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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2007

Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blockade.

Peripheral nerve blockade (PNB) for orthopedic surgery is usually performed without visual guidance, relying mainly on surface anatomic landmarks and electrical stimulation to localize nerves. Moreover, multiple trial and error attempts to place a needle can frustrate the operator, cause unwarranted pain to the patient, and waste valuable time in the operating room. Inaccurate needle placement and spread of local anesthetic account for most PNB failures, whereas "trial and error" needle manipulations for nerve localization can cause complications. The recent application of ultrasound (US) to PNB affords real-time imaging of the target nerve, needle, and surrounding vasculature, such that needle proximity to the nerve is ensured and vascular puncture avoided. This article reviews the advantages, principles, and techniques of US for the most common types of PNB.

Brachial Plexus↗
PubMed1983

Computed tomography in the evaluation of plexopathies and proximal neuropathies.

We describe nine patients with plexopathies or proximal mononeuropathies due to mass lesions. In four, computed tomography (CT) was the only radiological technique to show the cause of the neuropathy. In five patients, CT either unequivocally confirmed the presence of an abnormality or was superior to other imaging techniques in showing its full anatomical extent. CT scanning is a valuable aid in the assessment of lesions of the peripheral nervous system, particularly plexopathies and mononeuropathies caused by retroperitoneal, pelvic or superior pulmonary sulcus tumors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Ascending pressor and depressor pathways in the cat spinal cord.

Blood pressure responses to stimulation of the cervical dorsolateral sulcus (DLS) of the spinal cord and lumbar dorsal roots were studied in anesthetized, vagotomized, and paralyzed cats. Stimulation of the lumbar dorsal roots elicited pressor responses with high-frequency stimulation (50 Hz, 10 V, 1 ms) and depressor responses with low-grequency stimulation (1 Hz, 10 V, 1 ms). Pressor responses were converted to depressor responses after bilateral lesions were made in the DLS area rostral to the site of stimulation. These results suggest that the ascending spinal pressor pathways are localized in the DLS region. Furthermore, these depressor responses were abolished by placing additional bilateral lesions in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) rostral to the site of stimulation. These data indicate the presence of ascending depressor pathways in the DLF which are anatomically separate from pressor pathways. Both pathways were found to be bilateral systems, and decussation of fibers appears to be complete within three segments rostral to their entry into the spinal cord. Ascending depressor pathways have a low optimal frequency of activation, as opposed to the ascending pressor pathways which have a relatively high optimal frequency of activation. Neurophysiological evidence obtained by recording unit activity from the cervical sympathetic trunk confirmed the localization of the ascending pressor and depressor pathways.

Animals↗