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Results for “Physical exercise”

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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources

PubMed2002

Improving subjective health at the worksite: a randomized controlled trial of stress management training, physical exercise and an integrated health programme.

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of stress management training (SMT), physical exercise (PE) and an integrated health programme (IHP) in a worksite setting on subjective health complaints. To do this, we randomly split 860 employees into the following groups: control (n = 344), PE (n = 189), IHP (comprising physical exercise and health information) (n = 165) and SMT (n = 162). There were no significant effects on subjective health complaints, sick leave or job stress. However, strong and specific positive effects were experienced for the particular goal areas defined for each intervention. The PE group showed improved general health, physical fitness and muscle pain, while the SMT group showed improved stress management. The IHP group showed the strongest effects, affecting most goals set for treatment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1978

EEG signs of cerebrovascular disorder, using physical exercise as a provocative method.

A group of patients suffering from cerebrovascular insufficiency was submitted to a pilot EEG investigation using physical exercise as a provocative method. Two control groups, one of young (20--30 years) and another of older (more than 50 years) subjects, were also investigated. Quantitative EEG spectral data, determined at rest and during a period after physical exercise, showed that deviations of the frequency distribution of the alpha band were related to cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Whole-body energy mapping under physical exercise using positron emission tomography.

We attempted to visualize dynamic adjustment of glucose utilization in humans in the whole-body organs during physical exercise by using three-dimensional positron emission tomography (3D-PET) and [18F]-2-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG). Twelve healthy male volunteers collaborated on the study; six subjects were assigned to the resting control group (C) and the other six to the running group (E). Group E subjects performed running on a flat road for 35 min. After 15 min of running, subjects injected FDG and kept on running thereafter for another 20 min. Group C subjects sat on a comfortable chair in a quiet room for 35 min after the injection of FDG. After scanning by PET, the regions of interest (ROIs) were manually set on brain, heart, thorax, abdomen, lower extremities, and the rest of the body on the corresponding transaxial images. The uptake of FDG in each region was evaluated as the % fraction of FDG accumulation relative to the total amount of whole-body accumulation. The results revealed increase of FDG uptake after running in the lower leg muscles from 24.6 +/- 9.5% to 43.1 +/- 4.7% and in the heart from 2.3 +/- 0.4% to 2.8 +/- 0.6%. The differences were significant (P < 0.05). These increases reflect the rise in energy consumption in leg and heart muscles and were balanced by the reduction of energy consumption in the other part of the body. FDG uptake in the abdominal region reduced from 37.3 +/- 7.2% to 19.7 +/- 4.9%. However, FDG uptake in the brain remained stable, i.e., 11.9 +/- 2.8% at rest and 10.3 +/- 2.5% after exercise. Thus, 3D-PET is a tool to visualize the dynamic adjustment of energy consumption during physical exercise in humans.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Effects of aerobic physical exercise in the elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of an aerobic physical exercise program in the treatment of a group of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in relation to metabolic control, physical capacity, quality of life (QOL) and attitudes toward diabetes. Patients were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n=19) or a control (n=20) group. The following measurements were conducted at baseline and after week 16: glycosylated hemoglobin (hbA1c), fructosamine, 3 h oral glucose tolerance test, treadmill test (Balke-Naughton), and a questionnaire on QOL and attitudes toward DM. After the intervention, the experimental group showed a significant decrease of glucose excursion during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (area under the curve) (16.6+/-3.8 vs. 15.3+/-3.1, P<0.05) and an increase in total time on the treadmill (s) (423+/-207 vs. 471+/-230, P<0.05). An improvement in the attitudes toward DM was observed in the experimental group (P=0.01) but not in the control group. Female gender, higher body mass index and hbA1c were factors associated with a response to the intervention. This study suggests that physical exercise has significant effects on glucose excursion during an OGTT and exercise tolerance in elderly patients with type 2 DM.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Physical exercise affects the lipid profile of mitochondrial membranes in rats fed with virgin olive oil or sunflower oil.

The effects of physical exercise on the lipid profile in mitochondrial membranes of liver and skeletal muscle were examined in rats fed with virgin olive oil or sunflower oil. Thirty male Wistar rats, 21 d old, were randomly assigned to four groups according to fat ingestion and physical activity over an 8-week period. For each type of oil, one group acted as a control group while rats from the other were trained to run for 40 min daily on a horizontal treadmill, at a speed of 35 m/min. The results show that diet affected the fatty acid profile of the mitochondrial membranes from skeletal muscle and liver. Physical exercise also modified the fatty acid profile of the mitochondrial membranes. Total monounsaturated fatty acids decreased (P < 0.001) in liver mitochondria of exercised animals. Total polyunsaturated fatty acids in mitochondrial membranes of liver increased (P < 0.005) after exercise but those in mitochondrial membranes of skeletal muscle decreased (P < 0.05). These changes due to the exercise may arise via several mechanisms, e.g. fluidity regulation; changes in the eicosanoid metabolism; differences in the availability or oxidation rate of the different fatty acids.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

The effects of physical exercise on plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism in elderly men.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on plasma lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism in elderly men. We measured plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins (apo) in 12 elderly runners (OR), 12 elderly sedentary controls, 16 young runners (YR), and 15 young sedentary controls. Although there were no significant differences in plasma levels of cholesterol (Ch), triglyceride, and phospholipid between two old groups and between two young groups, OR and YR had decreased levels of VLDL-Ch (42% and 59% of respective control) and LDL-Ch (90%, 94%), and increased levels of HDL-Ch (133%, 112%), apo A-I (109%, 101%), and apo A-II (109%, 105%). These data indicate that physical exercise may have favorable effects on plasma concentrations of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in OR as well as in YR, and affect HDL-lipids, HDL-proteins, and ratio of HDL-proteins/HDL-lipids.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Diagnosis of hyperventilation for elimination of false-positive results of physical exercise test].

The study was conducted in 55 patients with cardiac pains. Electrocardiography was used successively prior to, during and following physical exercises, followed by Seldinger selective coronary angiography, and electrocardiography prior to, during and following hyperventilation tests. In 2 of 55 patients the result of the exercise test was interpreted as false-positive, since the coronary angiography demonstrated intact vessels, and during hyperventilation ECG recorded a decreased ST segment. To avoid false-positive results in patients with suspected angina pectoris the physical exercises tests can be considered positive only in cases in which hyperventilation caused no ECG changes typical for angina pectoris.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Decreasing self-stimulatory behavior with physical exercise in a group of autistic boys.

Five autistic boys were observed during 27 language training sessions. Each session followed one of three periods: physical exercise, TV watching, or regular academic work. It was found that the lowest levels of self-stimulation followed physical exercise, there were no differences in the levels of self-stimulation following TV watching and following academics, and the levels of correct question answering were not affected by the three different previous periods.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed2001

Evidence based prevention of acute injuries during physical exercise in a WHO safe community.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a community based programme for evidence based prevention of injuries during physical exercise. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental evaluation using an intervention population and a non-random control population. PARTICIPANTS: Study municipality (population 41,000) and control municipality (population 26,000) in Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morbidity rate for sports related injuries treated in the health care system; severity classification according to the abbreviated injury scale (AIS). RESULTS: The total morbidity rate for sports related injuries in the study area decreased by 14% from 21 to 18 injuries per 1,000 population years (odds ratio 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79 to 0.96). No tendency towards a decrease was observed in people over 40. The rate of moderately severe injury (AIS 2) decreased to almost half (odds ratio 0.58; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.68), whereas the rate of minor injuries (AIS 1) increased (odds ratio 1.22; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.40). The risk of severe injuries (AIS 3-6) remained constant. The rate of total sports injury in the control area did not change (odds ratio 0.93; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.07), and the trends in the study and control areas were not statistically significantly different. CONCLUSION: An evidence based prevention programme based on local safety rules and educational programmes can reduce the burden of injuries related to physical exercise in a community. Future studies need to look at adjusting the programme to benefit all age groups.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[The health-promoting effect of physical exercises in the work of schoolchildren at computers].

The results of the studies made showed that work at a computer leads to high strain of visual analyzer and of central nervous system. Physical exercises are supposed to be performed during those classes involving the use of a computer by schoolchildren. We have developed such a complex of exercises in the form of "phizkulminutka" (a series of physical exercises one minute in total duration).

Child↗

PubMed1993

Increased immune activation during and after physical exercise.

The present study has been performed to examine the pattern of immune response during and following a long-duration of physical exercise. We have measured plasma concentrations of serum soluble immune activation markers namely soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD8 (sCD8), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble CD23 (sCD23), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF-R) and neopterin in 18 individuals before, during (ascent: 3 h, descent: 2 h) and after an alpine tour. Compared to baseline levels, all the parameters were significantly increased on top of the mountain and/or after descent. Within 36 hours after the tour sIL-2R, sCD8 and sICAM-1 decreased. In contrast, sTNF-R and neopterin levels remained higher than baseline throughout the study, only partially decreasing 24 and 36 hours from start. These data show immune system activation induced by physical exercise. The increase of parameters sTNF-R and neopterin, reflecting activation of macrophages, was sustained. The data suggest that immune activation phenomena may be involved in the pathogenesis of impaired immune function after exercise and the exercise-induced asthma.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

The impact of environment in comparison with moderate physical exercise and dietary restriction on BDNF in the cerebral parietotemporal cortex of aged Sprague-Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Moderate physical exercise, dietary restriction as well as enriched environment in separate studies have been reported to delay some of the adverse effects of aging on brain function, parallel to an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In order to elucidate these influences in a comparative setting, we examined the tissue concentrations of BDNF in the cerebral parietotemporal cortex of old Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into six groups, living from 5 months (baseline group BL) up to 23 months of age as follows: voluntary running in wheels (RW), food restricted by feeding to pair weight with RW animals (PW), forced running on treadmills (TM), and sedentary controls with ad libitum access to food, either housed individually (S1) or in groups of 4 animals (S4). BDNF concentrations were determined by a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS: We found higher BNDF concentrations in the 5 months old animals than in the 23 months old animals of group S1. The old sedentary group S4 showed significantly higher BNDF concentrations in comparison with the old individually caged groups RW, TM, PW and S1. Their BNDF concentrations were even higher than those of the young baseline group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that housing and social interactions have more influence on BDNF concentrations in the cerebral parietotemporal cortex of aging Sprague-Dawley rats than physical exercise and food restriction.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Pulmonary lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses during exhaustive physical exercise: the role of vitamin E and selenium.

Physical exercise is known to induce oxidative stress leading to the generation of free radicals. This increased generation of free radicals might lead to lipid peroxidation and tissue damage, more so under deficient/impaired antioxidant states. In the present study, we report the role of vitamin E and selenium (Se) during exercise-induced oxidative stress in the pulmonary tissue. Vitamin E and/or Se deficiency in female albino rats resulted in generation of free radicals as revealed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra in the lung tissue, indicating the onset of oxidative stress. When these animals were subjected to a single bout of exhaustive exercise, there was an additional increase in the generation of oxy-free radicals, which might lead to tissue damage. However, no such signals were recorded in the lung tissue of vitamin E- and Se-supplemented animals, when subjected to a similar exercise program, suggesting that protection is offered by vitamin E and Se in combating oxidative stress.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Fluid-electrolyte metabolism and renal function in men under hypokinesia and physical exercise.

It has been suggested that hypokinesia (diminished muscular activity)* induces significant changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism and renal function in physically conditioned men. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate fluid-electrolyte metabolism and ionoregulatory renal function during 16 days of hypokinesia (HK) and 15 days of readaptation period (RP) in 12 physically conditioned male volunteers aged 19-23 years. They were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 was subjected to HK and intensive physical exercise (PE) and group 2 was submitted to pure HK, that is, without the use of any preventive measures. For the simulation of the hypokinetic effect all of the men were kept under a rigorous bed rest regime. Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium, creatinine, urea and osmotic concentration were calculated in blood serum and urine samples. Renal excretion of fluid, osmotically active substances and electrolytes was insignificantly different in the two groups. The level and period of water and electrolyte retention were different with respect to the duration of HK. The basic physiological mechanisms of changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism were consistent with a reduction of the glomerular filtration rate and a change in water and ion transport of renal tubules. It was concluded that HK induced marked changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism and renal function in physically conditioned men regardless of their involvement in intensive physical exercise.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Long-term physical exercise retards trabecular bone loss in lumbar vertebrae of aging female mice.

The present study examined the effect of long-term, moderate physical exercise on trabecular bone volume (TBV), calcium content, 3H-proline uptake, and the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases in lumbar vertebrae of aging and senescent mice. It became apparent that if physical activity starts at an early stage of life, i.e., prior to middle age and is extended until old age, it exerts beneficial effects on trabecular bone mass and mineralization. Such a positive effect is not obtained if the training program is initiated after middle age. The training-induced reduction in bone loss was accompanied by a significant decrease in acid phosphatase activity whereas no changes took place with regard to the activity of alkaline phosphatase. Long-term physical exercise also enhanced the uptake of 3H-proline by lining cells along the bone trabecules. In spite of its moderate nature, the endured training program served as a stress factor for the involved animals, a fact that was manifested by an increase in the serum levels of corticosterone. Thus, it seems that whereas young animals respond favorably to such a stimulatory stress, older animals lose this ability of adaptation.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2000

Respective effects of anabolic/androgenic steroids and physical exercise on isometric contractile properties of regenerating skeletal muscles in the rat.

We examined the respective effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids and physical exercise on the contractile properties of regenerating fast and slow hindlimb skeletal muscles. Degeneration/regeneration of the left extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) and soleus of young Wistar male rats was induced by a snake venom (Notechis scutatus scutatus) injection. During muscle regeneration, experimental rats were either treated with nandrolone (NAN, nortestosterone, im, 2 mg X kg(-1) X week(-1), or endurance exercised on a treadmill (EXE, 60 min x day(-1), 10-40 m X min(-1). Twenty-one days after injury, isometric contractile properties of regenerating muscles were studied in situ. Neither the nandrolone treatment nor the physical exercise program was able to change significantly muscle contraction parameters both in twitch and tetanus in both regenerating EDL and soleus (p > 0.05). However, we observed a greater peak twitch tension in NAN versus grouped control and EXE EDL (p < 0.01). In conclusion, endurance exercise program or anabolic-androgenic steroid (nortestosterone) treatment did not significantly improve isometric contractile properties of regenerating slow and fast muscles in the male young rats.

Anabolic Agents↗

PubMed2001

[Physical exercise in the rehabilitation of the coronary patient].

Coronary patients comprise an heterogeneous population. Many patients, after adequate screening, can benefit from physical training, which determines hemodynamic changes that are globally useful to the coronary patient. Under adequate supervision, physical exercise may help to condition the cardiocirculatory system in a favorable way. After successful training, efforts require a lower double product. By dumping sharp variations in heart rate and blood pressure, an increased margin of safety is obtained, and the coronary patient will be able to perform physical activity at a level closer to normal. Even without definitive evidence that life expectancy is increased and without direct effects on the heart and the coronary arteries, physical exercise promotes a better quality of life and decreases the negative impact of the coronary heart disease.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed1984

Policemen's physical fitness in relation to the frequency of leisure-time physical exercise.

Ninety to ninety-five men (aged 27 to 46 years) from the police academy were the study subjects. Their prior habits of physical exercise, estimated aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscular performance, and thickness of subcutaneous fat were determined. The policemen were taller (181 cm vs 175 cm) and heavier (84 kg vs 74 kg) than the average 20- to 40-year-old Finnish man, and their VO2max (1 X min-1) was higher (3.41 1 X min-1 vs 2.96 1 X min-1). The frequency of prior physical exercise significantly correlated with most of the variables studied. Those policemen who did not exercise at all (n = 12) were inferior to the average 20- to 40-year-old Finnish man on all the physical fitness tests, whereas the results of the most active policemen (n = 23) were clearly higher. The results indicate that the selection of heavier and taller men for police training guarantees a certain absolute level of physical performance capacity. However, the physical activity involved in police work is insufficient to maintain a high level of physical fitness, which must be achieved through participation in regular and effective physical training.

Adult↗