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PubMed1957

PSYCHOPATHS.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2002

An evaluation of relations among antisocial behavior, psychopathic traits, and alcohol problems in incarcerated men.

BACKGROUND: The association between antisocial behavior and alcohol problems is well established, but the role that psychopathic traits and other factors such as drinking patterns and motives and family history play in this relationship has not been subjected to much empirical scrutiny. METHODS: A large sample (n=329) of male Federal Correctional Institution inmates participated in structured interviews designed to permit diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder and to assess facets of psychopathic personality as defined by the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Prisoners also completed self-report questionnaires that addressed alcohol use, drinking problems, motives for drinking, and paternal alcoholism history. RESULTS: Analyses revealed that the relation between antisocial behavior and alcohol problems was moderated by scores on the emotional detachment component of psychopathy, and that self-descriptions of drinking for the purpose of coping with negative emotions mediated the positive relation between antisociality and self-reported alcohol problems. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight complexities in the link between antisociality and drinking problems and encourage consideration of distinct facets of psychopathy to enhance understanding of it. They further suggest possible mechanisms (e.g., paternal alcoholism history, coping motives) that may contribute to the development and maintenance of alcohol problems in criminal populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Continuity and change in psychopathic traits as measured via normal-range personality: a longitudinal-biometric study.

The discriminant validity of the interpersonal-affective and social deviance traits of psychopathy has been well documented. However, few studies have explored whether these traits follow distinct or comparable developmental paths. The present study used the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (A. Tellegen, in press) to examine the development of the psychopathic traits of Fearless Dominance (i.e., interpersonal-affective) and Impulsive Antisociality (i.e., social deviance) from late adolescence to early adulthood in a longitudinal-epidemiological sample of male and female twins. Results from mean- and individual-level analyses revealed stability in Fearless Dominance from late adolescence to early adulthood, whereas Impulsive Antisociality declined over this developmental period. In addition, biometric findings indicated greater genetic contributions to stability in these traits and greater nonshared environmental contributions to their change over time. Collectively, these findings suggest distinct developmental trends for psychopathic traits from late adolescence to early adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Early and delayed skin reactivity to solubilized antigens of herpesvirus hominis 1 in psychiatric patients and guinea pigs.

Intradermal tests with a mixture of Herpesvirus hominis 1 (HVH 1) antigens containing quantitated neutralization antigen were done in 39 schizophrenics (SCH), 42 senile demented (DS) persons, 28 alcoholics, neurotics and psychopaths (ANP) and 33 control persons. Local induration, erythema and fading was evaluated according to diameter and intensity after 15 to 30 min for anaphylactic type I reaction, after 5 hr for Arthus type III reaction and after 24 and 48 hr for delayed hypersensitivity (type IV). The diagnosed clinical forms influenced the incidence of positive reactions I, III or IV at the level alpha = 0.01. The incidence of positivity in all reactions (I, III plus IV) was significantly higher in the patients than in the control group. Type I and III reactions were most intensive in ANP and SCH, respectively. Type IV reaction was most pronounced in SCH, including the highest incidence of purple lesions, eventually with a lightly cyanotic target. In the DS group, type IV reaction surpassed the control the least of all patients' groups. Unfavourable side effects of the skin tests were not observed. The importance of repeated contact with HVH 1 for a marked type IV reaction ws confirmed in experimentally infected guinea pigs, which also served for safety tests and selection of antigen preparations.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical characteristics of premorbid conditions in patients with endogenous affective psychoses].

A total of 125 patients with endogenous affective psychosis manifest in middle age were under this study. Personality features were assessed and qualitative characterization of the structure and course of premanifest states was performed in patients with unipolar and bipolar course of the disease. No substantial relations were found between the peculiarities of the course of the disease and personality features (schizoid, hyperthymic, obsessive-compulsive). Asthenic patients were prevalent in the cases of the disease assuming a depressive and manic disturbances type course. The division of affective psychosis into uni- and bipolar forms correlated with the differentiation of personality anomalies according to their qualitative characteristics with due account of their structure (singling out accentuated, psychopathic and pseudopsychopathic personalities).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

[Classification of psychopathies].

The author proposes a new "ring-like" classification of psychopathies which includes the most definitely described prevalent clinical variants with due consideration of mutual transitions of some forms of psychopathy into others (mixed forms, "complex" psychopathic syndrome) and also an energy potential of individuals with some persons being referred to the sthenic (excitable) pole and others to the asthenic (inhibitory) pole. The main disorder obligate to all psychopathic personalities is mental infantilism whereas the inadequacy of emotional manifestations and alterations in the sphere of thinking are considered as secondary manifestations determining one or another clinical variant of psychopathy and are related to congenital mental activity of a given individual.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1997

Boundary violations and personality traits among psychiatrists.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that sexual abuse of patients by psychiatrists can be due to a variety of contributors, which may include therapists' psychopathic and narcissistic personality styles. METHOD: Data from a prospective cohort of residents training in psychiatry were examined to evaluate the personality traits of 2 psychiatrists subsequently convicted of boundary violations. RESULTS: The 2 psychiatrists who lost their licenses were identifiable at the beginning of their residency training as individuals with significant character pathology. CONCLUSIONS: For some psychiatrists, repetitive sexual abuse of patients represents one aspect of an ongoing pattern of exploitative relationships. The professional and ethical implications of these findings as they relate to early identification for those at risk are considered.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1999

Sadism and psychopathy in violent and sexually violent offenders.

A nonrandom sample (N = 41) of inmates from a maximum security prison were classified as either psychopathic or nonpsychopathic (using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)) and violent or sexually violent. Sadism was measured using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II) Scale 6B, the Personality Disorder Examination (PDE) items for sadistic personality disorder, and the sexual sadism criteria of DSM-IV. Psychopaths were found to be significantly more sadistic than nonpsychopaths (MCMI-II and PDE). Overall power was relatively high. Sadism did not differentiate the violent and sexually violent groups. A diagnosis of sexual sadism was too infrequent (n = 3) for meaningful statistical analysis. The trait measures of sadism and psychopathy measures (PCL-R, Factor 1 and Factor 2) significantly and positively correlated. Results provide further empirical validity for the theoretically proposed and clinically observed relationship between sadistic traits and psychopathic personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Psychopathic patients pose dilemma for physicians and society.

Psychopaths share chilling personality characteristics that make them extremely dangerous and, to date, impossible to cure. The failure to cure or even control them has divided the medical and legal communities, as well as society in general. What do you do with incurable killers? Lock them up and throw away the key, or spend hundreds of thousands of dollars every year to treat them? Some experts believe the federal government should commit funds for more research and provide special facilities to treat psychopathic patients.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Emotional deficit in subjects with psychopathic tendencies as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: an event-related potentials study.

On the basis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2), 20 male students were separated in low (LP) versus high (HP) subjects with psychopathic tendencies. Pictures from the Ekman and Friesen series were used in an event-related potentials study to investigate the neurophysiological correlates of the emotional deficit described in psychopathy. Subjects were confronted with a visual oddball design, in which they had to detect, as quickly as possible, deviant happy, sad or fearful faces amongst a train of standard stimuli (neutral faces). Behavioral results suggest that LP subjects are more efficient in the detection of emotional deviant faces. This emotional deficit was neurophysiologically indexed, in HP subjects, by a decreased N300 component, which is supposed to be particularly sensitive to affective features of stimuli rather than to physical characteristics. Moreover, independently of the nature of the deviant faces, the P3a component shows an earlier latency in the HP group as compared to the LP group, whereas the reversed pattern was shown for the P3b component. Implications of these results were discussed.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1994

[A case of self-circumcision].

A 29-year-old bachelor had immigrated from Uzbekistan to Israel 2 years before to improve his economic situation. He began drinking at the age of 20, and increased to 1-1.5 bottles of vodka a day. He was unable to keep a job more than a few months. When called up for limited military service, he thought that the army might be a solution for his employment problem. However, he felt that he would not be able to integrate into the army, and later into Israeli society, unless he was circumcised. The Ministry of Religion deferred his request for a religious circumcision because they did not consider him Jewish. Since he could not afford to pay for the operation, he read up on the procedure, drank a bottle of vodka as premedication, and tried to circumcise himself with a razor blade. Since he was unable to control bleeding, he applied to the hospital emergency room half an hour later, where the circumcision was completed and sutured. The psychiatric diagnosis was an unspecified personality disorder with psychopathic but not psychotic features.

Adult↗