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PubMedDate not supplied

[Life style and psychopathology in management work].

Some remarks on the psychopathological approach to the problems inherent in man's adaptation to work are presented. Analysis of the literature on the subject shows that thus far its application has been fairly limited. Four cases of managers and professionals studied through Rorschach psychodiagnosis and an Adlerian clinico-psychodynamic approach are examined. The conclusion is that a working life style has proved rewarding although it has left unsolved deep problems that surfaced out of crisis situations not directly involving adaptation to work.

Humans↗

PubMed1984

Co-carcinogens of the initiation-(or tumor)promoter type as environmental risk factors of cancer in man, experimental analysis of an etiologic model situation of life style cancer and current problems of assessment of cancer risk in multifactorial carcinogenesis.

The identification of so-called co-carcinogens i.e. "per se essentially non-carcinogenic amplifiers" of carcinogenesis - especially promoters of initiation(or tumors) - as a new, non-classical group of risk factors has added a new dimension to the etiology of cancer in man. Indeed, in real human life, multifactorial causation of cancer may be considered the rule and classical unifactorial causation the exception. This comprehensive and current concept of the etiology of cancer in man and certain prototype experimental models of multifactorial carcinogenesis allow for proposals of a standardized terminology which may be adequate for common use in both, experimental and epidemiological oncology. On the background of a recent experimental analysis of life style esophageal cancer the current situation regarding the scientific basis of classification and grading of carcinogenic risk factors will be reviewed. It may be helpful in legislation aiming at more environmental safety.

Beverages↗

PubMed1991

[A study on urinary tin in healthy adults: relationship between the concentration of urinary tin and life style].

The concentrations of urinary tin in healthy adults in Aichi prefecture were determined by anodic stripping voltammetry over a period of three years (1986-1988), to obtain the normal tin level in urine and to elucidate the influence of environmental alterations on health conditions in the future. In addition to the above-mentioned method, the relationship to life style, dietary habits, smoking habits and living environment were studied, and the following results were obtained. 1) The mean +/- standard deviation of urinary tin levels for males was 3.7 +/- 2.2 (micrograms/g creatinine), and 5.9 +/- 3.0 (micrograms/g creatinine) for females. The data showed logarithmic normal distributions in both sexes, and the mean concentration for females was significantly higher than that for males (P less than 0.001). The levels of urinary tin concentrations significantly increased according with age. 2) Significant correlations of urinary tin concentrations between two observations were noticed in repeated by observed subjects. 3) As to the dietary habits, fish intake increased the urinary tin concentration, but no definite association with canned-food intake was observed. 4) Smoking habits and living environment also showed a tendency to increase the urinary tin concentration, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Blood pressure trends and life style risk factors in rural India.

A door to door survey of a random sample of 448 subjects (> or = 15 years of age) of Kodamendhi village (near Nagpur) revealed a prevalence of hypertension of 4% rising to 19% in more than 60 years age group. One of the main goals of the study was to search for social, behavioural and life style risk factors and provide baseline information on blood pressure distribution in rural Indian population, information regarding which is scarce from Central India. The relationship between alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, education, income and diet (assessed by a questionnaire administered by trained interviewers) to blood pressure were studied, in multivariate context. Separate multiple linear regression analysis, performed in males and females with mean blood pressure (MBP) as dependent variable showed that the MBP increased significantly with age (p = 0.000) and males had significantly higher MBP than females (p = 0.002). In males, BMI (p = 0.000) and alcohol intake (p = 0.008) were significantly related to MBP while smokers had significantly lower MBP than non smokers (p = 0.004). Per capita income was a significant predictor of MBP in females (p = 0.000). There was no relationship with education and diet.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The Florence city sample: dietary and life-style habits of a representative sample of adult residents. a comparison with the EPIC-Florence volunteers.

A representative sample of the general population residing in the city of Florence was invited to participate in the local section of the EPIC study with two major aims: i) to carry out a population-based survey on dietary and life-style habits in this urban area of Tuscany, Central Italy; ii) to compare these results with a large series of EPIC volunteers residing in the same municipality in order to evaluate the differences between the two groups. A random sample of 500 residents (250 women) aged 40-64 years, was invited to participate in the study; 362/500 (72.4%) accepted and followed the EPIC protocol. The distribution of selected individual characteristics (including measured weight and height) showed a high prevalence of being overweight in men (52.2%) and obesity in both sexes (17.4% in men and 12.5% in women). A dietary pattern characterized by a high consumption of red meat, processed meats, olive oil and wine emerged in both sexes; the consumption of vegetables and fresh fruit was approximately 200 and 300 g/day, respectively. The estimated mean intakes of macronutrients reflected this pattern, with a high mean intake of total fat and protein. The mean contribution to total caloric intake provided by fat was 30.9% and 33.6% in these randomly sampled men and women, respectively. The results were compared with those of 9,123 Florence residents aged 40-64 years and enrolled as EPIC volunteers. Current smokers and less educated subjects were less represented among male volunteers, who, in general, showed a healthier dietary pattern (more fresh fruit and less spirits). Female volunteers were taller and heavier and consumed more fresh fruit but also more beef and less carbohydrates. Other statistically significant differences emerged, but the absolute values of these differences were usually modest and the two groups appeared remarkably similar. Overall, our results suggest that the large EPIC-Florence cohort was not strictly selected and showed a total caloric intake and a range of dietary variability similar to that of the general population of the same area.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Socio-demographic and life-style factors in a Swiss study of HIV non-progression].

OBJECTIVES: The study investigates associations between socio-demographic or lifestyle factors and the progression of HIV. METHODS: We recruited a Swiss cohort (n = 56) of long-term survivors and conducted a cross-sectional study of laboratory data as well as factors concerning socio-demography, life-style, and psychology. On the basis of laboratory results, the cohort was divided into 2 subgroups, non-progressors (n = 31) and slow progressors (n = 25), which were subsequently compared. RESULTS: The comparison of socio-demographic factors showed that non-progressors were younger and had a higher income than slow progressors. Our data do not show an association between lifestyle and disease progression. DISCUSSION: Younger age as a cofactor of non-progression confirms various other studies. The association between income and disease progression, also found in another cohort, cannot be explained by unequal access to therapies since, in accordance with the inclusion criteria, no one in our cohort had received antiretroviral therapies. Further research in this field seems important to determine possible links between socio-economic status and disease progression. The lack of association between disease progression and lifestyle factors such as drug use, physical activity or nutrition is in contrast to a common view of HIV in our study population, but is confirmed by a majority of the research in this field.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

[The main trends in the training of medical college students in clinical departments in the propagandizing of a healthy life style].

Popularization of the healthy way of life (HWL) at the medical institutes is a crucial problem, since on the one hand, the medical institute is to train good specialists in terms of their own health and, on the other hand, these specialists are to popularize the HWL among the community. The paper is a summary of the experience of 10 clinical departments of the Vladivostok Medical Institute, gained with popularization of the HWL. The purpose lies in the training of the specialists in the methodology and techniques by which the HWL is to be introduced in the consciousness of the community. The realization of the purpose involves the use of conventional and original methodological approaches to the organization of the training and educational process and their differentiation at certain stages. The program and plan of the training include the use of both required and facultative forms of the training, active participation of the students in carrying out health measures among the community.

Health Education↗

PubMed1992

Shaping a life-style of independence. Abilities, aging, and environmental design.

What makes our own aging so interesting and predictions about normative aging profiles so difficult is that there are many different capacities that may be altered. The composite pattern of strengths and needs and of the degree of need has yet to be described. This makes predictions about what people can or could do difficult. Each individual represents a mosaic of capacity and loss resulting from the impact of capacities such as vision, hearing, response time, posture, gait, energy level, and even recall and the demands placed upon them by their individual circumstances, life-styles, and environments. A person with major memory loss and tremendous energy may be different from one who experiences slight losses in vision, hearing, mobility, agility, and a crystal clear memory. Their behavioral changes may be more evident in strange environments than in familiar ones. This mosaic of capabilities and needs makes traditional interventions that are focused on a singular disability or major diagnostic conditions difficult. Traditional rehabilitation methods need to be adapted to grapple with the diversity of older people functioning in a community. Adaptations in our understanding of people, activities, and environments will put us in a better position to facilitate the normal interactions of older people in senior centers and, importantly, in public intergenerational settings. Older people have not been well served by services, programs, and legislation that have focused on single disabilities or devices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Motivation to change life-style following PTCA.

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) patients often consider the status of their cardiovascular disease and recovery to be of minimal concern because of the short hospital stay, rapid procedural technique, and immediate potential success of PTCA without requiring open-heart surgery. The relative ease of the PTCA procedure may reduce patients' fears and thus decrease their motivation to reduce known cardiac risk factors after the procedure. A pilot study of this problem was performed to identify and examine the experiences, perceptions, and motivation for life-style changes in patients electively scheduled for PTCA.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

The measurement of stress-inducing life events and life styles: questions of conceptual independence and discriminant validity.

Research on psycho-social sources of coronary heart disease (CHD) has focused on two basic ideas: on the one hand that CHD is the result of the accumulation of stress-inducing events and, on the other hand, that CHD stems from the way in which individuals live their lives and respond to events that do occur. While it is relatively easy to separate these ideas at the conceptual level, the research reported here indicates that the two most prominent operationalizations of life situation and life style share some degree of commonality in their domains. Specifically, a comparison of the responses of 205 individuals indicate that variations in scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey are associated with variations in scores on subjective but not objective items on the Recent Life Changes Questionnaire. The implications of these results for the study of psycho-social factors in CHD are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Eating and life style habits in primary school student population from Mataro (Barcelona) associated with consumption of sugar and TV watching].

BACKGROUND: Most important trends of knowledge and behaviour are built on childhood and adolescence. Thus, to act on non healthy habits at early ages should have more impact in the development of later diseases. METHODS: 2,898 primary school students answered a written self administered questionnaire containing items about Dietary habits life-style habits, and familiar socioeconomic level. Cluster analysis was used to obtain the profile of student groups with higher probabilities to develop the risk habits studied. RESULTS: High consumption of television is associated with older ages, refreshments intake, and moderate consumption of sugar. On the other hand, high consumption of sugar is associated with older ages, usual intake of candies, type of school, low intake of raw vegetables, and low consumption of fruits. CONCLUSIONS: Other non healthy dietary and lifestyle habits show clustering in high consumers of television and/or sugar. The influence of socioeconomic level on getting risk habits is well stated; however, the role played by this variable in the results of our study remains uncertain, probably due to the utilization of indirect data. The resultants profiles suggest that the presence of some non healthy lifestyle habits, such as high television and sugar consumption, tends to cluster other risk habits in the same person.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Refining an emergent life-style-change theory through matrix analysis.

Matrix analysis is a methodologic tool used by researchers to systematically enter qualitative data into matrices and to simultaneously perform the complex integrative functions of data analysis and verification of findings. The article focuses on (1) the steps of qualitative data analysis that can be achieved by using matrix analysis, (2) the appropriate conditions for using matrix analysis, (3) the procedure for constructing a matrix, (4) the application of matrix analysis to a research problem that involved refining an emergent theory of the health life-style-change process, and (5) the use of matrix analysis to meet the criteria for trustworthiness of research findings.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1981

Blood pressure reduction by change in life style. The CVD intervention study in Glostrup.

In a controlled, primary intervention, cardiovascular survey on 928 men and women aged exactly 30, 40, 50 & 60 years, a significant reduction (about 5 mmHg) was found in systolic blood pressure mean difference before and after intervention between the intervention- and control group. The observation time was 7 months. Most of the twentynine drop outs were excluded for personal reasons or because of antihypertensive treatment. A reasonable explanation for the blood pressure reduction is a change in life style, in the intervention group. The subjects in the intervention group increased physical activity and decreased fat and salt intake in contrast to the control group (p less than 0.001, 0.005).

Adult↗

PubMed2004

[Development of the cookie test for the early detection and analyses of metabolic risk factors of the life style related diseases and its significance].

While with toleranG 30% of the healthy subjects showed reactive hypoglycemia(2 h BS below 80 mg/dl) with symptoms, with cookie tests none showed hypoglycemia nor adverse effect. In National Cardiovascular Center, the rate of reactive hypoglycemia was 4.1% and in those with 2 h BS below 50 mg was 0.5%. The incidence seemed to be various according to the insulin reserve of pancreatic beta-cells. In subjects with life style related disorder, additional abnormalities other than basal were revealed together with insulin resistance(AUCInsulin, AUCInsulin x AUCGlucose). In subjects with exercise habit, who exhibited lower energy expenditure at rest but higher VO2max, shwoed smaller increase of blood glucose and insulin above basal on cookie test, indicating increased insulin sensitivity. A new snack test in subjects without exocrine pancreatic disorder serves natural carbohydrate(75 g) and fat source(24 g). The test has less adverse effects, like reactive hypoglycemia. The test revealed glucose intolerance, diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, postprandial dyslipidemia and insulin resistance more efficiently than in the routinely performed OGTT (liquid glucose) or fat loading test.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed1990

Nonconventional family life-styles and sex typing in six-year-olds.

Sex role socialization and 6-year-old children's sex-typed knowledge and behavior were compared across 5 nonconventional family types (avant garde, countercultural, conventional alternatives, communal, and changeable/troubled) (n = 154) and a conventionally married comparison sample (n = 51). The avant garde and countercultural families combined the strongest sex egalitarian beliefs, with commitment to a proactive, questioning orientation toward society, and relative stability in family life-style choice. Children in the avant garde and countercultural families also displayed non-sex-typed knowledge of objects and occupations more often than did children in the other families, but all children showed knowledge of sex-typed schemas as well. Only scattered differences were found on other measures of children's sex-typed preferences or in sex-typed behavior. The form of the family or domestic unit (single parent, married couple, unmarried couple, or commune) was not related to sex typing, and socioeconomic measures had little effect, compared to nonconventional family types. Girls had more flexible sex-typing training and displayed non-sex-typed schemas more than boys across family types, conventional and nonconventional alike.

Child↗

PubMed1997

[Physicians who smoke. A survey of smoking habits and life style of Norwegian physicians].

Norwegian physicians have changed their smoking habits to a greater degree than the general population. The fact that relatively few physicians now smoke daily makes it especially interesting to study those who continue to smoke. Differences between groups with varying smoking habits have been studied on the basis of data from the Norwegian Physician Survey. The main sample consisted of 1,047 out of 1,476 randomly selected Norwegian physicians (71%) who responded in 1993 to a mailed questionnaire on lifestyle. 8% of the female and 14% of the male physicians characterized themselves as daily smokers, and 9 and 13%, respectively as occasional smokers. The highest fraction of daily smokers is found among surgical specialists (21%) and the lowest among specialists in community medicine. Compared with the non-smokers, the daily smokers drink more coffee and alcohol, use more benzodiazepines, and have a more sedentary life-style.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

The effects of diet and life-style on bone mass in women.

Osteoporosis is characterized by a reduction in bone density. The majority of Caucasian women are at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures, especially in the wrist, spine, and hip. The degree of fracture risk at a specific bone site is best assessed by measuring the density of the bone with single- and dual-photon absorptiometry or with computed tomography. Bone density in women at any adult age is quite variable. Numerous diet and life-style factors are thought to influence bone density and, in turn, fracture risk. Strong evidence exists for a relationship between bone density and amenorrhea, body weight, alcoholism, smoking, and inactivity. In contrast, conflicting or insufficient evidence exists for a relationship with dietary protein, phosphorus, caffeine, and calcium intake. To minimize fracture risk, young women should have regular menses, consume a nutritionally adequate diet, perform regular physical activity, and, probably, use fluoridated water. When immediately postmenopausal, women should seriously consider estrogen replacement, since osteopenia is the rule, rather than the exception, in old age.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Anxiety: personality, life style or illness?].

The nosology of anxiety disorders has been several times modified during the last years, but some important questions in this field still remain unresolved. The threshold between anxiety disorders and normal or physiological anxious states is often difficult to formally describe. Epidemiological studies do show that important variations of prevalence rates can be obtained by little modifications of diagnostic criteria. Generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia for example must be defined by severity and impairment criteria, adequately demanding to distinguish actual pathology from normal states or particular life styles. The other point is the distinction between anxiety disorders and personality traits or disorders. Only a few epidemiological studies have addressed this issue, but two models can be used: first categorical definitions of personality disorders (e.g. avoidant, dependent, or anankastic personality disorders), and second main personality traits such as neuroticism, behavioral inhibition, or trait-anxiety. Clinical epidemiological surveys and longitudinal studies may lead to significant progress in the comprehension of these problems.

Anxiety↗