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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Electrical coupling among Bergmann glial cells and its modulation by glutamate receptor activation.

We studied the characteristics of electrical coupling between Bergmann glial cells in mouse cerebellar slices using Lucifer Yellow injection, patch-clamping cell pairs, and ultrastructural inspection. While early postnatal cells (days 5-7) were not coupled, coupling was abundant at postnatal days 20-24. Coupled cells were arranged perpendicular to the parallel fibers in a parasagittal section, forming a string, rather than a cluster of cells. Electron microscopy revealed that gap junctions were abundant in the distal parts of the processes. Gap junctions between cell bodies and processes were very rare, and no gap junctions were found between cell bodies of adjacent Bergmann glial cells. The junctional conductance was voltage and time independent and could be markedly reduced by halothane. Alkalization of cells (by applying NH4+) increased the junctional conductance to 150%, while acidification of the cell interior (by removing NH4+) led to a decrease to 70%. Activation of AMPA receptors induced a blockade of the junctional conductance to 30% of the control. This link is most likely mediated by the influx of Ca2+ via the receptor since this effect was not observed in Ca(2+)-free medium, suggesting that Ca2+ entry via the kainate receptor pore led to the closure of gap junctions. These studies indicate that electrical coupling between Bergmann glial cells is not only developmentally regulated but also controlled by physiological stimuli.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Nourishing the body through use of process prescriptions in group therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This clinical report describes a creative process for developing between-session prescriptions which sustain and strengthen the momentum of change occurring in group treatment sessions. METHOD: Therapists in this model use words and phrases depicting the group as a body in order to guide the treatment process and develop between-session prescriptions. Maintaining a perspective of the treatment group as a body facilitates development of member commitment to the well-being of a physical and psychological body, and between-session assignments employ the developmental phases of the therapy for illuminating the disorder and effecting its resolution. This approach was developed in an ongoing, open-ended treatment group provided at a community mental health center for 14 years. RESULTS: Examples are presented of process prescriptions which simultaneously address several dynamic levels: (a) the theme of interactions between the individuals in each session; (b) the particular stage of the group's development, and the ways this level of maturation determines how interactions arise and themes are selected; and (c) the underlying functions of the eating disorder. DISCUSSION: Using the metaphor of the body to guide the language of between-session prescriptions links developmental group treatment process with members' day-to-day engagement with the eating disorder. By participating directly in the development of the treatment experience, the group members become committed to a developmental process that engages them in accountability and caring for a body, and, by extension, their own bodies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Efficient secretion of attacin from insect fat-body cells requires proper processing of the prosequence.

The attacins constitute a group of immune proteins induced after bacterial infection in the moth Hyalophora cecropia. They are synthesized as preproproteins and undergo post-translational modification during transport to the hemolymph. The processing and transport rates of attacin were studied in its natural host as a response to infection. Monensin totally inhibited the processing from proattacin to attacin and the radiolabeled proattacin remained intracellular. This observation indicated that the prosequence is removed at or after the trans-Golgi compartment. It is also suggested that the processing of the prosequence does not occur in acidic vesicles, as the process was not inhibited by the weak base chloroquine. To study prosequence function, the attacin gene and genes with mutations in the prosequence were cloned into the baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The processing of proattacin and the transport of attacin were studied by pulse-chase experiments with fat body isolated from Trichoplusia ni larvae. The rate of secretion from fat body was lowest for proattacin, which could not be processed to attacin, intermediate for attacins lacking the prosequence and highest for natural attacin. We could not detect any biological activity for proattacin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Body image and the process of reconstructive surgery.

Newer craniofacial operative techniques produce rapid changes in objective appearance and permit the study of body-image change. In 21 patients with either Crouzon's disease or Alpert's syndrome, a four-factor model of body-image development was applied that emphasizes cognitive growth, perception of body stimuli, stimuli from the environment in the form of comparison, and the response from others. Before a child is of school age, he has substantially defined his body image, therefore corrective surgery must be considered earlier. Although surgical intervention may produce significant objective physical change, there is not a correspondingly rapid change in body image. Four phases in the modification of body image are (1) the decision to undergo surgery, (2) the operative experience, (3) the immediate postoperative period, and (4) the reintegration stage. Recognition of this phasic process will help integrate care of these patients.

Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
PubMed1991

Distribution of proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein in cultured mouse oligodendrocytes: primary vs. secondary cultures.

The distribution of proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP) was examined in differentiating oligodendrocytes of primary and secondary mouse brain cell cultures by single- and double-label indirect immunofluorescence. In primary cultures, MBP and PLP were differentially located in oligodendrocytes. MBP became concentrated as fine punctate dots lining the edges of processes and as coarse grains in flattened sheet-like structures. PLP was distributed diffusely throughout cell bodies and processes but was limited to the perimeter of sheets and some processes within sheets. To compare the detailed distribution of PLP and MBP in the absence of underlying cells, a simple method for the growth of isolated oligodendrocytes in secondary cultures was developed. Cells were maintained in primary culture for 39-41 days, harvested by scraping, enriched for oligodendrocytes, and plated at low cell density. After 1 week, isolated oligodendrocytes had developed long processes and large flattened membranous sheets. MBP and PLP were differentially localized in these cell structures. The sheets contained fine-grained patches of MBP, which were surrounded by networks of MBP- processes. In contrast, PLP was initially seen throughout the cell bodies and processes. In older cultures, PLP became strikingly concentrated in curvilinear membranous profiles. The observations show that PLP and MBP are differentially located in cultured mouse oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the precise distribution of these myelin-specific antigens is dependent on culture conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

In vivo observations of terminal Schwann cells at normal, denervated, and reinnervated mouse neuromuscular junctions.

We found a low-molecular-mass, fluorescent dye, Calcein blue am ester (CB), that labels terminal Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions in vivo without damaging them. This dye was used to follow terminal Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions in the mouse sternomastoid muscle over periods of days to months. Terminal Schwann cell bodies and processes were stable in their spatial distribution over these intervals, with processes that in most junctions were precisely aligned with motor nerve terminal branches. Three days after nerve cut, the extensive processes elaborated by terminal Schwann cells in denervated muscle were labeled by CB. The number and length of CB-labeled terminal Schwann cell processes decreased between 3 days and 1 month after denervation, suggesting that terminal Schwann cell processes are only transiently maintained in the absence of innervation. During reinnervation after nerve crush, however, terminal Schwann cell processes were extended in advance of axon sprouts, and these processes persisted until reinnervation was completed. By viewing the same junctions twice during reinnervation, we directly observed that axon sprouts used existing Schwann cell processes and chains of cell bodies as substrates for outgrowth. Thus, CB can be used to monitor the dynamic behavior of terminal Schwann cells, whose interactions with motor axons and their terminals are important for junction homeostasis and repair.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Selective processing of eating and body words in restricting-type anorexics, binge-eating-type anorexics, bulimics, and control subjects.

A French adaptation of the Stroop colour-naming task was used to investigate selective processing of information related to eating and the body in 92 female subjects: 18 with restricting-type anorexia nervosa (RAs), 25 with binge-eating-type anorexia (BAs), 20 with bulimia nervosa (BNs), and 29 controls (Cs). All participants were significantly slower in colour-naming words related to eating and the body. This suggests that eating and body Stroop effects were not diagnostic category effects. Eating Stroop effect was significantly stronger in eating disordered patients than in Cs, but very similar in RAs, BAs, and BNs. It did not correlate with the body mass index nor with Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) scores. Body Stroop effect did not differ significantly between groups. However some of our results suggested a tendency for this effect to be higher in BNs, corroborating previous literature data. Body Stroop effect correlated with EDI score in RAs, and with the "body dissatisfaction" subscale score in BNs and BAs. It did not correlate with the body mass index. Further studies are currently being carried out to determine whether inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa induces significant changes in eating and/or body Stroop effect, and whether such changes might be predictive of clinical outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Ultrastructural studies on neuromuscular contacts and the formation of junctions in the flight muscle of Antheraea polyphemus (Lep.). II. Changes after motor nerve section.

In the moth Antheraea polyphemed at the onset of adult development. The subsequent breakdown of the isolated motor stulongated vesicles similar in structure to channels of smooth ER, appear in large numbers in the axoplasm. Their nature as well as the functional aspects of early axonal changes are discussed. From the 7th day onward two types of axonal breakdown become prominent. The first is characterized 0y swelling axon profiles, distorted vesicles and strongly shrunken mitochondria, uhile shrinking axon profiles containing tightly packed mitochondria and unaltered vesicles are typical of the second. Both types presumably take place independently of each other in different axon terminals. Axons and the contents of at least the first type are finally removed by transformation into lamellar bodies. Glial processes obviously behave independently of degenerating terminals; they loose any contact with them and never act as phagocytes for axon remnants. During the whole period of breakdown undifferentiated contacts between nerve fibers and muscle anlagen are present but synaptic structures as in normal developing dlm have never been observed. This fact, in comparison with earlier studies, suggests a lack of trophic nervous activity on the muscle anlagen tissue. A short time after removal of the isolated stumps new nerve tracts appear between dlm-fibers (which are, of course, strongly retarded in development). They are presumably sensory wing nerves which lack a guide structure to the central target, due to axotomy. Neuromuscular contacts or even junctions formed by axons of these nerves have occasionally been detected on the dlm. Their nature is discussed. Wallerian axon degeneration is compared to the normal, metamorphic breakdown of the innervation of the larval dlm-precursor. In contrast to the former, glial processes here remain in contact with the terminals. Glia and axons first swell. Then most glial processes are transformed into lamellar bodies whereas neurites shrink and become electron-dense. Axonal organelles remain intact for a long period.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Study of Golgi-impregnated material using the confocal tandem scanning reflected light microscope.

The tandem scanning reflected-light microscope (TSM) is a real-time, direct-view confocal microscope. Only those points in the specimen situated in the focal plane contribute information to the image. A Tracor Northern TMS with piezo-electric control of the objective lens was used to generate 3-D images from Golgi-impregnated hamster cerebral cortex. Stereoscopic pairs of images were recorded as 35-mm colour film transparencies by photographing while automatically through-focusing along inclined axes. Transferring the image via a TV camera to the computer, stereo-pairs were obtained by oblique through-focusing and summing, displaying maximum intensity data in each line of sight. Pseudocolour topographic displays were generated by assigning the pixel value in a zeta map image as the focal depth at which the back-scattered light signal was maximal. The TSM was also modified so that a conventional transmitted-light image with a large depth of field could be obtained simultaneously as the very shallow depth of field confocal back-scattered-light image seen at any focus level. The conventional image is a silhouette of the impregnated neurons: the top surface of the cell is not visible and the relationships of processes that cross over cell bodies cannot be discerned. TSM gives a high-contrast image. The Golgi precipitate over the neuronal surface is resolved as globular or ovoid, coloured particles. The smaller particles also cover the dendritic spines. All the confocal range (extended focus) image display methods satisfactorily demonstrated the 3-D arrangement of cell bodies and processes in the chosen volume.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Electron microscope study of osteoclasts with special reference to the three-dimensional structure of the ruffled border.

Osteoclasts of rat mandibulars were observed under the transmission electron microscope with the aim of understanding the three-dimensional structure of the ruffled border. After observation, the same block was remounted to obtain sections of the same osteoclasts at right angles to the first sectioning plane. The structure of the ruffled border of osteoclasts was observed in the two perpendicular directions. The ruffled border of osteoclasts was found to consist of two areas: one being composed of finger-like processes and the other, of plate-like processes. The distribution of the two areas of processes in the ruffled border did not show any apparent regularity. Not all processes continued to the cell body; some processes (stem processes) did while others were interwoven branches of the stem processes. The finger-like processes were long and rod-shaped and a few of them branched directly from the stem processes. The plate-like processes were long and belt-like and showed complicated branching from the stem processes; some of these were possibly the long belt-like processes that were complicatedly folded up to make many secondary plates; they are arranged parallel to each other in a given area. The relationship between the structure and function of the ruffled border is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Body scheme gates visual processing.

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore how guidance of motor acts is influenced by the visually perceived body scheme. We found that when subjects view their hand as their opposite hand, i.e., the right hand is seen as the left hand and vice versa, activation in the visual cortex was lateralized opposite to the seen hand. This demonstrates for the first time that our body scheme to which vision relates our environment is already represented at the level of visual cortex.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A light and electron microscopic study of glutamate receptors in the monkey subthalamic nucleus.

The distribution of glutamate receptors in the monkey subthalamic nucleus was studied using affinity purified polyclonal antibodies to GluR1, phosphorylated GluR1, GluR2/3, NMDAR1, mGluR1a and mGluR5. Intense staining for both the unphosphorylated and the phosphorylated forms of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 was observed in the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of neurons in this nucleus. In comparison to GluR1, less intense staining for GluR2/3 was observed in the cell bodies and processes. NMDAR1 immunoreactivity was present in cell bodies and large numbers of small diameter dendrites. Light staining was observed in cell bodies with mGluR1a and no staining was observed on cell bodies with mGluR5. The neuropil, however, contained many processes that were labeled for mGluR1a or mGluR5. Electron microscopy showed that label was present in cytoplasmic locations in cell bodies and dendrites, in addition to components of the synaptic region, in sections stained for GluR1, GluR2/3 and NMDAR1. In contrast, very lightly labeled or unlabeled cell bodies but labeled dendrites and axon terminals, was observed in sections stained for mGluR1a and mGluR5. In addition to neural processes, occasional astrocytic processes were also labeled for mGluR5. Of the immunogold particles that were associated with components of the synaptic region, label for ionotropic glutamate receptors was mostly present on postsynaptic densities, whilst that for metabotropic glutamate receptors was mostly present in a perisynaptic location. The ratio of GluR1/GluR2 messenger RNAs has been reported to increase in the aged hippocampus (PAGLIUSI, S. R., GERRARD, P., ABDALLAH, M., TALABOT, D. & CATSICAS, S. (1994) Neuroscience 61, 429-433.), and it is possible that a similar change in the ratio of GluR1 and GluR2 may occur in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus with age. It is postulated that this could result an increase in calcium permeability via AMPA receptors, and an enhancement of excitatory transmission in this nucleus.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Thyroid hormone deficiency changes the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin markers during oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro.

Myelination depends on the proper differentiation of oligodendrocytes and several factors may influence this event. For instance, thyroid hormone (T3) affects the timing of differentiation and regulates the expression of several enzymes involved in the synthesis of complex lipids and in the expression of some myelin structural proteins. We investigated the effect of T3 deficiency on oligodendroglial differentiation and in the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin proteins 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Oligodendroglial-enriched cultures were obtained from cerebra of neonate rats grown in a modified medium. The T3-deficient status was induced by using medium devoid of T3. We observed a delay, in T3-deficient cultures, in oligodendroglial maturation characterized by less extensive processes and membrane vellum than in controls. In control cultures, CNPase immunoreactivity was punctated, showing cell bodies and processes at earlier stages and redistribution to cytoskeleton vein-like structures in later stages. In T3-deficient cultures, CNPase remained in a punctated pattern and only at 10 days in vitro we observed CNPase redistribution to the presumptive cytoskeleton vein-like structures. MBP in control cultures was distributed through the whole cell body and processes whereas in T3-deficient cultures, MBP immunoreactivity was concentrated in the perinuclear region. These results reinforce the hypothesis that T3 is an important factor in oligodendrocyte differentiation, particularly regarding the distribution of myelin proteins.

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1996

Dopaminergic transmission in the rat retina: evidence for volume transmission.

The study was designed to determine whether dopaminergic neurotransmission in the retina can operate via volume transmission. In double immunolabelling experiments, a mismatch as well as a match was demonstrated in the rat retina between tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine (DA) immunoreactive (ir) terminals and cell bodies and dopamine D2 receptor-like ir cell bodies and processes. The match regions were located in the inner nuclear and plexiform layers (D2 ir cell bodies plus processes). The mismatch regions were located in the ganglion cell layer, the outer plexiform layer, and the outer segment of the photoreceptor layer, where very few TH ir terminals can be found in relation to the D2 like ir processes. In similar experiments analyzing D1 receptor like ir processes versus TH ir nerve terminals, mainly a mismatch in their distribution could be demonstrated, with the D1 like ir processes present in the outer plexiform layer and the outer segment where a mismatch in D2 like receptors also exists. The demonstration of a mismatch between the localization of the TH terminal plexus and the dopamine D2 and D1 receptor subtypes in the outer plexiform layer, the outer segment and the ganglion cell layer (only D2 immunoreactivity (IR)) suggests that dopamine, mainly from the inner plexiform layer, may reach the D2 and D1 mismatch receptors via diffusion in the extracellular space. After injecting dopamine into the corpus vitreum, dopamine diffuses through the retina, and strong catecholamine (CA) fluorescence appears in the entire inner plexiform layer and the entire outer plexiform layer, representing the match and mismatch DA receptor areas, respectively. The DA is probably bound to D1 and D2 receptors in both plexiform layers, since the DA receptor antagonist chlorpromazine fully blocks the appearance of the DA fluorescence, while only a partial blockade is found after haloperidol treatment which mainly blocks D2 receptors. These results indicate that the amacrine and/or interplexiform DA cells, with sparse branches in the outer plexiform layer, can operate via volume transmission in the rat retina to influence the outer plexiform layer and the outer segment, as well as other layers of the rat retina such as the ganglion cell layer.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The human brain is a detector of chemosensorily transmitted HLA-class I-similarity in same- and opposite-sex relations.

Studies on subjective body odour ratings suggest that humans exhibit preferences for human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-dissimilar persons. However, with regard to the extreme polymorphism of the HLA gene loci, the behavioural impact of the proposed HLA-related attracting signals seems to be minimal. Furthermore, the role of HLA-related chemosignals in same- and opposite-sex relations in humans has not been specified so far. Here, we investigate subjective preferences and brain evoked responses to body odours in males and females as a function of HLA similarity between odour donor and smeller. We show that pre-attentive processing of body odours of HLA-similar donors is faster and that late evaluative processing of these chemosignals activates more neuronal resources than the processing of body odours of HLA-dissimilar donors. In same-sex smelling conditions, HLA-associated brain responses show a different local distribution in male (frontal) and female subjects (parietal). The electrophysiological results are supported by significant correlations between the odour ratings and the amplitudes of the brain potentials. We conclude that odours of HLA-similar persons function as important social warning signals in inter- and intrasexual human relations. Such HLA-related chemosignals may contribute to female and male mate choice as well as to male competitive behaviour.

Adult↗