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Results for “Permethrin”

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PubMedDate not supplied

[Treatment of pediculosis capitis in children with permethrin 1% shampoo or lotion].

A clinical and entomological trial was carried out in 88 head louse (Pediculus humanus capitis) infested children treated with a single dose of 1% permethrin shampoo or lotion. The sex distribution was 47 males an 41 females with ages ranging between 5 and 14 year olds. In order to assess the efficiency of treatments, search for adult forms, nymphs and eggs (nits) of the parasite was performed in each of the children, before and after treatment (30 minutes, 7 days and 21 days). The entomological evaluations consisted in stereoscopic and microscopic examinations of a mean of 12 hair samples taken from the retroauricular and occipital regions of each of the children, the biological condition of eggs, viable (immature, mature), dead and empty, was recorded. The cure rates--both clinical and entomological--obtained were 91.5% for shampoo and 95.2% for lotion. No adverse reactions with the two formulations used were reported. In conclusion, 1% permethrin shampoo or lotion in an effective and safe treatment for pediculosis capitis.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1994

Assessment of Anopheles quadrimaculatus response to permethrin and resmethrin by topical application.

Topical applications with field-captured mosquitoes provided LD50 estimates ranging from 13.3 to 20.0 ppm for permethrin and 8.5 to 18.9 ppm for resmethrin in the Stuttgart, AR, area in 1993. Mosquitoes collected from the abatement area appeared to be more susceptible to resmethrin than those from outside the area (8.5 ppm vs. 18.9 ppm). The observed difference was not great enough to be of concern from an economic or control standpoint. The data provided a firm baseline for future assessment of changes in susceptibility to these 2 materials. Mosquitoes collected in Walnut Ridge, AR, were susceptible to permethrin and resmethrin within the same range as the Stuttgart populations, but the limited number of observations preclude firm LD50 estimates.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

A bioassay to evaluate the efficacy of permethrin-impregnated screens used against phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Baringo District of Kenya.

Control of phlebotomine sandflies remains a difficult problem throughout the world because of the insects' very highly specialized breeding sites. Use of insecticides remains one effective methods for managing sandflies. The present studies were conducted to establish how long permethrin impregnated wall cloth remains effective against sandflies. Cotton cloth, impregnated with permethrin (0.5g/m2) were hung inside experimental houses in Baringo District, Kenya, for the control of sandflies. Small pieces of cloth were cut off from the screen every month for 12 months, and bioassayed against sandflies. The cloth was found to remain effective against sandflies for 6 months.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The effect of permethrin impregnated bednets on the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum, in children of north Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.

The effect of permethrin impregnated bednets was studied for the first time amongst a large community in North Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. The community was divided into two; one covered 23 villages with 860 people who were given bednets impregnated at 0.5 g/m2, and the other 20 villages with 520 people was used as control. Parasitological data were collected by regular prevalence surveys and examination of records of malaria patients who have sought treatment in clinics. Entomological data by landing catches using human bait. The entomological results showed a 71% reduction of Anopheles farauti. Even though there was no significant reduction observed with An.punctulatus, as the density was already very low, the number biting indoor was much lower than those outdoor of houses with treated bednets. Parasitologically there was a steady decline in the incidence between surveys with Plasmodium falciparum in the under 10 years old. Even though there was no significant reduction in the other variables measured, there was a steady increase in the clearance rate between surveys which might also be due to easy accessibility to chemotherapy. The study showed the significant beneficial effect of permethrin impregnated bednets, which was found to be still effective up to twelve months, against stable P. falciparum malaria in children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Efficacy of a 1:1 and 1:5 mixture of technical permethrin and piperonyl butoxide against Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae.

Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Psorophora columbiae adults were treated with a 1:1 and 1:5 mixture of technical permethrin and piperonyl butoxide. These mixtures (0.00075 lb AI/acre) at 100, 200, and 300 ft. downwind of application killed a similar (P < or = 0.05) percentage of Ps. columbiae ranging from 45.1 to 68.8% and 85.7 to 100.0% after 1 and 24 h posttreatment, respectively. Similar results were obtained at 1 and 24 h posttreatment against An. quadrimaculatus (0.00075 lb AI/acre) where percentage mortality ranged from 42 to 62% and 63 to 78% after 1 and 24 h posttreatment, respectively. At 24 h posttreatment, significantly more mortality (P < or = 0.05) occurred in An. quadrimaculatus than in Ps. columbiae for both the 1:1 and 1:5 formulations above, except at 100 ft. downwind. A higher dosage against An. quadrimaculatus (0.001 lb AI/acre) resulted in a higher mean mortality at 1 h posttreatment (45.1-79.1%) and 24 h posttreatment (59.2-86.0%) than at the lower dosage. A 25% increase in permethrin (0.001 lb AI/acre) vs. a 400% increase in piperonyl butoxide alone gave increases in mortality of 30.4% vs. 8.6%, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

A pilot study of 5 percent permethrin cream versus 0.75 percent metronidazole gel in acne rosacea.

Acne rosacea is a common skin condition characterized by flushing episodes, erythema, telangiectasia, and recurrent crops of inflammatory papules and pustules that involve the face in a symmetrical distribution. A pilot study was conducted to compare topical 5 percent permethrin cream and 0.75 percent metronidazole gel in the treatment of acne rosacea. Six patients began treatment with 0.75 percent metronidazole gel twice daily to the right side of the face and permethrin 5 percent cream applied daily to the left side. Clinical evaluation was performed every two weeks. Five patients completed the study. The patients were treated for a range of seven to ten weeks. There were minimal adverse effects. Moderate improvement was seen on both sides.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1995

The impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on the malaria vector Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in aboriginal villages of Pos Betau Pahang, Malaysia.

The effect of permethrin impregnated bednets on Anopheles maculatus Theobald was studied in four villages in Pos Betau, Pahang, Malaysia from August 1990 to July 1992. Collections of mosquitos were carried out indoors and outdoors from 1900 to 0700 hours. All mosquitos were dissected for sporozoites and parity. In May 1991 two villages received bednets impregnated with permethrin at 0.5 g/m2 and two villages received placebo bednets. There was a significant difference in the sporozoite and parous rates between the treated and control villages after the distribution of bednets (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the bites/man/night of An. maculatus between the pre and post treatment periods in the control villages. However there was a significant difference in bites/man/night between pre and post treatment in the treated villages (p < 0.001).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Evidence of very high resistance to chlorpyrifos and permethrin in Culex pipiens populations in Tunisia].

Resistance to two organophosphorous insecticides (temephos and chlorpyrifos) and one pyrethrinoid (permethrin) was studied in larvae of five Culex pipiens samples collected in Gafsa, Telalsa, Sayada, Monastir et Sfax. Large variations in the tolerance to these insecticides was observed between samples. Gafsa sample was the most susceptible and disclosed little difference when compared to the susceptible reference strain. In contrast, at LD95 the resistance ratio (RR) was 8 folds with temephos, 9000 folds with chlorpyrifos, and 1500 folds with permethrin in the Sfax sample. These results are discussed in relation to resistance mechanisms and mosquito control.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

The pyrethroids permethrin and cyhalothrin are potent inhibitors of the mitochondrial complex I.

The synthetic pyrethroid derivatives permethrin and cyhalothrin are widely used insecticides that are considered to be relatively nontoxic to higher animals. However, a variety of toxic effects on mammals have been reported. We investigated the effect of these drugs on energy coupling by mitochondria and on the activity of the individual respiratory complexes. Using isolated rat liver mitochondria, a concentration-dependent inhibition of glutamate and succinate sustained state 3 respiration was found for both compounds in the micromolar range. The effect of pyrethroids on the activities of the complexes I to V were assessed individually in submitochondrial particles (complex I) and in freeze-thawed mitochondria (complexes II-V). Complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) was found to be the most sensitive link within the electron transport chain. Half-maximal inhibition was observed at 0.73 microM permethrin and 0.57 microM cyhalothrin, respectively, and exhibited sigmoidal inhibition kinetics. Complexes II, III, IV and V (EC 1.3.5.1, 1.10.2.2, 1.9.3.1, 3.6.1.34) were not significantly inhibited by up to 50 microM of these drugs. Thus, our results reveal a model of action of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides not previously reported.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Laboratory evaluation on the toxic effects of bednets impregnated with permethrin against malaria mosquitos.

In the laboratory, bednets impregnated with 250mg ai/m2 and 500mg ai/m2 permethrin caused respectively the mean mortalities of 86.6% within 13 months and 87.2% within 17 months on laboratory-bred An. sinensis, while they caused average mortalities of 58.3% within 4 months and 73.8% within 10 months on An. dirus respectively. The bioassay results of KT50 and LT50 on the two species showed that KT50 is shorter than LT50 after exposure to the treated bednets. The ratio is 1:2.16 - 1:3.05. It was observed Anopheles had obviously secondary knocked down after exposure to the treated bednets and there is obvious resurgent after Anopheles have been knocked down. When the temperature goes up the resurgence gets shorter, the resurgence rate gets higher and the mortality gets lower. It showed that permethrin has stronger knocking down effect than killing effect.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Biological activity of permethrin, phenothrin/allerthrin and D-phenothrin on Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica cockroaches.

The biological activity of permethrin, phenothrin/allethrin and d-phenothrin was evaluated against Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica cockroaches. A decrease in the number of cockroaches caught after spraying the trial huts was observed. The decrease may be attributed to either the presence of trap-weary specimens or because P. americana is not fully attracted by left over food. One hundred percent knock down was achieved after 10 minutes for all insecticides. The knock down rates for d-phenothrin and permethrin were similar as compared to a combination of phenothrin/allethrin. However, all insecticides were not very effective against cockroaches because the field residual effect was from one day to two days.

Allethrins↗

PubMed1998

Safety and efficacy of DEET and permethrin in the prevention of arthropod attack.

Many preventable diseases affecting troop strength are directly attributed to disease-carrying insects. The first line of defense against arthropod vectors is the use of personal protective measures. The concurrent application of DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) repellent on the skin and permethrin [(3-phenoxy-phenyl)methyl(+/-)cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2, 2- dimethylcyclopropane-carboxylate] insecticide on the battle dress uniform, while the uniform is worn properly, is a personal protective strategy officially known as the DOD Insect Repellent System. It is important for troop commanders and field leaders to enforce the use of personal protective measures to prevent insect-borne infectious diseases and to ensure troop and soldier readiness. DEET is a safe and effective repellent. Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and repellent. Used in conjunction with proper clothing and other personal protective equipment, these repellents provide the best known protection available and are critical in minimizing the occupational health threat of arthropod-borne diseases to troops in the field.

DEET↗

PubMed1989

The effects of dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin on Tetrahymena pyriformis.

The effects of three insecticides, dieldrin, dimethoate and permethrin, on the growth of a holotrichous ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis, were studied for 5 days. The ciliate was very sensitive to dieldrin and dimethoate. Both these insecticides produced approximately 81% and 84% inhibition of growth within two days. Dieldrin caused rounding of cells, while dimethoate induced cell lysis. Dimethoate also triggered a general mucocyst discharge. Of the three insecticides, permethrin was the least toxic and induced no morphological alterations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Stress and combined exposure to low doses of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin produce neurochemical and neuropathological alterations in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum.

Exposure to a combination of stress and low doses of the chemicals pyridostigmine bromide (PB), DEET, and permethrin in adult rats, a model of Gulf War exposure, produces blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, dentate gyrus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In this study, neuropathological alterations in other areas of the brain where no apparent BBB disruption was observed was studied following such exposure. Animals exposed to both stress and chemical exhibited decreased brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the midbrain, brainstem, and cerebellum and decreased m2 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor ligand binding in the midbrain and cerebellum. These alterations were associated with significant neuronal cell death, reduced microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) expression, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3. In the cerebellum, the neurochemical alterations were associated with Purkinje cell loss and increased GFAP immunoreactivity in the white matter. However, animals subjected to either stress or chemicals alone did not show any of these changes in comparison to vehicle-treated controls. Collectively, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to a combination of stress and the chemicals PB, DEET, and permethrin can produce significant damage to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, even in the absence of apparent BBB damage. As these areas of the brain are respectively important for the maintenance of motor and sensory functions, learning and memory, and gait and coordination of movements, such alterations could lead to many physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral abnormalities, particularly motor deficits and learning and memory dysfunction.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils and component compounds against permethrin-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae) from Argentina.

The repeated use of permethrin and other insecticides for the control of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), during past decades has resulted in the development of marked levels of resistance. Thus, new alternative insecticides are needed for the control of head lice. We studied the fumigant and repellent properties of essential oils from 16 native and exotic plants in Argentina, and 21 chemical components against permethrin-resistant head lice from Argentina. With a direct vapor-exposure bioassay, the most effective oil was from the native Myrcianthes cisplatensis Cambess (Myrtaceae) with a time to 50% knockdown (KT50) of 1.3 min, followed by exotic species, Eucalyptus cinerea F.V. Muell., Eucalyptus viminalis Labill., and Eucalyptus saligna Smith. with KT50 values of 12.0, 14.9, and 17.4 min, respectively. The most effective components were 1,8-cineole and anisole, with KT50 values of 11.1 and 12.7 min, respectively. Regression analysis of KT50 values and vapor pressures and water-partition coefficients for the essential oil components revealed that the most effective fumigants were among the more volatile components. Repellency assays indicated that the essential oil from Mentha pulegium L. and its benzyl alcohol component were the most effective repellents, having repellency indices of 75.5 and 57.8%, respectively. Thus, some Argentinean plants contain essential oils and components that function as fumigants or as repellents and thereby show potential for development of new control products for head lice.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[The simultaneous determination of permethrin and tetramethrin in their mixed mothproofer formulation by GC].

Mixed mothproofer of permethrin and tetramethrin is a new formulation for prevention cloth moth in China. A rapid and specific method is needed to simultaneously determine these two active ingredients. For this purpose, a method by GC was established with a 3% OV-101/Chromosorb WAW DMCS(180-250 microns) column at a temperature of 223 degrees C, by using di-iso-octylsebacate as internal standard. The mean coefficient of variation for permethrin and tetramethrin were 0.20% and 0.19% respectively. Linearity of detector response vs. mass concentration ranged from 0.38-2.6 g/L with r = 0.9999.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1979

Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of permethrin in bovine tissues.

A method is presented for the determination of permethrin (m-phenoxybenzyl cis,trans-(+/-)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate) in bovine tissues. Fat and muscle samples were cleaned up first by liquid-liquid partition on a bonded phase chromatographic column. Final cleanup of fat and muscle was performed on a short Florisil column. Liver, kidney, spleen, and heart tissues only required cleanup on a Florisil column before quantitation of permethrin by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

Pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID) vs 1% permethrin (NIX) in the treatment of head lice.

In a randomized controlled trial, 58 subjects were treated for Pediculus humanus var capitis with either pyrethrins combined with piperonyl butoxide (RID, Pfizer Inc, New York) or 1% permethrin (NIX, Burroughs Wellcome Co, Research Triangle Park, NC); 31 subjects received RID and 27 subjects received NIX. Both products were applied according to manufacturer's directions so that NIX was applied only on the first visit and RID was applied on the first visit and again seven days later. After each treatment with a pediculicide, the comb supplied by the manufacturer was used to remove nits. Seven days after the initial visit, NIX was determined to be significantly better than RID for eradicating the lice infestation. Of the 27 subjects receiving NIX, 26 were live free vs 14 of the 31 RID-treated subjects. At day 14, there was no statistically significant difference in the treatments (27 of 27 NIX-treated vs 29 of 31 RID-treated subjects were lice free). The RID comb was superior to the NIX comb for nit removal. Both treatments were effective and well tolerated, and no subject experienced adverse reactions.

Adolescent↗