SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Meat Substitutes”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

The rise of the hominids as an adaptive shift in fallback foods: plant underground storage organs (USOs) and australopith origins.

We propose that a key change in the evolution of hominids from the last common ancestor shared with chimpanzees was the substitution of plant underground storage organs (USOs) for herbaceous vegetation as fallback foods. Four kinds of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) dental and masticatory adaptations of hominids in comparison with the African apes; (2) changes in australopith dentition in the fossil record; (3) paleoecological evidence for the expansion of USO-rich habitats in the late Miocene; and (4) the co-occurrence of hominid fossils with root-eating rodents. We suggest that some of the patterning in the early hominid fossil record, such as the existence of gracile and robust australopiths, may be understood in reference to this adaptive shift in the use of fallback foods. Our hypothesis implicates fallback foods as a critical limiting factor with far-reaching evolutionary effects. This complements the more common focus on adaptations to preferred foods, such as fruit and meat, in hominid evolution.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1986

The effects of a high-animal- and a high-vegetable-protein diet on mineral balance and bowel function of young men.

1. Twelve young men were given for periods of 20 d, each of three mixed diets, namely a low-protein (LP) diet (9% total energy as protein, 67% of animal origin), a high-animal-protein (HA) diet (16% total energy as protein, 67% of animal origin) and a high-vegetable-protein (HV) diet (16% total energy as protein, 67% of vegetable origin). Retention of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper as well as various bowel function indices were investigated during each dietary period. 2. Neither the HA diet nor the HV diet changed the retention of the minerals considerably. Only Fe balance decreased significantly on the HV diet. 3. Substituting the HV diet for the HA diet resulted in significant increases in faecal wet weight (17 g/d), defaecation frequency (0.12 stools/d), faecal volatile fatty acids (2.6 mmol/d) and a decrease in faecal bile acids (128 mumol/d). 4. It is concluded that a HV diet, rather than a HA diet is to be recommended with respect to bowel function, whereas the HV diet does not necessarily have a significant influence on mineral retention.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Bioavailability of phosphorus in meat and bone meal for swine.

Meat and bone meal (MBM), when supplemented with tryptophan, is an excellent protein source for pigs. It is also a rich source of Ca and P, but some research has suggested that the bioavailability of P is variable. Experiment 1 further examined the bioavailability of P in MBM. The MBM was obtained directly from a plant and was processed to pass through a 10-mesh screen. It contained 50.7% CP, 2.26% lysine, 10.0% Ca, and 5.0% P (air-dry basis). Individually penned pigs (n = 35; 17 kg initial BW) were fed (ad libitum basis) a low-P, corn-soybean meal-basal diet (0.95% lysine, 0.70% Ca, 0.34% P; as-fed basis) or the basal with graded levels of added P (0.067, 0.133, 0.200%) from monosodium phosphate (MSP) or MBM for 40 d. The Ca level was 0.70% in all diets. Diets were fortified with salt, vitamins, and trace minerals. At termination, the third and fourth metacarpals and metatarsals and femurs were removed from all pigs. Growth rate and feed:gain improved linearly (P < 0.01) with P addition, regardless of source, whereas ADFI was unaffected (P = 0.20). Bone strength and ash increased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing level of P from either source. The main effect of P source (MSP vs. MBM) was not significant, except for the greater femur strength (P < 0.05) in the pigs fed the MSP-supplemented diets. Femur and metacarpal/metatarsal strength and metacarpals ash (grams) were regressed on grams of added P consumed for each P source, with the basal included in both regressions. Based on slope ratios (MSP considered as 100%), the relative bioavailability of P in MBM averaged 87% when the regression lines were forced through a common intercept and 95% when unforced. In Exp. 2, 100 pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-MBM diets from 45 to 110 kg BW to evaluate MBM as the sole source of supplemental P. The MBM (54% CP, 2.3% lysine, 9.2% Ca, 4.4% P; air-dry basis) was substituted for corn and soybean meal on a lysine basis, and crystalline lysine was added to all diets at 0.15%. Tryptophan was included in diets containing MBM. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with P source (dicalcium phosphate or MBM) and P level as the two factors. The two levels of P and Ca were at the NRC requirement or the NRC level plus 0.10% additional P and Ca. Performance, carcass traits, and bone strength were not affected by source of P and Ca, but bone strength was greater (P < 0.01) at the higher P and Ca level. These results indicate that the bioavailability of P in MBM, relative to that in MSP, is high (approximately 91%) for growing pigs, and MBM can serve as the sole source of supplemental P and Ca for finishing pigs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Improved subtilisin YaB production in Bacillus subtilis using engineered synthetic expression control sequences.

Alkaline elastase YaB, a favorable meat tenderizer, is an extracellular subtilisin-type protease produced by wild strain alkalophilic Bacillus YaB. The gene ale coding for subtilisin YaB with its own expression control sequence has been cloned and expressed in Bacillus subtilis, but at levels much lower than in the parental strain Bacillus YaB. This study investigates the influence of various expression control sequences including expression control sequences of cdd and veg from B. subtilis, a synthetic expression control sequence (SECS), and engineered synthetic expression control sequences (engineered SECSs) on the expression of subtilisin YaB in B. subtilis. The engineered SECSs were generated by using the Polymerase Chain Reaction; their UP element, Shine-Dargarno (SD) sequence, or both were different from those of the native SECS. The expression efficiencies of SECS and engineered SECSs were higher than those of expression control sequences of ale, cdd, and veg. Substitution of the SD sequence of SECS resulted in higher expression of subtilisin YaB than substitution of the UP element, whereas combined substitution of both gave the highest expression. These results demonstrate that engineering of SECSs is an approach for improving subtilisin YaB production in B. subtilis. Moreover, it is suggested that these enginnered SECSs could potentially be used to express homologous and heterologous proteins in B. subtilis at high level.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed2006

Potassium diazoacetate-induced p53 mutations in vitro in relation to formation of O6-carboxymethyl- and O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA adducts: relevance for gastrointestinal cancer.

Nitrosated glycine derivatives react with DNA to form O6-carboxymethyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (O6-CMdG) and O6-methyl-2'-deoxyguanosine (O6-MedG) adducts concurrently. O6-CMdG is not repaired by O6-alkylguanine alkyltransferases and might be expected to lead to mutations via a similar mechanism to O6-MedG. Potassium diazoacetate (KDA) is a stable form of nitrosated glycine and its ability to induce mutations in the p53 gene in a functional yeast assay was studied. Treatment of a plasmid containing the human p53 cDNA sequence with KDA afforded readily detectable levels of O6-CMdG and O6-MedG. The treated plasmid was used to transform yeast cells and coloured colonies harbouring a p53 sequence with functional mutations were detected. Recovery of the mutated plasmids followed by DNA sequencing enabled the mutation spectrum of KDA to be characterised. The most common mutations induced by KDA were substitutions with >50% occurring at GC base pairs. In contrast to the methylating agent methylnitrosourea which gives predominantly (>80%) GC-->AT transitions, KDA produced almost equal amounts of transitions (GC-->AT) and transversions (GC-->TA and AT-->TA). This difference is probably due to a different mode of base mispairing for O6-CMdG compared with O6-MedG. The pattern of mutations induced by KDA was very similar to the patterns observed in mutated p53 in human gastrointestinal tract tumours. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that nitrosation of glycine (or glycine derivatives) may contribute to characteristic human p53 mutation profiles. This conclusion is borne out by recent observations that O6-CMdG is present in human DNA both from blood and exfoliated colorectal cells and is consistent with recent epidemiological studies that have concluded that endogenous nitrosation arising from red meat consumption is related to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed1991

Saturated and hydrogenated fats in food in relation to health.

The report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults published in 1988 evoked great interest from the medical profession, the public, and food manufacturers. The merits of different dietary interventions to lower plasma cholesterol are debated in advertising, popular publications, and research publications. The present paper is a review of the contributions of saturated and trans fatty acids (FA) to the US diet, their metabolism, and effects upon plasma cholesterol. Saturated (SFA) and trans FA are metabolized to yield energy. They are not dietary essentials; SFA can be biosynthesized, and trans FA are not naturally occurring in plants, with only very small amounts in animals. Trans FA are produced in hydrogenation of liquid vegetable oils and are estimated to contribute 3-7% of the fat consumed. Most of the SFA in the US diet (35% of total fat consumed) is obtained from meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products (approximately 60%). The fats and oils consumed directly or as components of food products, mostly baked goods, contribute approximately 20% of the SFA. More than 30 years of research led the NCEP to conclude that SFA was the most potent dietary component in increasing plasma cholesterol, and that no more than 10% of the energy (en%) of the diet should be SFA. Trans FA are metabolized similarly to SFA, but no recommendation has been made about their consumption. Reduction of consumption of SFA should be practiced in a prudent manner, by reducing consumption of foods high in SFA, and not by eliminating classes of foods. Some changes in formulations of foods or preparation practices (type of frying fat) can be made. These modifications may decrease the palatability of the food, thereby presenting a challenge to the food industry. Substitution of fats hydrogenated to contain trans FA for fats high in SFA may not be beneficial to health. Labeling of foods would improve the ability of the consumer to make appropriate choices.

Cholesterol↗

PubMed2002

Monitoring volatile compounds during dry-cured ham ripening by solid-phase microextraction coupled to a new direct-extraction device.

Key flavour volatile compounds were monitored during ripening of dry-cured ham by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to a new direct-extraction device (DED). DED allows the insertion of the SPME fibre into the core of solid materials with no damage to the fibre. This enables extraction of volatiles from solid foodstuffs while avoiding sample handling. Major groups of volatile compounds extracted with SPME-DED agreed with available scientific literature about dry-cured ham volatiles. Moreover, volatile compounds previously highlighted as quality markers in dry-cured ham, such as 3-methylbutanal or hexanal, were satisfactorily extracted using SPME-DED. Changes in the profile of volatile compounds throughout the processing followed a typical pattern of volatile compounds formation. Therefore, SPME-DED appears as a new and promising method for monitoring ripening of dry-cured hams with no depreciation of the product, which might substitute traditional subjective methods currently used in the ham processing industry. However, the use of the internal standard method is not possible with this technique. Therefore, results using SPME-DED only point out a trend in the volatile profile. Further attempts relating data obtained using SPME-DED in dry-cured hams with sensory and chemical data from the same samples would be necessary for optimising this method as a quality control method in dry-cured ham industries.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Soy product consumption in 10 European countries: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the variation of soy product intake in 10 European countries by using a standardised reference dietary method. A subsidiary aim was to characterise the pattern of soy consumption among a sub-group of participants with a habitual health-conscious lifestyle (HHL), i.e. non-meat eaters who are fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans. DESIGN: A 24-hour dietary recall interview (24-HDR) was conducted among a sample (5-12%) of all cohorts in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Study participants totalled 35 955 after exclusion of subjects younger than 35 or older than 74 years of age. Soy products were subdivided into seven sub-groups by similarity. Distribution of consumption and crude and adjusted means of intake were computed per soy product group across countries. Intake of soy products was also investigated among participants with an HHL. RESULTS: In total, 195 men and 486 women reported consuming soy products in the 24-HDR interview. Although soy product intake was generally low across all countries, the highest intake level was observed in the UK, due to over-sampling of a large number of participants with an HHL. The most frequently consumed soy foods were dairy substitutes in the UK and France and beans and sprouts among mid-European countries. For both genders, the sub-group of soy dairy substitutes was consumed in the highest quantities (1.2 g day-1 for men; 1.9 g day-1 for women). Participants with an HHL differed substantially from others with regard to demographic, anthropometric and nutritional factors. They consumed higher quantities of almost all soy product groups. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of soy products is low in centres in Western Europe. Soy dairy substitutes are most frequently consumed. Participants with an HHL form a distinct sub-group with higher consumptions of fruit, vegetables, legumes, cereals and soy products compared with the other participants.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Genetic linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci for behavioral and neuroendocrine stress response traits in pigs.

A QTL analysis of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to a "novel environment" stress was conducted in a three-generation experimental cross between Meishan and Large White pig breeds. A total of 186 F2 males and 182 F2 females were studied for their behavioral and neuroendocrine reactivity to a novel environment test at 6 wk of age. Locomotion, vocalization, and defecation rate, as well as exploration time, were measured for 10 min. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after the test to measure plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol, and glucose. Animals were typed for a total of 137 markers covering the entire porcine genome. Analyses were performed using two interval mapping methods: a line-cross regression method, where founder lines were assumed to be fixed for different QTL alleles, and a half-/full-sib maximum likelihood method where allele substitution effects were estimated within each half-/full-sib family. Both methods revealed a highly significant gene effect for poststress cortisol level (P < 0.001) and a significant effect for basal cortisol level (P < 0.05) at the end of the q arm of chromosome 7, explaining, respectively, 20% and 7% of the phenotypic variance. Meishan alleles are associated with higher cortisol levels and are partially dominant (for poststress levels) over Large White alleles. Other significant gene effects on biological measures were detected on chromosomes 1 and 17 (ACTH response to stress), 3, 5, and 8 (glucose levels). The SSC 17 QTL explains 12% of the phenotypic variance of poststress ACTH levels, with a suggestive evidence of imprinting effects. Meishan alleles are associated with lower poststress ACTH levels. Gene effects of low amplitude only were found for behavioral reactivity traits. Considering the effects of stress neuroendocrine systems on energy fluxes and protein deposition, and the importance of stress reactivity for meat quality and animal welfare, these results open new perspectives for pig selection.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed2005

Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of beef by substitution of grass silage with maize silage.

This study investigated the effect of substituting grass silage (C3 photosynthetic plant product) with maize silage (C4 photosynthetic plant product) on the natural abundance carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) stable isotope composition of bovine muscle tissue. Forty-five continental crossbred heifers were assigned to one of three diets consisting of 3 kg of a barley-based concentrate plus grass silage, maize silage or an equal mixture (dry matter basis) of grass silage and maize silage, fed ad libitum, for 167 days. Substitution resulted in less negative delta13C values (P<0.001) in lipid-free muscle and in lipid, and also a lower delta15N (P<0.001) in lipid-free muscle. Feeding of maize silage was clearly reflected in the delta13C of muscle, with each 10% difference in the dietary C4 carbon intake resulting in a 0.9 to 1.0 per thousand shift of delta13C in lipid-free muscle and a 1.0 to 1.2 per thousand in lipid. Minimum detectable mean differences (95% confidence, power 0.80, n=15) in this experiment were about 0.5 per thousand and 1.0 per thousand for delta13C of lipid-free muscle and lipid, respectively, and about 0.5 per thousand for delta15N of lipid-free muscle. The power analysis presented here is useful for estimating minimum isotopic differences that can be detected between any two groups of beef samples with a given number of replicates. It is concluded that carbon stable isotope ratio analysis of meat can be used to quantify C3/C4 dietary constituents in beef production.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

A statistical survey of dioxin-like compounds in United States beef: a progress report.

The USEPA and the USDA have completed the first statistically designed survey of the occurrence and concentration of CDDs and CDFs in the fat of beef animals raised for human consumption in the United States. Back fat was sampled from 63 carcasses at federally inspected slaughter establishments nationwide. The sample design called for sampling beef animal classes in proportion to national annual slaughter statistics. All samples were analyzed using a modification of EPA method 1613, using isotope dilution, High Resolution GC/MS to determine the rate of occurrence of 2,3,7,8-substituted CDDs/CDFS. The whole weight method detection limits ranged from 0.05 ng kg-1 for TCDD to 3 ng kg-1 for OCDD. The results of this survey showed a mean concentration (reported as I-TEQ, lipid adjusted) in U.S. beef animals of 0.35 ng kg-1 and 0.89 ng kg-1 when either non-detects are treated as 0 value or assigned a value of 1/2 the detection limit, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A tool for individualized management of fat-controlled diets.

Presently recommended fat-controlled dietary plans are rigid in pattern and require omission of some foods and substitution of others with little regard for the individual's food preferences. A tool for individualized management of fat-controlled diets has been developed. Commonly eaten foods have been grouped according to their fat content. After the patient's habitual dietary intake is analyzed by computer or food composition table, changes in the diet are recommended, using the food groups, so that the guidelines of a fat-controlled diet may be met with a minimum deviation from individual food preferences.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Methods for recovering Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle fecal, hide, and carcass samples: sensitivity and improvements.

The Meats Research Unit (MRU) methods, developed by MRU scientists of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, have been used to study the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle carcass, hide, and fecal samples. The sensitivity of these methods for recovery of injured E. coli O157:H7 cells from inoculated and uninoculated samples was determined, and potential improvements to these methods were evaluated. When using the conventional MRU methods, 91% of the pre-evisceration carcass samples tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 when inoculated with 5 to 10 CFU, 100% of hide samples tested positive for E. coli O157:H7 when inoculated with 30 to 50 CFU, and 96% of the fecal samples produced positive results when inoculated with 300 to 400 CFU per 10 g. The addition of a phosphate buffer to the tryptic soy broth enrichment improved recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from feces. Using the modified enrichment, 92% of the samples were identified as positive when inoculated with 10 to 30 CFU per 10 g. Substituting a commercially available wash buffer for the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) plus Tween 20 wash buffer during immunomagnetic separation of hide samples improved recovery of the target organism at lower inoculum concentrations. When comparing uninoculated samples, substituting a PBS buffer plus a zwitterionic detergent for PBS plus Tween 20 also had a positive effect on recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from hide samples. Data presented here indicate that the MRU methods are highly effective at recovering injured E. coli O157:H7 from fecal, hide, and beef carcass samples; however, modifications can be added to increase the sensitivity.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed2002

Optimized separation and determination of methyl sulfone metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE in biota samples.

An optimised method is described for the determination of 27 methyl sulfone polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and DDE in biota samples. Initially, the samples were extracted by hot Soxhlet and the methyl sulfones were separated by liquid/liquid extraction with concentrated sulfuric acid and back-extracted with hexane. The parameters of the back-extraction were studied and it was found that for a quantitative extraction of the methyl sulfones from the concentrated acid layer, a 50% dilution with cold water should be done. The hexane layer containing the methyl sulfones was further cleaned-up on basic silica (33% KOH) and Florisil. After concentration, the extract was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron capture negative ionisation (ECNI) in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). It was shown that, for methyl sulfones, the ion formation was dependent on the chlorine substitution, position of the MeSO2-group and the ion source temperature. If the ion source temperature was higher than 200 degrees C, [M-CH3]- was the predominant ion for most methyl sulfones. Therefore, for increased sensitivity, quantitation of most congeners was done using [M-CH3]- ions instead of the molecular ion as used in previously reported methods. The method was validated for the determination of 26 tri- to hepta- 3- and 4-substituted MeSO2-PCBs and 3-MeSO2-DDE in animal and human tissues. Good sensitivity and selectivity of the method were obtained. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.06 to 0.10 ng g(-1) lipid weight. Average recoveries of individual congeners from vegetable oil spiked with individual standards (3.33 ng g(-1)) ranged from 73 to 112% with a mean value of 89%. The coefficients of variation ranged from 5.2 to 12.2%, which is within the acceptable range for environmental analyses.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Effects of chronic intake of vegetable protein added to animal or fish protein on renal hemodynamics.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To examine whether chronic intake of vegetable protein added to animal protein diet affects renal hemodynamics or not, we studied effects of three kinds of diets containing various amounts of animal and vegetable protein with 1-week dietary program in each on renal hemodynamics. METHODS: The crossover design of different amounts of vegetable protein added to the constant amount of animal protein was applied to two groups of 7 healthy individuals after the control dietary program. Renal function and 24 hours' urinary albumin excretion rate (AER) were examined on every 7th day of three consecutive 1-week dietary programs. RESULTS: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR; sodium thiosulphate clearance) and renal plasma flow (RPF) significantly decreased after decreasing the intake of animal protein by one third with keeping the amount of vegetable protein constant. The results when substituting vegetable protein for some of the animal protein in the diet without changing the total amount of protein were identical. The filtration fraction and AER did not change over the study periods regardless of dietary composition. CONCLUSION: The lack of an effect a 1-week intake of vegetable protein added to animal protein on GFR and RPF suggests that vegetable protein may be excluded from lists of restriction in low protein diet therapy in patients with renal insufficiency.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of mitochondrial cytb gene from species of dairy interest.

Species identification plays an important role in food allergy prevention and food substitution detection that can reduce the commercial value of a product. For these reasons, many molecular methods have been developed to determine species origin; among them, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods were successfully applied to processed or unprocessed foodstuffs. An updated PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) method of the cytb gene was developed for the identification of the 4 species of main interest in the dairy industry (Bos, Ovis, Capra, Bubalus). The comparative analysis of the 92 cytb sequences available in the database belonging to the 4 species allowed identification of 2 highly conserved regions, which were used to design 2 oligonucleotides for the PCR amplification of a 275 base-pair (bp) cytb fragment. The in silico analysis allowed identification of a set of species-specific restriction endonucleases (HaeIII, TaqI, and MwoI), which generated easily analyzable species-specific restriction profiles of the 275 bp cytb DNA fragment. The system was developed for both purified DNA and DNA extracted from meat or dairy products and finally tested on mixed samples, indicating its applicability to foodstuffs.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effect of substitution of groundnut with high glucosinolate mustard (Brassica juncea) meal on nutrient utilization, growth, vital organ weight and blood composition of lambs.

Twenty-four 14-day-old weaner Avivastra (Russian MerinoxNali) male lambs were maintained for 180 days on ad libidum Cenchrus (Cenchrus ciliaris) hay and concentrate mixture (CM) contained groundnut meal (control) and mustard meal (MM group) as major protein source. The two CMs were isonitrogenous (21% CP) and isocaloric (2.78McalMEkg(-1) DM), while, CM fed to MM group contained 24.6mg glucosinolatesg(-1) DM. Digestibility of nutrients was similar (P>0.05) in the two groups except for CP and hemicellulose, which was higher (P<0.05) in control. Urinary N loss was higher (P<0.01) in control than in MM group, whereas N retention (% of N intake and absorbed) was higher (P<0.01) in MM group compared to control. Dry matter (gkg(-1)BW) and glucosinolate intakes were higher in MM fed group, whereas DCP and ME intakes were similar (P>0.05) in the two groups. Average daily gain (ADG) was, however, 22% higher (P<0.01) in control than in MM group. Hemoglobin and albumin contents were lower (P<0.01) in MM group than in control. Serum thiocyanate content was 26.7µgg(-1) in MM fed group, while it was not detected in control group. Thyroid weight was higher (P<0.01) while liver and kidney weights were lower (P<0.01) in MM group. Meat from dissected carcass of control group contained more protein and less fat, whereas the reverse was noticed in MM group. It is concluded that feeding mustard meal as protein supplement reduced growth rate and induced iodine deficiency. Carcass of lambs fed mustard meal had more fat and less protein.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Sequence analysis of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II mRNA from ascitic and nonascitic commercial broilers.

Ascites syndrome, also known as pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), is a common metabolic disorder in rapidly growing meat-type chickens. Environmental factors, such as cold, altitude, and diet, play significant roles in development of the disease, but there is also an important genetic component to PHS susceptibility. The human disease familial primary pulmonary hypertension (FPPH) is similar to PHS in broilers both genetically and physiologically. Several recent studies have shown that mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) gene are a cause of FPPH in humans. To determine whether mutations in the chicken BMPR2 gene play a similar role in PHS susceptibility, BMPR-II mRNA from ascitic and nonascitic commercial broilers were sequenced and compared with the published Leghorn chicken BMPR-II mRNA sequence. Fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified in the commercial broiler BMPR-II mRNA. No mutations unique to ascites-susceptible broilers were present in the coding, 5' untranslated or 3' untranslated regions of BMPR-II mRNA. The twelve SNP present within the coding region of BMPR-II mRNA were synonymous substitutions and did not alter the BMPR-II protein sequence. In addition, analysis of BMPR2 gene expression by reverse transcriptase-PCR indicated that there were no differences in BMPR-II mRNA levels in ascitic and nonascitic birds. Therefore, it appears unlikely that mutations in the BMPR2 gene were responsible for susceptibility to PHS in these commercial broilers.

Animals↗