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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Microbial degradation of explosives and related compounds.

The pollution of soil and water with explosives and related compounds caused by military activities has been known for a long time, but progress in understanding the environmental fate of such substances has only been made in the last few years. Microbial processes could be used for the remediation of explosives-contaminated soils and waste waters because it has been shown that a variety of different microorganisms are able to metabolize these chemical compounds. In some cases even a complete mineralization has been found, whereas in others only biotransformation reactions took place, producing more or less toxic and/or recalcitrant metabolites. Studies with pure cultures of bacteria and fungi have given detailed insights into the biodegradation pathways of at least some nitroorganic compounds. Additionally, some of the key enzymes have been isolated and purified or studied in crude extracts. This review summarizes information on the biodegradation and biotransformation pathways of several important explosives. This may be useful in developing microbiological methods for a safe and economic clean-up of soil and water contaminated with such compounds. It also shows the necessity of further investigations concerning the microbial metabolism of these substances.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Cause-specific mortality of white-tailed deer as influenced by military training activities in southwestern Oklahoma.

Radio-telemetry was used to monitor movements and mortality of 56 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in response to intensive military training activities on West Range (18,000 ha), Fort Sill Military Reservation, Oklahoma. Cause-specific mortality was determined for 22 radio-collared deer, including adults (greater than or equal to 2.0-yr-old), yearlings (0.6-1.9-yr-old), and fawns (less than or equal to 75-day-old age group) from 1987 to 1989. Winter home ranges were largely confined to a 14,411 ha impact area centrally located on West Range. The mean annual mortality rate was 0.50 for adults and yearlings combined. Fifty percent of all adult and yearling mortality was attributed to military training activities, 28% to hunting, 16% to collisions with automobiles, and 6% to unknown causes. The mean monthly mortality rate was 0.61 for neonatal fawns and predation accounted for three of four mortalities. All captured deer in the greater than or equal to 2.6-yr-old, 82% in the 1.6-yr-old, 10% in the 0.6-yr-old, and all deer in the less than 7-day-old age groups were seropositive for bluetongue virus (BTV). Our study strongly suggests that the consequences of military training activities should be considered in the management of white-tailed deer herds on military installations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reshaping an industry: Lockheed Martin's survival story.

In most industries, the loss of a few percentage points in the market is a severe setback, even a catastrophe. The U.S. defense industry has seen more than 50% of its market disappear, and the companies that make up the industry have faced the need for the equivalent of self-administered surgery with no insurance, no anesthetic, and no assurance of long-term health. In 1995, Martin Marietta and Lockheed combined to form Lockheed Martin. That company has emerged in a most coveted role: survivor. In fact, it has seen its stock price nearly double in less than two years. In this article, CEO Norman Augustine relates the company's experience and offers some difficult-and painful-prescriptions. For example, his first piece of advice: Read the tea leaves. The tremors of change in the defense industry began not when the Soviet Union imploded but when a new term entered the business lexicon: financial engineering. After narrow escapes from takeover attempts, both Martin Marietta and Lockheed learned that forced restructurings signal problems ahead. Companies in turbulent industries need road maps-even when there don't seem to be any roads. And they must seize the opportunities for making large changes that upheaval provides. But companies such as Lockheed Martin can't afford to be distracted by change. It's easier said than done, but managers must stay focused on their business, their customers, and their most important asset: employees. Companies in technology-driven industries must reinvent themselves continually. The bad news is that change requires hard decisions. The good news is that success awaits organizations willing to make those decisions.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1998

Positioning, labelling, and medical information control of co-artemether tablets (CPG 56697): a fixed novel combination of artemether and benflumetol. Novartis Co-Artemether International Development Team.

Coartemether is a fixed 1:6 ratio of artemether and lumefantrine (benflumetol), a joint development between Novartis Pharma and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences (Beijing, China). It is well tolerated and has a high efficacy against uncomplicated and drug resistant falciparum malaria by oral administration. The preclinical profile of coartemether revealed no prohibitive toxicological, teratogenic or mutagenic findings. No evidence of neurotoxicity was seen in oral preclinical studies. It shows a negative response to the induction of resistance and prevents recrudescence. Clinically, coartemether shows a rapid onset of antiparasitic action, resolution of symptoms, no clinical neurotoxicity and excellent parasite clearance.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Laboratory animal medicine education and training in the uniformed services: a brief history.

The history of laboratory animal medicine education and training for uniformed (U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Public Health Service) veterinarians is reviewed from the beginnings in 1961 at the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine. Of the 636 currently listed diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, at least 208 (32.7%) received specialty training or experience in this discipline while on extended active duty in one of the uniformed services. The evolving "climate" has led to the establishment of the most recent program within the uniformed services at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The medical preparation of a special forces company for pilot recovery.

This article describes a method used by a Special Forces Battalion Medical Section to create a plan for a short-notice deployment. The unit mission included pilot recovery and was therefore intrinsically connected with the delegation of medical care. Initial attention was directed at identifying the types of injuries sustained by pilots ejected from modern jet aircraft. Special Forces medics were then trained to handle these specific injuries. Efforts were additionally directed at refreshing combat medical skills. Three classes were provided. Medical preparation of support personnel followed current doctrine. Once deployed, the Battalion Medical Section established a casualty evacuation plan. Descriptions of the deployment, data gathered, and lessons learned are provided.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed2001

The philanthropic string: medical aspects of military strategy.

Since antiquity, medical care has played an important role in both military strategy and conflict resolution. Although this is usually a negative and an unintended event, medical care can be a positive and a rational alternative to present-day weapons of mass destruction. Yet, military and civilian planners have not traditionally accepted, recognized, and used a "philanthropic string." Nevertheless, medical care can be an important factor in resolving international conflict, either in support of military operations or as a separate function. Therefore, it is timely, and pragmatic, to include humanitarian medical care in strategic military planning.

Altruism↗