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PubMed2003

Practice development in psychological interventions: mental health nurse involvement in the Conversational Model of psychotherapy.

This paper describes a mental health nurse led practice development initiative in psychotherapy. Four mental health nurses have been trained to deliver the Conversational Model of psychotherapy (also known as psychodynamic-interpersonal (PI) psychotherapy) a non-cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with a robust evidence base. We report on the robust range of both processes and outcome measures being used to evaluate this initiative. We conclude that good quality evidence-based practice requires careful planning and preparation, adequate financial resources from Trusts, as well as commitment and motivation from the staff expected to be involved in such initiatives.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Unity within psychology, and unity between science and practice.

The unity of psychology as a science is to be found in its definition as the science of mental life, and its explanation of individual behavior in terms of mental states. This disciplinary focus will help negotiate psychology's relations with other disciplines, such as neuroscience and cognitive science. The unity within psychology between science and practice is to be found in a focus on scientific evidence as the source of the status, autonomy, and privileges of professional practitioners. Psychology should avoid the temptations of reductionism, and assert (and enjoy) its twin status as both a biological science and a social science.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Public health psychology: a conceptual and practical framework.

Increasingly, the development of public health infrastructures requires psychology to reevaluate its contribution to public health at local, national and global levels. Already familiar to some psychologists, particularly those in community psychology and health promotion, the expansion of public health has implications for psychology in terms of knowledge/practice and working differently in multidisciplinary settings. In this article, I provide a critical overview of the implications of the historical and international development of health psychology and the changing nature of public health to strengthen the establishment of public health psychology. A conceptual and practical framework is proposed in which public health psychology theory, methods and practice are considered as well as its relevance to the health social sciences more generally.

Behavioral Medicine↗
PubMed2005

Hostage negotiation: psychological principles and practices.

Resolution of hostage crises may take hours or days of intensely focused and stressful negotiation, requiring the use of virtually every crisis intervention strategy known to psychology and law enforcement. This article describes the nature of hostage crises and the factors that contribute to prospects for a successful resolution. Outlined are basic strategies of hostage negotiation and crisis management culled from the psychological and law enforcement literature. Recommendations are offered to civilians for surviving a hostage crisis. Finally, the article emphasizes the collaborative working relationship between mental health and law enforcement professionals that can have a lifesaving impact for citizens in peril.

Crisis Intervention↗
PubMed2002

Psychological issues in prosthetic and orthotic practice: a 25 year review of psychology in Prosthetics and Orthotics International.

In the inaugural edition of Prosthetics and Orthotics International, Fishman identified the psychological sciences as one of six indispensable areas of skill and knowledge in professional prosthetic-orthotic practice. Given the journal's significant role in reporting and developing pertinent research and practice, this review assesses the profile of psychology in prosthetic and orthotic research, as evidenced by the content of Prosthetics and Orthotics International since its inception. A MEDLINE search of the journal's abstracts over a twenty-five year period was conducted using the search terms: 'psychology', 'psychosocial', 'quality of life', 'developmental' and 'coping'. Results of this search are summarised under the following headings: (a) body image; (b) coping and adjustment; (c) developmental issues; (d) psychosocial well-being; (e) quality of life; and (f) psychological factors leading to amputation. On the basis of this review, the authors conclude by highlighting a number of key areas where the psychological aspects of prosthetics and orthotics warrant further investigation and dissemination.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Assessment of psychological care in general practice.

OBJECTIVE: To pilot a method of assessing psychological care by general practitioners. DESIGN: Prospective examination of psychological care given in general practice by using general health questionnaire with predetermined quantifiable and case specific indices of outcome established at the original consultation. SETTING: Rural general practice in Clwyd, North Wales. SUBJECTS: 447 consecutive adult general practice attenders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three month follow up consultation rates, one year retrospective consultation rates, continuity of care, changes in general health questionnaire scores at follow up, general satisfaction, and acceptability of outcome measures. RESULTS: The principal and trainee identified 72 patients with psychological problems, 46 of whom had new conditions. 133 patients scored over 6 on the 28 item general health questionnaire, 33 of whom were identified as new cases by the general practitioners. 62 patients were seen at follow up, including 23 patients identified by the questionnaire but not by the doctor. The doctors used diagnostic terms to describe the presenting condition in 38 cases. At three month follow up the general health questionnaire scores had fallen by more than 5 points in 22/39 patients identified and managed by doctors and 11/23 identified by the questionnaire. The agreed index of good outcome was almost or completely achieved by 20 of the 39 patients managed by doctors. CONCLUSION: Quantifiable methods of evaluating the quality of the structure, process, and outcome of psychological care can be achieved in general practice.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed1988

Automatic external defibrillation of patients after myocardial infarction by family members: practical aspects and psychological impact of training.

Automatic external defibrillation (AED) offers the potential for minimally trained individuals to convert life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias prior to arrival of emergency rescue personnel but optimum usage of AED remains undefined. To test the practical aspects of home AED in high risk patients after myocardial infarction, we identified 40 consecutive high risk post-MI patients, who satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fifteen (38%) patients were eliminated at their physician's request and nine others refused to participate. Twenty-six family members of the remaining 16 patients were trained in AED with follow-up testing at 3 months. Level of skill, especially in CPR performance, decline to unsatisfactory levels in 35% of trainees, including all over age 55. Trainees felt more confident due to availability of AED and 90% felt no strain in intrapersonal relationships. Psychological testing revealed a decrease in patient and trainee depression scores and no change in anxiety or obsessiveness during the study. These observations suggest the following: (1) better awareness of benefits of AED by physicians and lay persons is necessary, (2) retraining at less than 3 month intervals will be required for many spouse trainees and (3) there are no common adverse psychologic sequelae to training in AED.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Clinical psychology in general practice: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether a collaborative model of mental healthcare involving general practitioners and clinical psychologists benefits patients with common mental disorders in primary care. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort study of 276 general practice patients with mental health problems receiving collaborative treatment from clinical psychologists and GPs compared with a normative sample of 198 patients attending the same general practice surgeries. SETTING: Nine general practices in three regional cities (Bathurst, Armidale and Ballarat) and two single-doctor practices in two rural and remote townships (Rylstone and Trundle). Data were collected in Bathurst, Rylstone and Trundle during 2001 and 2002 and in Ballarat and Armidale in 2002. INTERVENTION: Full assessment, case formulation and "focussed psychological interventions" relevant to the patient's condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Level of psychological dysfunction assessed before and after the intervention, using the DASS (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales), GHQ (General Health Questionnaire) and GWBI (General Well Being Index) scales. RESULTS: After the intervention, average scores in the treatment group decreased significantly (P < 0.001) on all DASS and GHQ measures and increased on the GWBI, indicating a positive change in the patients' mental health. The follow-up scores of the treatment and normative groups did not differ significantly on any of these measures. CONCLUSION: Preliminary findings suggest that collaborative care involving GPs and clinical psychologists provides significant gains in patients' mental health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[Preventive psychology - theory and practical application on the example of paraplegic patients (author's transl)].

Starting out from Caplan's thinking on the concept of prevention and on crisis theory, it is contended for the care of persons with paraplegia, as for that of physically disabled people generally, that psychological prevention must set in already during their stay in hospital. A study of 77 paraplegic individuals confirms the urgent need for these efforts, which aim at reducing the occurrence of stressful situations and at promoting the most favourable outcome possible. They presuppose a search for environmental conditions that may generate crisis in individual disability groups, and also on what exactly it is that makes up for their being psychologically taxing. The findings obtained then form the basic structure for the concrete procedure to be followed by the rehabilitation facility. The central focus of this management approach is the problem-solving method, coupled with and extended by major components of discussion therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy, and of social skills training.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Can practice eliminate the psychological refractory period effect?

Can people learn to perform two tasks at the same time without interference? To answer this question, the authors trained 6 participants for 36 sessions in a Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) experiment, where Task 1 required a speeded vocal response to an auditory stimulus and Task 2 required a speeded manual response to a visual stimulus. The large PRP effect found initially (353 ms in Session 1) shrank to only about 40 ms over the course of practice, disappearing entirely for 1 of the 6 participants. This reduction in the PRP effect with practice is considerably larger than has been previously reported. The obtained pattern of factor interactions between stimulus onset asynchrony and each of three task difficulty manipulations (Task 1 judgment difficulty, Task 2 stimulus contrast, and Task 2 mapping compatibility) supports a postponement (bottleneck) account of dual-task interference, both before and after practice.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

The practice of forensic psychology. A look toward the future in light of the past.

In a 1987 American Psychologist article, Tom Grisso summarized the state of forensic psychological assessment, noted its limitations and potential, and offered suggestions for researchers and practitioners interested in contributing to its future. Since that time, there have been many important developments in the field of forensic psychology, as well as in clinical psychology more generally, some of which were anticipated and recommended by Grisso, and some of which were not. Forensic psychology is now at a crossroads, and the specialty must make an effort to respond to current challenges if it is to aid in the administration of justice by assisting legal decision makers. The need to distinguish between and identify levels of forensic knowledge and practice, establish guidelines for practice, educate legal consumers, and devote more attention to treatment issues in forensic contexts is highlighted.

Criminal Psychology↗