by whether or not respondents had completed subspecialty training. The five attitude items were significantly correlated with one another. Knowledge scores correlated with the 5-item attitude scale. There was a negative correlation between age and knowledge (r=-0.368, P<0.001) and between age and the single attitude item pertaining to physicians' confidence in managing patients with OSA (r=-0.198, P=0.036); thus, the older the respondent, the lower the knowledge score and the less confident they were in managing patients with OSA. CONCLUSIONS: The OSAKA appears to be a useful instrument to measure physicians' knowledge about OSA, their views on its importance as a clinical disorder, and their confidence in identifying and managing patients with this disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Pressure area care: an exploration of Greek nurses' knowledge and practice.

BACKGROUND: Despite a plethora of information on the prevention of pressure sores, they remain a significant problem in both hospital and community settings. The need to reduce the incidence of pressure sores has been well documented; unfortunately there is little evidence to suggest improvement. The reasons for this lack of improvement have been explored, but the picture remains unclear. While some studies have suggested that nurses have the appropriate knowledge to prevent pressure sores developing (but do not use their knowledge), others suggest that nurses' knowledge of preventive strategies is deficient. In Greece, similarly to the United Kingdom (UK), the incidence of pressure sores is high. There is currently no evidence on Greek nurses' knowledge and practice and therefore no baseline on which to build, in terms of improving practice. AIM: The purpose of this study was to explore Greek nurses' knowledge of 'risk factors', 'areas at risk' and 'recommended preventive strategies' in relation to pressure area care. In addition, information was sought on nurses' 'current preventive practice' and any barriers to 'good practice'. RESEARCH METHODS: The study was exploratory and descriptive, adopting a cross-sectional survey approach. The sample was drawn from the population of nurses working in a military hospital near Athens. The data were collected over a 4-week period in June 2000, using a self-completed questionnaire. RESULTS: Although the knowledge-base of many of the nurses was good in relation to 'risk factors' and 'areas at risk', a significant proportion were unaware that methods such as 'massage' and 'donuts' are no longer recommended. This lack of knowledge influenced practice with these methods commonly being used. In relation to barriers to good practice, a significant proportion of nurses reported that they could not access, read or understand research findings. This has obvious implications for the implementation of evidence-based practice. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the knowledge and practice of participants could be improved. It is of particular concern that methods known to be detrimental were in common use. Finally, there is a need to improve the research skills of Greek nurses in order to provide them with the appropriate knowledge to use research findings.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

A typology of knowledge for district nursing assessment practice.

BACKGROUND: This paper reports on part of a larger study, the aim of which was to explore the nature of knowledge required by district nurses (DNs) to carry out first assessment visits, and the relationship of this to the decisions they make. Assessment of need is a key and complex component of the DN role. To date, there has been limited exploration of the knowledge underpinning needs assessment in district nursing practice. AIM: The aim of this paper is to identify and categorize the knowledge in use by DNs undertaking first assessment visits, by presenting it in the form of the typology of knowledge which emerged from the study. METHODS: The study used a qualitative, ethnographic design. Eleven DNs were observed undertaking first assessment visits and interviewed twice: following the observed visit and 1 year later, after preliminary data analysis had been undertaken. Approaches to analysis were data driven, and constructing the typology involved uncovering and linking what the DN was seeing, asking and doing. Data were collected during 1997 and 1998. FINDINGS: The findings revealed a breadth and depth of community nursing knowledge that seemed to incorporate an amalgam of theoretical (knowing that) and practice-based (knowing how) knowledge. The findings depict the range and scope of the knowledge in use by the DNs, and challenge the utility of theoretical models that remove knowledge from the context in which it is used and applied. CONCLUSION: The findings presented here provide fresh insight into the 'know-how' of district nursing assessment practice. Whilst the typology requires further testing and refinement in order to enhance understanding of practice, it conceptualizes aspects of district nursing assessment knowledge and addresses the current lack of underpinning principles in district nursing practice.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1999

Does parental breastfeeding knowledge increase breastfeeding rates?

OBJECTIVE: Although improving mothers' knowledge about breastfeeding can increase rates and duration of breastfeeding, little is known about the influence of fathers' knowledge. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of mothers and fathers about breastfeeding before and after receiving postpartum advice and its relationship to the frequency of breastfeeding. METHODS: A clinical trial was performed with mothers and fathers of normal children born at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil, between July 1994 and March 1995. The study intervention consisted of postpartum advice supplied by means of a video film discussing basic topics of breastfeeding, an explanatory leaflet, and open discussion after viewing the video. The first 208 couples comprised the control group, the next 197 comprised experimental group 1, and the remaining 196 comprised experimental group 2. Immediately after delivery, mothers and fathers in the three groups answered a test on breastfeeding knowledge; they completed the same test at the end of the first month. All families received home visits at the end of the first, second, fourth, and sixth months, or until breastfeeding ceased. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the mothers' and fathers' knowledge and frequency of breastfeeding. RESULTS: Postpartum advice increased the breastfeeding knowledge of mothers and fathers. The mothers with the highest level of knowledge had a 6.5 times higher chance of exclusively breastfeeding at the end of the third month, and 1.97 times higher chance of continuing breastfeeding to the end of the sixth month compared with other mothers. The fathers' knowledge also significantly influenced breastfeeding rates. The children whose fathers knew more had a 1.76 higher chance of being exclusively breastfed at the end of the first month, and 1.91 higher chance of receiving maternal milk at the end of the third month. CONCLUSION: A simple, inexpensive strategy can increase the level of breastfeeding knowledge of mothers and fathers and, consequently, have a positive impact on the frequency of breastfeeding.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Knowledge in health visiting practice.

Health visiting is a practical discipline, hence knowledge in health visiting practice cannot be thought of as inert, that is merely as items of information merely; rather, it must be thought of in terms of a dynamic interplay among the individuality of the knower (the practitioner), the sources whereby knowledge may be acquired, and the contexts in which it must be applied. This discussion is an exploration of that interplay. Thus, in the discussion, the distinctive demands on the practitioner (and the kinds of personal qualities these entail) in acquiring and applying knowledge are highlighted, as are the sources of knowledge and the constraints of context. Three sources of knowledge are noted: authority, personal experience, and intuition. Context is conceived both in terms of the macro, sociopolitical, level and in terms of the micro level, i.e. the individual homes and interpersonal relationships in and through which health visiting is typically practised. Conclusions are drawn relating to the education of health visitors. The discussion draws on a distinction between three kinds of knowledge: factual or propositional knowledge, knowledge by acquaintance, and practical knowledge, or know-how.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1995

A measure of knowledge and confidence in relation to HIV and AIDS: reliability and validity.

Knowledge of HIV and AIDS is widely seen as an important determinant of anxiety about such infection in health care workers. However, existing measures of this knowledge suffer from a number of methodological problems and few demonstrate adequate reliability and validity. This paper documents the development of a new measure detailing its reliability and validity. Knowledge, and also confidence in knowledge, were assessed across seven domains of relevant information (e.g. epidemiology, personal risk, symptomatology) in one non-expert group (non-medical undergraduate psychologist) and in three groups with greater expertise (nursing students and third year and final year medical students). The measure was shown to be reliable and to discriminate between the four groups in a manner consistent with the level of education received by each group and in terms of both the scale scores for the seven domains and the individual items. In general, final year medical students were shown to be more knowledgeable, and more confident in their knowledge, than the other groups. The non-medical undergraduates showed the lowest level of knowledge. In general, the groups appeared under-confident in their knowledge about HIV/AIDS. This was interpreted in terms of members of these groups exhibiting caution and the perceived fluctuating nature of the HIV knowledge base. Implications for the training of health care workers in relation to HIV/AIDS are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Carer knowledge of dysphagia management strategies.

Dysphagia can have many negative health consequences for people with learning disabilities, including dehydration, aspiration and asphyxiation. Few studies have investigated dysphagia management among adults with learning disabilities. This study aims to contribute to the existing knowledge by investigating carer knowledge of speech and language therapists' (SLTs) recommendations regarding dysphagia management, and by comparing carer knowledge with their behavioural adherence to SLT recommendations. An exploratory study was undertaken investigating carer knowledge of dysphagia management strategies, along with a within-participants' study comparing carer knowledge and adherence. Structured interviews were conducted with carers supporting adults with learning disabilities and dysphagia to explore and ascertain their knowledge of dysphagia management. These data were then compared with observational data gathered in naturalistic contexts, assessing the behavioural adherence of these same carers. Recommendations pertaining to altering consistency and using specialized equipment and utensils were recalled significantly more readily than those concerning support and prompting for the dysphagic persons. Moreover, carers adhered to management strategies to a significantly greater degree than they could recall the details of the written guidelines containing the dysphagia management strategies. The findings suggest that tangible and routinely used management strategies, e.g. food and drink consistency, and use of specialized utensils, are easier for carers to adhere to and remember than support-based strategies such as verbal prompting and pacing. The discrepancy between compliance and knowledge can be explained by calling upon cognitive theories of memory and skill acquisition. This has implications for the selection of relevant outcomes of dysphagia training of direct care staff. Knowledge does not necessarily predict actual behavioural adherence and, though desirable, does not appear to be an adequate outcome indicator if the goal is behavioural adherence. Practice implications for SLTs training carers in dysphagia management strategies include combating fossilization of incorrect knowledge; encouraging carers to refamiliarize themselves with management strategies and their rationales periodically following initial training; and providing more specific contingency information for support and prompting in the guideline documentation.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

How does beneficiary knowledge of the Medicare program vary by type of insurance?

BACKGROUND: Prior research found that Medicare beneficiaries' knowledge of the Medicare program varied by the type of supplemental insurance they had. However, none of these studies used both multivariate methods and nationally representative data to examine the issue. OBJECTIVES To measure beneficiary knowledge of the Medicare program and to evaluate how knowledge varies by type of supplemental insurance. RESEARCH DESIGN: A mail survey with telephone follow-up to a nationally representative random sample of Medicare beneficiaries, which had a 76% response rate. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of providing the Medicare & You handbook on beneficiary knowledge, information needs, and health plan decision making. SUBJECTS: A total of 3738 Medicare beneficiaries who completed the survey. MEASURES: A psychometrically validated 22-item index that reflects Medicare-related knowledge in seven different content areas. RESULTS Overall, beneficiaries with a Medicare HMO or non-employer-sponsored supplemental insurance were more knowledgeable about Medicare than those who had Medicare only. In general, beneficiaries tended to be more knowledgeable about issues related to the type of insurance they had (fee-for-service or managed care) than other types of insurance. CONCLUSIONS: Higher levels of knowledge about one's own type of insurance may suggest that beneficiaries learn by experience or they learn more about that type of insurance before enrollment. Further research is needed to better understand how and when beneficiaries learn about insurance and what educational strategies are more effective at increasing knowledge.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Improving the implementation of evidence-based practice: a knowledge management perspective.

Experience of knowledge management initiatives in non-health care organizations can offer useful insights, and strategies, to implement evidence-based practice in health care. Knowledge management offers a structured process for the generation, storage, distribution and application of knowledge in organizations. This includes both tacit knowledge (personal experience) and explicit knowledge (evidence). Communities of practice are a key component of knowledge management and have been recognized to be essential for the implementation of change in organizations. It is within communities of practice that tacit knowledge is actively integrated with explicit knowledge. Organizational factors that limit the development of knowledge management, including communities of practice, in non-health care organizations need to be overcome if the potential is to be achieved within health care.

Diffusion of Innovation↗

PubMed1998

Rural youth: HIV/STD knowledge levels and sources of information.

Though it is recognised that a sound knowledge of HIV/STD transmission is insufficient on its own to ensure that young people practise safer sex, knowledge of this sort is a necessary prerequisite to safe sex behaviours. Research on the HIV/STD knowledge levels of young people has shown that, while they have high levels of HIV knowledge, they generally have little idea about the transmission of other STDs. Moreover, most of this research has been conducted with more accessible youth in large urban centres. The research reported in this paper focused on HIV/STD knowledge levels, awareness of safe and unsafe sexual practices, and the information sources accessed by 1168 young people living in small rural towns in Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria. As with mainstream youth, the participants in this study had high levels of HIV knowledge and very low levels of knowledge about the transmission of other STDs, their names and symptoms. Practical knowledge of the safety of sexual practices was good, although a number of students confused high risk practices with high risk groups. Students mainly accessed informal information sources such as parents, peers and magazines and took little advantage of more formal sources even when they were available in their towns. There were few gender differences in levels of knowledge; however, girls accessed more information sources and knew more names of STDs. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to young people developing critical attitudes towards more informal sources, and the better use of more formal sources.

Adolescent↗