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PubMedDate not supplied

Communicating HIV and AIDS, what works? A report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series.

This article describes the evaluation of the HIV/AIDS communication aspect of the multi media Soul City health promotion intervention in South Africa. The intervention consists of a television and radio drama and print material. The evaluation was multifaceted with a before and after national survey and a national qualitative study. In the before and after survey change was measured and then multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the variables associated with the change. The qualitative study consisted of focus group discussions, which were analysed thematically. The studies show that there are numerous instances of community change and how the change is mediated at the community level. The studies also describe the change at a number of levels of the described behaviour change model for individuals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Promoting organ donation to Hispanics: the role of the media and medicine.

This study assesses the impact of a paid media advertising campaign employing Spanish language, culturally sensitive television and radio spots airing on major Hispanic stations in southern California. An advertising tracking study with a baseline and three postintervention telephone surveys was conducted from 2001 through 2003 among 500 randomly selected self-identified, primarily Spanish language dominant adult Hispanics. Measures of organ donation attitudes and behaviors (decision and declared intent to donate organs) improved significantly (P < .05) in 2001 and 2002, then leveled off or declined in 2003. Among the reasons given for not making a decision to donate was fear that medical personnel might withhold care from identified organ donors, suggesting lack of knowledge and distrust of the health care system. Few respondents talked to health care professionals or contacted the organ procurement agency for information either before or after the campaign. Findings from this study indicate a need for ongoing public education in the Hispanic community about organ transplantation and donation. Health professionals need to become more engaged in encouraging Hispanic patients to learn about organ transplantation and donation, and to inform their families that they have made the personal decision to donate.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Can EMF exposure during development leave an imprint later in life?

People in industrialized nations live in an environment of ubiquitous electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, both natural and anthropogenic. The intensity, variety, and geographic distribution of anthropogenic EMF exposures have grown dramatically since the mid 20th century, with many uses serving, and in close proximity to, human populations, such as electric power distribution, radio and television transmission, and more recently, personal cell phone communication units and transmitting towers. Thus, it is reasonable to ask if this EMF exposure could cause alterations in the physiology of developing organisms, since they are generally assumed to be the most sensitive to chemical stressors. In this report, we review work published beginning in the late 1980s. Initial reports indicated that exposure of chicken eggs during embryonic development to power-line electric fields of 50 and 60 Hz, at 10 V/m in air (which is frequently in locations inhabited by humans), could cause the brain tissues of the hatched chickens to respond differently in a particular test. More recently, an anecdotal report of human sensitivity to EMF has appeared that shows a health-related influence of prior exposure history to particular power-line frequencies in chemically sensitized individuals. These reports open the question of whether the ambient electromagnetic environment can leave an imprint on developing organisms and if such imprint changes have the potential for health consequences.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Public perceptions of information sources concerning bioterrorism before and after anthrax attacks: an analysis of national survey data.

This study examined data from six national surveys before and after the bioterrorist anthrax attacks in the fall of 2001. Public perceptions of information sources regarding bioterrorism were examined. The findings highlighted the importance of local television and radio and of cable and network news channels as information sources. The findings also showed the importance of national and local health officials as spokespersons in the event of bioterrorist incidents. Periodic surveys of public attitudes provide important, timely information for understanding audiences in communication planning.

Anthrax↗
PubMed1978

Community mental health and mass media preventive education: the alternatives project.

An innovative mental health preventive education and public information program employing mass media was conducted in the Louisville, Kentucky, metropolitan area. Social work and mental health concepts of prevention were applied as a framework for developing project goals. Systematic evaluation, based on data from client-initiated telephone contacts and surveys of the community, demonstrated project success in increasing awareness and utilization of community mental health resources. The overall impact on assessment attitudes was positive; changes in resolution attitudes were not statistically significant. Implications for mass media utilization in mental health prevention are discussed.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Media coverage of women's health issues: is there a bias in the reporting of an association between hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer?

Media coverage of scientific research plays a major role in shaping public opinion and influencing medical practice. When an association is controversial, such as with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breast cancer, it is important that a balanced picture of the scientific literature be reported. The objective of this study was to assess whether scientific publications that do and do not support an HRT/breast cancer association were cited in the media in proportions similar to those with which they appear in the scientific literature. Scientific publications reporting on the HRT/breast cancer association published from January 1, 1995, to June 30, 2000, were identified through a systematic Medline search. Media reports from newspapers, magazines, television, and radio that reported on HRT and breast cancer were retrieved from an online database. Investigators independently recorded characteristics of the scientific publications and media reports. A total of 32 scientific publications were identified: 20 (62.5%) concluded there was an increased risk of breast cancer associated with HRT (positive publications), and 12 (37.5%) concluded there was no evidence for an association (null publications). Nearly half (47%) of the scientific publications were not cited by the media. There were 203 media citations of scientific publications: 82% were of positive publications and 18% were of null publications, representing a significant excess of citations of positive publications (p < 0.01). Media coverage of this controversial issue is based on a limited sample of the scientific publications. Moreover, the excess of media citations for positive scientific publications suggests a bias against null scientific publications.

Bias↗
PubMed1996

Risk factors for wasting and stunting among children in Metro Cebu, Philippines.

Risk factors for wasting and stunting were examined in a longitudinal study of 18 544 children younger than 30 mo in Metro Cebu, Philippines. Measures of household demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, maternal characteristics and behavior, and child biological variables were analyzed cross-sectionally in six child age-residence strata by using logistic regression. Our results support biological and epidemiologic evidence that wasting and stunting represent different processes of malnutrition. They also indicate that the principal risk factors for stunting and wasting in infants < 6 mo of age were either maternal behaviors or child biological characteristics under maternal control, eg, breast-feeding status and birth weight. After 6 mo of age, household socioeconomic characteristics emerged with behavioral and biological variables as important determinants of malnutrition, eg, father's education and presence of a television and/or radio. Household socioeconomic status influenced the risk of stunting earlier in rural than in urban barangays. Implications of the results for interventions are discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Telemedicine and telepharmacy: current status and future implications.

Uses of telemedicine are described and potential roles for pharmacists are discussed. Telemedicine has been defined as "the use of electronic information and communications technologies to provide and support health care when distance separates the participants." Technologies included in telemedicine are videoconferencing, telephones, computers, the Internet, fax, radio, and television. Telepharmacy has the same basic definition but refers to pharmaceutical care provision. Although the videotelemedicine market is expected to grow considerably, lack of reimbursement and high costs are continuing obstacles. Pharmacy is using video-conferencing for education, training, and management purposes. The telephone has changed from a dial-and-talk instrument to a multimedia access tool. Medical devices are being attached to telephone lines to provide remote monitoring and therapy, and call centers are providing medication counseling, prior authorization, refill authorization, and formulary compliance monitoring. Although the Internet has quickly become a star performer, utilization by health care lags behind that of other industries. The Internet-fueled empowerment of consumers and their expectations for speed, access, and convenience are creating more unmet expectations of the traditional health care system. Pharmacy has both organizational and individual practitioner Web sites, but it is online drugstores that are attracting most attention. Potential benefits of telemedicine include improved access to care, greater efficiency in diagnosis and treatment, higher productivity, and market positioning for the coming century. Telemedicine will tax the economic, regulatory, legal, ethical, and clinical care expertise of the entire health care system. Studies of the effectiveness, cost, and societal implications of telemedicine are needed, along with practice models and standards, training programs, and solutions to regulatory, licensing, and legal questions. Securing reimbursement for cognitive services remains a problem for telemedicine and telepharmacy. Telemedicine presents profound opportunities and challenges to pharmacy and other health care professions.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1989

Self-medication among secondary school pupils in Hong Kong: a descriptive study.

A self-completion questionnaire was used to survey self-medication among secondary school pupils in Hong Kong. Data were collected from 4793 pupils aged 10 to 23 years (55.9% female and 44.1% male). Nearly three quarters (72.1%) had taken self-medication without consulting a medical practitioner and 51.8% of the sample had done so without the knowledge of older family members. The prevalence of self-medication increased with age. More than half the pupils (50.4%) indicated that trivial illness did not warrant a consultation with a doctor. Information relating to the sources of self-administered drugs, types of drugs used and sources of information about these drugs was collected. Medicine cabinets at home and pharmacy shops were the two most common places from which the pupils obtained their drugs. Though the prevalence of taking tranquillizers and sleeping tablets was found to be low, the probability of young people, especially boys, obtaining dangerous drugs from these places should not be overlooked. The medical, nursing and teaching professions should take a more active role in health education, as the sources from which the pupils obtained their drug knowledge, in descending order of frequency, were: family members, previous illness experience, pharmacy shops, doctor or nurse, television or radio, newspapers or magazines, friends and teachers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Consumers leading public consultation: the general public's knowledge of stroke.

BACKGROUND: The need to make health services and research relevant to the general public through user involvement and consultation has been recognized and formalized in guidelines and research publications. OBJECTIVES: We had the following objectives (i) to involve and enable lay people to identify and direct a research study as co-researchers consulting members of the general public about their awareness and knowledge of stroke and stroke risk; and (ii) to consult members of the general public aged between 40 and 65 years old to identify what they know about the signs of stroke and potential risk factors in order to inform local public health programmes. METHODS: A 20-point multiple choice questionnaire was designed by two consumers trained in research skills at a year long training programme. The questionnaire was sent to 250 randomly selected patients from one general practice in North Staffordshire. RESULTS: A 57% response rate was achieved (142 out of 250), with 139 being appropriate for analysis. The current knowledge and awareness of stroke and stroke risk was relatively good. Almost 90% knew that stroke occurs in the brain and most correctly identified the causes as related to impaired blood supply to the brain. Further, upon recognizing signs of stroke, 96% thought it was 'extremely important' to get immediate treatment for someone who may be having a stroke. Seventy-eight percent of respondents stated that they would like further information about stroke. The most popular sources of information identified were: their general practice (51%); television and radio (36%); and friends and family (33%). CONCLUSION: The consumers' involvement has essentially allowed lay people to consult other members of the general public about health issues of national priority with specific local relevance. The involvement of consumers in research needs to be considered as worthwhile if it is to have any lasting impact on local or national services. Future research using consumer involvement will need to decide upon the balance between scientific integrity and the level of consumer direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

A multidimensional approach to religiosity and disengagement.

This study of 106 elderly Central Missourians examines religious behavior as an indication of "disengagement." It is argued that religiosity must be measured in both organizational forms such as attending religious services and the more subjective nonorganizational forms including prayer and listening to religious services and music on radio and television before an assessment of "disengagement" is made. Following Hochschild (1975) it is argued that from the perspective of researchers and others it may appear "engaged". Data support the thesis that elderly may be disengaged organizationally but engaged non-organizationally.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Case-control studies of cancer in New Zealand electrical workers.

A series of reports, including a New Zealand case-control study, have suggested that electrical workers are at increased risk of leukaemia. We report here a further series of case-control studies based on the New Zealand Cancer Registry. These involved 19,904 male patients registered with cancer for the period 1980-1984 who were aged 20 years or more at time of registration. For each cancer site, the registrations for other sites formed the control group. Three main findings emerged. First, there is an elevated leukaemia risk in New Zealand electrical workers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.62, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.04-2.52), but little evidence of increased risks for other cancer sites. Second, contrary to other published studies, the increased risk was primarily for chronic leukaemia (OR = 2.12) rather than acute leukaemia (OR = 1.25), and for lymphatic leukaemia (OR = 1.73) rather than myeloid leukaemia (OR = 1.22). Third, the increased risk was strongest for certain categories of electrical work including radio and television repairers (OR = 7.86, 95% CI 2.20-28.09), electricians (OR = 1.68, 95% Cl = 0.75-3.79), linemen (OR = 2.35, 95% Cl 0.97-5.70) and power station operators (OR = 3.89, 95% Cl 1.00-15.22).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Indoor biofuel air pollution and respiratory health: the role of confounding factors among women in highland Guatemala.

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have reported associations between indoor biofuel air pollution in developing countries and chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) in adults and acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in children. Most of these studies have used indirect measures of exposure and generally dealt inadequately with confounding. More reliable, quantified information about this presumed effect is an important pre-requisite for prevention, not least because of the technical, economic and cultural barriers to achieving substantial exposure reductions in the world's poorest households, where ambient pollution levels are typically between ten and a hundred times higher than recommended standards. This study was carried out as part of a programme of research designed to inform the development of intervention studies capable of providing quantified estimates of health benefits. METHODS: The association between respiratory symptoms and the use of open fires and chimney woodstoves ('planchas'), and the distribution of confounding factors, were examined in a cross-sectional study of 340 women aged 15-45 years, living in a poor rural area in the western highlands of Guatemala. RESULTS: The prevalence of reported cough and phlegm was significantly higher for three of six symptom measures among women using open fires. Although this finding is consistent with a number of other studies, none has systematically examined the extent to which strong associations with confounding variables in these settings limit the ability of observational studies to define the effect of indoor air pollution adequately. Very strong associations (P < 0.0001) were found between the type of fire and a number of household and socioeconomic factors including the arrangement of rooms, floor type, and possession of a radio and television. The spouse's economic activity type was also significantly associated (P < 0.05). Thus, while 82% of open fire users had dirt floors and only 18% cement or tile floors, the situation was reversed for plancha users, only 16% of whom had dirt floors. CONCLUSIONS: Confounding presents a substantial problem for observational studies of indoor air pollution and health, although there is a reasonable case for believing that the observed association is causal. Intervention studies are required for stronger evidence of this association, and more importantly, to determine the size of health benefit achievable through feasible exposure reductions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of oral poliovirus vaccine delivery during the 1994 national immunization days in Pakistan.

Pakistan conducted national immunization days (NIDs) for the first time in 1994. To estimate coverage, to evaluate risk factors for failure to be immunized, and to determine the effectiveness of mass media, parents of 1288 children in 714 households in four districts were surveyed after the first NID round. In each district, a high proportion of children (93%-96%) received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) during the NID. In three districts, unimmunized or partially immunized children were less likely to receive NID OPV than were fully immunized children (Kohistan, P < .001; Quetta, P < .001; and Sibi, P = .05). Although a high proportion of children in each age cohort received NID OPV, in three districts children 0-11 months of age were less likely to receive NID OPV than were older children. Television and radio reached a high proportion of survey households, but other mass media were less effectively utilized. Risk factor and media effectiveness surveys provide important information that is useful for planning future NIDs.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1999

Communicating cancer risk in print journalism.

The current barrage of information about real and potential cancer risks has created undue fears and misplaced concerns about cancer hazards faced by Americans. Most members of the general public are far more worried about minuscule, hypothetical risks presented by environmental contaminants than about the far greater well-established hazards that they inflict on themselves, for example, through smoking, dietary imbalance, and inactivity. It is the job of the print media to help set the record straight and to help place in perspective the myriad cancer risks that are aired almost weekly in 30-second radio and television broadcasts.

Communication↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of biofeedback seat insert for improving active sitting posture in children with cerebral palsy. A clinical report.

Biofeedback devices have been used successfully to improve head control and symmetrical standing in children with cerebral palsy. This clinical report describes a biofeedback seat insert developed to improve erect sitting posture in children with cerebral palsy who have inadequate trunk control. The seat insert is easily placed against the back of any seating device. A momentary-contact pressure switch on the seat insert is activated when the child exerts pressure on it by extending his trunk. The pressure switch then activates a videocassette recorder or can be adapted to activate a television or radio. Five children with spastic cerebral palsy participated in this evaluation of the biofeedback seat insert. The results of this evaluation show that the children used the biofeedback seat insert effectively to actively improve their sitting posture by voluntarily extending their trunk against the pressure switch. The biofeedback seat insert offers physical therapists a valuable therapeutic training tool to encourage carry-over of improved sitting posture away from the clinical setting for children with cerebral palsy.

Biofeedback, Psychology↗