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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Effect of particle size in preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on the isolation of epigallocatechin gallate from Korean green tea.

To isolate epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) of catechin compounds from Korean green tea (Bosung, Chonnam), a C18 reversed-phase preparative column (250x22 mm) packed with packings of three different sizes (15, 40-63, and 150 microm) was used. The sample extracted with water was partitioned with chloroform and ethyl acetate to remove the impurities including caffeine. The mobile phases in this experiment were composed of 0.1% acetic acid in water, acetonitrile, methanol and ethyl acetate. The injection volume was fixed at 400 microl and the flow rate was increased as the particle size becomes larger. The isolation of EGCG with particle size was compared at a preparative scale and the feasibility of separation of EGCG at larger particle sizes was confirmed. The optimum mobile phase composition for separating EGCG was experimentally obtained at the particle sizes of 15 and 40-63 microm in the isocratic mode, but EGCG was not purely separated at the particle size of 150 microm.

Catechin↗

PubMed2003

Impact of inhalation exposure modality and particle size on the respiratory deposition of ricin in BALB/c mice.

Ricin is a toxic lectin derived from the seed of Ricinus communis (castor plant). It is lethal in small quantities when disseminated as an aerosol. We determined the impact of using two types of exposure chambers and different particle sizes on the deposition of ricin aerosols in mice. Initially, two types of inhalation exposure chambers (whole-body [WB] or nose-only [NO]) were compared using the same size aerosol (1 micro m) to determine the potential impact upon respiratory deposition and presented dose. We then assessed the role of particle size on deposition by using aerosols with two distinctly sized particle distributions. Selected organs were collected at four time points after exposure and were analyzed by quantitative enyzme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and epifluorescence microscopy. Results of the exposure chamber comparison, using 1- micro m particles only, indicated approximately 50% of the total ricin in the 4 organs was detected in the lung tissue 1 h after exposure. The trachea and nasopharyngeal region of the animals exposed using the WB chamber contained significantly more ricin than those of animals exposed in the NO chamber. Histopathology indicated an accumulation of ricin in both the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions with pronounced bronchiolar degradation 48 h postexposure. When particles larger than 3 micro m were used, results indicated a considerable amount of ricin initially detected in the trachea, although this finding was discounted due to the heterodispersity of the particles generated. Interestingly, no animals died as a result of exposure to the equivalent of 4 LD50s (as determined using a 1- micro m particle) when exposed to the larger size distribution of particles. This result indicates a differential lethality that is contingent upon aerosol size.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2003

Effect of particle size on zinc release from zinc containing tricalcium phosphate (ZnTCP) in Zn-deficient osteoporosis rats.

The effect of particle size on in vivo and in vitro Zn release of ZnTCP was investigated for the purpose of understanding Zn release behavior from a sustained-release device. The tricalcium phosphate powders (Ca2.7 Zn0.3(PO4)2), with particle size of 7.5 and 553 microm (S-ZnTCP and L-ZnTCP), including a 10 mol% of Zn (6.17 w/w%), as new sustained-release preparations, were synthesized by heating, after then ground and sieved using 38 and 300 microm screens. The different powder samples were characterized by the X-ray powder diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The release rates from Zn-TCP powders (10 mg) were measured in 10 ml of simulated body fluid (SBF) containing 10 mg/100 ml Ca2+(SBF/H), SBF containing 5 mg/100 ml Ca2+ (SBF/L) or SBF without Ca2+ (SBF/-) at 37.0 degrees C. The in vitro Zn release profiles for the smallest and the largest particles size of ZnTCP powders (L-ZnTCP and S-ZnTCP) at various Ca concentrations in SBF were significantly higher in SBF/- and SBF/L than in SBF/H. The Zn release rate from ZnTCP with different particle sizes were found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of calcium in SBF. After injection of a ZnTCP suspension containing 30 mg of S-ZnTCP powder on the backs of the rats, the plasma Zn level increased rapidly, reaching a concentration range of around 2 microg/ml. The area under the curve values of the plasma Zn concentration (Zn-AUC) over 6 days post injection of S-ZnTCP and L-ZnTCP were significantly higher than that of the control experiment. After the injection of S-ZnTCP and L-ZnTCP suspension, the plasma alkaline phosphatase activity (AIP) levels increased to more than 300 IU/l. In contrast, the AIP for the control decreased after 2 days. The area under the curve of the AIP (AIP-AUC) for 6 days of S-ZnTCP was significantly higher than that of other groups.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Shrinkage of tissue conditioners with time--effect of the particle size in powder and the EtOH content in liquid.

The dimensional change of tissue conditioners with time was measured until 4 weeks after mixing. Shrinkage of the materials was evaluated in relation to particle size in powder and the EtOH content in liquid. The dissolution of EtOH and plasticizer were also measured to investigate the relation to dimensional change. Shrinkage with time was recorded. The smaller the particle size in powder and the more EtOH in liquid, the greater the shrinkage rate. The smaller the particle size in the powder and the more EtOH contained in the liquid, the greater the dissolution of EtOH. The dissolution of BPBG was below 1/100 comparing that of EtOH and no difference was recognized by particle size and EtOH content. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the dissolution of EtOH is related to shrinkage of tissue conditioners with time and that the component particle size in the powder and EtOH content in the liquid have a significant influence on dissolution of EtOH associated with shrinkage.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2001

Particle size analysis of (99m)Tc-labeled and unlabeled antimony trisulfide and rhenium sulfide colloids intended for lymphoscintigraphic application.

UNLABELLED: Colloidal particle size is an important characteristic to consider when choosing a radiopharmaceutical for mapping sentinel nodes in lymphoscintigraphy. METHODS: Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the particle size of antimony trisulfide and rhenium sulfide colloids, and membrane filtration (MF) was used to determine the radioactive particle size distribution of the corresponding (99m)Tc-labeled colloids. RESULTS: Antimony trisulfide was found to have a diameter of 9.3 +/- 3.6 nm by TEM and 18.7 +/- 0.2 nm by PCS. Rhenium sulfide colloid was found to exist as an essentially trimodal sample with a d(v(max1)) of 40.3 nm, a d(v(max2)) of 438.6 nm, and a d(v) of 650-2200 nm, where d(v) is volume diameter. (99m)Tc-antimony trisulfide by MF showed that more than 96% of radioactive particles were smaller than 100 nm; however, (99m)Tc-rhenium sulfide showed that more than 21% were smaller than 100 nm. These radioactive colloids were used with seven different membrane compositions and found not to adsorb significantly to any of them. CONCLUSION: MF was validated as a simple and reliable technique to estimate the percentage radioactive particle size distribution.

Antimony↗

PubMed1995

Effects of acceptor particle size on the efflux of cellular free cholesterol.

Several subspecies of human high density lipoprotein (HDL) have been shown to exist, and particle size is one parameter that can be used to distinguish them. Recently, a small HDL subspecies has been described that may be a particularly efficient acceptor of peripheral cell unesterified (free) cholesterol (FC). To address the effects of particle size on the ability of HDL to remove FC from cells, homogeneous, well defined HDL particles were reconstituted (rHDL) that varied in particle diameter within the size range of human HDL particles (7-13 nm). The abilities of each of these particles to remove cellular FC from mouse L-cells and rat Fu5AH hepatoma cells were compared on the basis of their phospholipid (PL) content as well as on a per particle basis. The effect of particle size was also examined using small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) of 25 nm in diameter and large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) of 70-180 nm in diameter. The SUV were prepared by sonication, and the LUVs were prepared by extrusion techniques. The FC efflux efficiency of these particles (in order of decreasing efficiency) was: rHDL > SUV > LUV when compared on the basis of acceptor PL content across a range of concentrations (i.e. at a given PL concentration for these three acceptor classes, smaller particles were more efficient). The FC efflux differences between the rHDL and the vesicles were not due to the absence of apolipoprotein in the vesicles. No difference was detected among the rHDL of varying size, nor was a difference detected among the LUVs of varying size when compared on the basis of PL content. When the FC efflux data for rHDL and LUVs were normalized on the basis of the number of acceptor particles present at a given PL concentration, a correlation was found between acceptor particle radius and the ability to accept cellular FC with larger particles being the most efficient. However, the dependence of the rate of FC efflux on acceptor particle size was not quantitatively the same within the rHDL and LUV classes of acceptor particles. The dependence of FC efflux on acceptor particle size may reflect differing abilities of the variously sized acceptor particles to access the region very close to the cell plasma membrane where most of the FC removal is expected to occur.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The effects of particle size and origin of calcium carbonate on performance and ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

The following physico-chemical characteristics of various calcium sources, differing in origin and particle size were determined: mineral composition, sieve and image analysis, apparent solubility (AS), surface area (SA), porous volume, specific gravity, and compressibility (C). The AS, SA, and C values were related more to the calcium particle size than to its origin and were higher in ground calcium sources. Calcium retention of seashells treated with phosphoric acid, oyster shells, and limestone using two particle sizes, ground or particulate, was assayed in 98 broiler chicks. Particulate marble was also tested in this experiment. Calcium retention expressed as a percentage of calcium ingestion was decreased when coarse particles of calcium were supplied in lieu of pulverized sources (40 versus 49%). An experiment with a 3 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments were tested using 576 broiler chicks. Treatments included three calcium sources (phosphorus-treated shell, oyster shell, and marble), three particle sizes [ground (less than .15 mm), medium (.6 to 1.18 mm) and coarse (greater than 1.18 mm)] and three levels of calcium (.5,.7, and .9%) with ground limestone as a reference. Performance, tibial morphometry, breaking strength variables, and ash content were measured at 4 wk of age. Weight gain and feed conversion were ameliorated with ground particles of calcium. Cortical thickness, length of the tibia, stiffness, stress, and tibia ash were diminished when coarse particles of calcium were incorporated in the diets. Conversely, the origin of the calcium source hardly affected these criteria. Additionally, the incorporation of phosphorus-treated shells was assayed in 112 broiler chicks. Coarse particles decreased calcium retention. Consequently, ultimate stress, the modulus of elasticity, and stress were impaired. It is concluded that differences in utilization of calcium carbonate sources by the broiler chick is primarily a result of particle size rather than origin. Ground particles of calcium (pan to .15 mm) significantly improves performance and tibial ossification characteristics in broiler chicks.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Distribution of pre- and post-Chernobyl radiocaesium with particle size fractions of soils.

The association of radiocaesium with particle size fractions separated by sieving and settling from soils sampled eight years after the Chernobyl accident has been determined. The three size fractions were: <2 microm, 2-63 microm and >63 microm. 137Cs in the soil samples was associated essentially with the finer size fractions, which generally showed specific activities 3-5 times higher than the bulk samples. Activity ratios of 134Cs/137Cs in the clay-sized fractions appear to be lower with respect to the corresponding values in bulk soil samples. This result indicates that some differences still exists in the particle size distribution between 137Cs originating from nuclear weapons, which has been in the soil for decades after fallout, and 137Cs coming from the Chernobyl accident, eight years after the deposition event. This behaviour could be related to "ageing" processes of radiocaesium in soils.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗

PubMed1998

Effect of particle size and coating level on the diffuse reflectance of wax matrices.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of particle size and extent of coating on the diffuse-reflectance spectra of wax matrices containing embedded potassium chloride. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to analyse the diffuse-reflectance characteristics of the prepared multi-particulate matrices without destructive sample preparation. A 2-factor, 3-level face-centred central composite design was selected to construct a second-order polynomial model which described the effect of particle size and amount of coating on the intensity of the diffusely reflected light. A non-linear model was used to demonstrate the effect of the selected parameters on the intensity of the reflected light; good correlation was obtained between experimental and predicted results. The results indicated that the extent of coating and the particle size of the examined systems in the selected particle size-range modified the intensity of the reflected light. It can be concluded that near-infrared spectroscopy is a sensitive means of measuring not only the particle size of powders (substrates and their mixtures), but also that of coated multi-particulate systems.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed1998

Influence of flow rate on aerosol particle size distributions from pressurized and breath-actuated inhalers.

Particle size distribution of delivered aerosols and the total mass of drug delivered from the inhaler are important determinants of pulmonary deposition and response to inhalation therapy. Inhalation flow rate may vary between patients and from dose to dose. The Andersen Sampler (AS) cascade impactor operated at flow rates of 30 and 55 L/min and the Marple-Miller Impactor (MMI) operated at flow rates of 30, 55, and 80 L/min were used in this study to investigate the influence of airflow rate on the particle size distributions of inhalation products. Total mass of drug delivered from the inhaler, fine particle mass, fine particle fraction, percentage of nonrespirable particles, and amount of formulation retained within the inhaler were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry for several commercial bronchodilator products purchased in the marketplace, including a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI), breath-actuated pressurized inhaler (BAMDI), and three dry powder inhalers (DPIs), two containing salbutamol sulphate and the other containing terbutaline sulphate. Varying the flow rate through the cascade impactor produced no significant change in performance of the pressurized inhalers. Increasing the flow rate produced a greater mass of drug delivered and an increase in respirable particle mass and fraction from all DPIs tested.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2002

Determinants of HDL particle size in patients with the null (P207L) or defective (D9N) mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene: the Québec LipD Study.

The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of the defective D9N and the null P207L mutations in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene on high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size in relation to specific environmental factors such as obesity, gender and menopausal status. Analyses were carried out in 118 heterozygous carriers of the D9N mutation and 88 heterozygous for the P207L mutation. HDL particle size was measured on whole plasma by non-denaturing 4-30% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Although carriers of the P207L mutation presented a more deteriorated lipoprotein-lipid profile compared with carriers of the D9N mutation, there was no difference in HDL particle size between the P207L and D9N carriers (81.9+/-4.5 vs. 82.7+/-4.4 A, respectively, P=0.2). Multivariate analyses indicated that waist circumference (P=0.001) and HDL cholesterol levels (P<0.001) were independent predictors of HDL particle size among carriers of the defective D9N mutation. On the other hand, gender (P=0.03), plasma cholesterol (P=0.01) and TG (P=0.04) levels were significant predictors of HDL particle size among carriers of the null P207L mutation in multivariate analyses. These results suggest that the nature of the mutation in the LPL gene modifies the relationship of HDL particle size to other metabolic variables and secondary factors such as abdominal obesity and gender.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Laboratory treatability testing of soils contaminated with lead and PCBs using particle-size separation and soil washing.

A soil treatability study was conducted using particle-size separation and soil washing to reduce the volume of material contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lead at a Superfund site. Soil washing using surfactant was effective at removing 95% of PCBs into fine material and residual wash water. Results indicate that almost 80% of the material contaminated with up to 140 mg/kg PCBs could be treated to concentrations below 10 mg/kg using soil washing with surfactant. There did not appear to be a difference in lead removal using either particle size separation or soil washing, although the lead data have high uncertainty because of soil heterogeneity. Lead concentrations in soil were reduced from as high as 1700 to < or =150 mg/kg and from 560 to < or =220 mg/kg in about half of the material using particle size separation.

Decontamination↗

PubMed2005

Distribution of LDL particle size in a population-based sample of children and adolescents and relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Smaller, denser LDL particles are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In youths, data on the distribution of LDL particle size and on its association with other CVD risk factors are limited. METHODS: We determined LDL peak particle size by nondenaturing 2%-16% gradient gel electrophoresis in a representative sample of 2249 youths 9, 13, and 16 years of age who participated in a school-based survey conducted in 1999 in the province of Quebec, Canada. Standardized clinical measurements and fasting plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations were available. RESULTS: The LDL peak particle size distribution was gaussian. The 5th, 50th (median), and 95th percentiles by age and sex were 255.5-258.6, 262.1-263.2, and 268.1-269.5 A, respectively. The prevalence of the small, dense LDL phenotype (LDL peak particle size <or=255 A) was 10% in participants with insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), in contrast to 1% in those without IRS. In a multiple regression analysis, the association of LDL size with other CVD risk factors [apolipoprotein B, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and insulin concentrations, and body mass index] was strongest with TG and HDL-C concentrations: a 1 SD increase in log(e)-transformed TG concentration was associated with a 1.2 A reduction in LDL size, and a 1 SD increase in HDL-C was associated with a 1.1 A increase in LDL size. CONCLUSIONS: Although the small, dense LDL phenotype is less prevalent in youths than adults, its prevalence is clearly increased in childhood IRS. Metabolic correlates of LDL size are similar in youths and adults.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Relationship among particle size distribution, dissolution profile, plasma values, and anthelmintic efficacy of oxfendazole.

Three mean particle sizes of oxfendazole raw material (1.65 micron, lot A; 3.2 micron, 10t B; 12.0 micron, lot C) were prepared and identically formulated as corresponding (A, B, and C) suspensions at 2.26% (W/V) concentration. Studies involving microscopic examination, scanning electron microscope analysis, particle size distribution, and surface area measurement were carried out on raw materials. In vitro dissolution profiles were obtained for the suspensions. A comparative bioavailability study of these 3 suspensions was performed in 12 sheep with each sheep given each formulation in a Latin square crossover study design; oxfendazole was dosed at rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma-value measurements were made followed by an analysis of various bioavailability studies. Plasma area values indicated that suspension C (dw = 12.0 micron) was significantly (P less than 0.05) less bioavailable than was suspension A (dw = 1.65 micron); there was no difference between suspension A and suspension B. Significant differences were not seen in biological half-life and maximum plasma concentrations. The term dw refers to that particle diameter (determined by Coulter counting) at which 50% of the oxfendazole mass was in the form of particles having a lesser diameter and 50% was in the form of particles having a greater diameter. In a separate study involving 20 Merino weaner sheep infected with benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus larvae, oxfendazole's anthelmintic efficacy was demonstrated in the 2.26% suspension dosage form (90% particles less than 10 micron) at a dosing rate of 5 mg/kg. A correlation was found between its anthelmintic activity and plasma area values when compared in individual sheep. Data demonstrated that substantial differences in particle size distribution of oxfendazole could influence its dissolution rate, plasma concentrations, and absorption characteristics, thus indicating that oxfendazole's absorption could be dissolution-rate limited.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

Particle size distribution of major inorganic species in atmospheric aerosols from Majorca (Spain).

Atmospheric aerosols collected by means of a cascade impaction system at the campus of the University of the Balearic Islands (Majorca, Spain) from November 1993 to February 1994 were analysed for chloride, nitrate, sulphate, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Based on particle size distribution, the species studied were classified into three groups: (a) concentration decrease with particle size (sulphate and ammonium), (b) concentration increase with particle size (chloride, calcium, magnesium and sodium), and ( c) independent of particle size (nitrate and potassium). A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear relationship between particle size and analyte origin. Also, the origin of sulphate and potassium fine and coarse particles was found to be different.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Effects of bur abrasive particle size and abutment composition on preparation of ceramic implant abutments.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Amid increasing use of preparable ceramic implant abutments, there is a lack of quantitative data to show which abrasive particle size of diamond bur yields the fastest reduction and provides the smoothest surface. PURPOSE: The research aim was to determine the effects of diamond bur abrasive particle size and abutment material composition on preparation efficiency, prepared surface roughness, and surface deterioration of diamond burs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen alumina (Cera Base) and 15 zirconia (ZiReal) implant abutments were each machined using a high-speed hand piece with a diamond bur having 1 of 3 abrasive particle sizes (150, 100, or 30 microm) (n=5). Control abutments (n=5) were analyzed without machining. Abutments were weighed before starting and between machining cycles. Three profilometry measurements (root mean square surface roughness) were made for each abutment. Scanning electron micrographs were made of each bur. Lost abrasive particles were then counted on each micrograph through a randomly placed template. Two-way analysis of variance (alpha=0.05) was used to test for significant effects. RESULTS: Bur abrasive particle size and ceramic type had a significant interactive effect on the amount of material removed (P<.001). Super coarse (150 microm) burs yielded the roughest surfaces for each abutment material (P<.001), and prepared alumina surfaces were rougher than zirconia surfaces (P<.001). Super coarse burs showed the highest proportion of lost particles (P<.001). Abutment composition did not significantly affect bur wear. CONCLUSION: Super coarse burs yielded the most efficient material removal for alumina abutments. All abrasive particle sizes removed a similar amount of material from zirconia abutments. Fine-grained alumina abutments experienced greater material removal and rougher prepared surfaces compared with zirconia abutments. Material was removed by an intergranular fracture mechanism for alumina abutments, in contrast to transgranular fracture for zirconia abutments.

Aluminum Oxide↗

PubMed2004

Sorption interaction of phenanthrene with soil and sediment of different particle sizes and in various CaCl2 solutions.

The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the influences of natural sorbent particle size and system Ca(2+) concentration on sorption of low-polarity organic chemicals. The physicochemical properties of the different particle size soil and sediment subsamples and the surface characters of the soil and sediment samples in various CaCl(2) concentrations were determined. The sorption behavior of phenanthrene (PHN) on the subsamples of different particle size and to the samples in various CaCl(2) solutions was examined. Batch experiments demonstrate that the sorption capacities increase with decreased particle size for both soil and sediment. It is presumably due to the higher total organic carbon (TOC) content for the finer particles. But the enhancements in sorption coefficients are not met with the equal increases in TOC contents. The effect of Ca(2+) on PHN uptake is strong in short contact time but slight in long contact time. With increasing Ca(2+) concentration, the sorption capacities for Beizhai soil increase first in the low Ca(2+) concentration range, and then decline. Nevertheless, the increase of Ca(2+) concentration greatly reduces the uptake of phenanthrene on Guanting sediment over the overall measured range. The different physicochemical properties, such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, mineral and element composition, and surface characters, between soil and sediment may result in this discrepancy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

A study of embolizing materials for chemo-embolization therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: effects of particle size and dose on chitin-containing cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) albumin microsphere antitumor activity in VX2 hepatic tumor model rabbits.

We prepared chitin-containing cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) albumin microspheres with various particle sizes, and investigated in vitro CDDP release; the antitumor effect towards VX2 tumor introduced into rabbits was then examined. It was found that the rate of release of CDDP from chitin-containing CDDP albumin microspheres in vitro was increased with reduced particle size. Administration of microspheres to VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits via the hepatic artery resulted in different profiles of plasma platinum concentration depending on the particle size, and a higher concentration of platinum was released from the beginning of administration as particle size was reduced. The platinum content in hepatic tissue following the administration of CDDP microspheres was increased as the particle size decreased, although the rate of increase was not uniform. The antitumor effect of CDDP assessed by the suppression of tumor growth tended to be higher when microspheres of smaller sizes were used. However, no significant difference was observed in tumor growth rate between rabbits injected with microspheres smaller than 20 microns and those injected with sizes between 20 and 37 microns (p > 0.05). We also examined the relationship between the CDDP dose and antitumor effect using microspheres of less than 20 microns and observed a dose-dependent antitumor effect. No significant difference was observed, however, between 2 and 4 mg eq CDDP/kg dose levels (p > 0.05). From these results, we concluded that microsphere size and CDDP dose were strongly correlated with the augmentation of antitumor effect of chitin-containing CDDP albumin microspheres used in chemo-embolization therapy via the hepatic artery.

Albumins↗