The mouth of the kind of sesamum distal ligament; roentgenological-anatomical studio.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “SESAMOID BONES”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
[Anatomoradiological, histomorphological and clinical observations on the os tibiale externum].
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Humans↗
[Diseases of the extremities of swine in relationship to the floor condition with special reference to bursitis].
In 2 pig farms, 102 sows kept in single ranging on plain concrete floor, 168 sows kept in single ranging on cast-iron grates and 27 fattening pigs kept in group penning on concrete slatted floors were repeatedly examined for the incidence of auxiliary synovial bursae (ASB). The clinical examination was completed by radiological, patho-anatomical and histological examinations of the rear legs. In sows, ASB were found on two prominences of the bones: on the latero-plantar area of the calcaneum and the fourth tarsal bone as well as on the plantar tarsal sesamoid bone. ASB on the rear legs were found in 41.2% of the sows kept on plain concrete floor and in 59.5% of the sows kept on cast-iron grates. The ASB of the sows kept on cast-iron grates were larger than those of the sows kept on plain concrete floor. In 49% of the sows kept on plain concrete floor the skin covering the ASB was reddened, in 45% of the sows kept on cast-iron grates it was covered with scab. Injury and necrosis of the skin as well as injury of the ASB themselves were found only in animals kept on cast-iron grates and made up 5% of the cases. In 30% of the cases, palpation of the ASB induced defensive movement. The palpation of ball-shaped, soft bursae more often caused defensive movement than did the palpation of flat-shaped, hard bursae. The occurrence of ASB was combined with kyphosis of the spine, false posture of the rear legs, dystasia, hyperextension of the fetlock, arthrosis of the ankle joint, and anomalies of the claws. In fattening pigs, the ASB were localized at the lateroplantar area of the calcaneum and the fourth tarsal bone as well as at the posterior surface of the calcaneum. At the end of the fattening period, ASB were detected in 26 out of 27 fattening pigs. All of the 48 ASB that were examined histologically showed signs of inflammation. In 30 cases the inflammation was chronic, in 18 cases it turned out to be florid. The results indicate that ASB cause pain during the developing phase and also in the chronic stage.
Animals↗
Ultrasonography as a method to determine tendon cross-sectional area.
Ultrasonographic cross sectional area (CSA) measurements of equine superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon were obtained to determine the feasibility of ultrasonography for CSA measurement of tendon in vivo and in vitro. Ultrasonographic measurements were compared with a more traditional CSA measurement method, ink-blot analysis. In addition, values for ultrasonographic SDF tendon mean echogenicity were obtained in vivo and in vitro. The left forelimb SDF tendons of 23 horses were evaluated ultrasonographically. Cross sectional images were acquired at 4-cm intervals distal to the base of the accessory carpal bone (DACB) to the level of the proximal sesamoid bones while horses were standing squarely. After euthanasia, the left forelimbs were mounted in a materials testing system (MTS) and loaded under tension to standing load. Ultrasonographic images were again acquired at the same locations. The ultrasonographic images were digitized, and values for ultrasonographic CSA and mean echogenicity were obtained for each level. immediately after mechanical testing, a 1-cm-thick transverse section of SDF tendon at 12 cm DACB was removed. Three ink blots were prepared from each end of the removed tendon section and digitized. The 6 CSA values were averaged to generate a value for morphologic CSA for each SDF tendon at 12 cm DACB. Standing ultrasonographic tendon CSA at 12 cm DACB was consistently smallest (mean +/- SD CSA 86 +/- 11 mm2), followed by MTS ultrasonographic CSA (mean, 95 +/- 12 mm), with ink-blot morphologic CSA being largest (mean, 99 +/- 15 mm2). Comparison of standing and MTS ultrasonographic CSA values at 12 cm DACB revealed a strong positive linear correlation between methods (R2 = 0.74, P = 0.001). Comparison of ink blot CSA at 12 cm DACB with standing and MTS ultrasonographic CSA revealed strong positive linear correlations (R2 = 0.64, P = 0.001 and R2 = 0.72, P = 0.001, respectively). For ultrasonographic mean echogenicity, standing values insignificantly exceeded MTS values at each level. The authors conclude that ultrasonography is a useful technique for the noninvasive assessment of SDF tendon CSA that can be applied in vivo and in vitro.
Analysis of Variance↗
Sesamoid foot problems in the athlete.
Problems of the sesamoid bones of the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe are critical in maintaining full ability to compete or to engage in recreation--in athletes of any age. The sesamoids are subject to the same post-traumatic, acute, and chronic changes as any other bone. These unique and deceptively important injuries demand a high index of suspicion, a thorough diagnostic effort, and a guided long-range treatment program, including follow-up to normalized athletics, particularly in the running-based sports.
Athletic Injuries↗
Biomechanical topography of human articular cartilage in the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
The objective of this study was to provide a map of cartilage biomechanical properties, thickness, and histomorphometric characteristics in the human, cadaveric first metatarsophangeal joint, to determine if normal articular cartilage was predisposed topographically to biomechanical mismatches in articulating surfaces. Cartilage intrinsic material properties and thickness were obtained from seven pairs of human, freshly frozen, cadaveric, metatarsophalangeal joints using an automated creep indentation apparatus under conditions of biphasic creep. Eight sites were tested: four on the metatarsal head, two on the proximal phalanx base, and one on each sesamoid bone to obtain the aggregate modulus, Poisson's ratio, permeability, shear modulus, and thickness. Cartilage in the lateral phalanx site of the left metatarsal head had the largest aggregate modulus (1.34 MPa), whereas the softest tissue was found in the right medial sesamoid (0.63 MPa). The medial phalanx region of the right joint was the most permeable (4.56 x 10(-15) meter4/Newton-second), whereas the medial sesamoid articulation of the metatarsal head of the left joint was the least permeable (1.26 x 10(-15) meter4/Newton-second). Material properties and thickness are indicative of the tissue's functional environment. The lack of mismatches in cartilage biomechanical properties of the articulating surfaces found in this study may be supportive of clinical observations that early degenerative changes, in the absence of traumatic events, do not occur at the selected test sites in the human first metatarsophalangeal joint.
Adolescent↗
Unusual localisation of tophaceous gout. A report of four cases and review of the literature.
We report four cases with very unusual manifestations of tophaceous gout. All patients were male, aged between 29 and 67 years. Only one patient had an acute gouty arthritis in his medical history, whereas the other three had never developed clinical symptoms from their hyperuricemia. Two patients had gout tophi in the patella, while the others showed gout tophi in the space of bipartite bones, one in a bipartite patella and one in a tripartite sesamoid bone of the first toe. To our knowledge, gout tophi in the space of bi- or tripartite bones has never been described before.
Adult↗
[Anatomy of the splint bones and their surrounding area particularly in consideration of fascial attachments].
This study concerns the vestigial metacarpal and metatarsal bones, so called splint bones. The soft tissues, which stabilize the splint bones were carefully examined. The palmar metacarpal/plantar metatarsal fascia, the metacarpal/metatarsal interosseous ligaments and the fibres, which exit distally from the splint bone, were examined in depth. Cadaveric distal limbs were collected from 5 slaughtered or euthanized horses. The legs were examined both, microscopically and macroscopically. The palmar metacarpal/plantar metatarsal fascia is a very stable structure, which connects the splint bone with its environment. The connection between splint and McIII/MtIII, established through the metacarpal/ metatarsal interosseous ligaments, showed impressive differences between specimens examined. Macroscopic examination of the soft tissue in the distal region showed a band structure, which originates from the distal end of the splint bone and extends in dorsal and distal direction towards the proximal sesamoid bone.
Animals↗
[Morphologic features of the structure of the hand bones of young volley ball players].
By means of roentgenography method with subsequent roentgenogramometry and roentgenodensitometry, morphological peculiarities of structure and mineralization of the hand bones in sportsmen-volley-ball players and in schoolchildren who do not go in for sports, at the age of 14-19 years have been studied. Systematic training in volley-ball produces certain increase in dimentions of the hand bones, prolongation of their synostosis time, intensification in development of the sesamoid bones and increasing amount of mineral salts in their bones.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
High incidence of the os peroneum in a cadaver sample in Johannesburg, South Africa: possible clinical implications?
This study set out to investigate the incidence of the os peroneum in a cadaver sample from Johannesburg, South Africa and to note how bio-demographic parameters affect such incidence. The os peroneum (OP) is a sesamoid bone frequently found in the tendon of the fibularis longus muscle (FLM), as it passes on the plantar aspect of the cuboid bone. While this bone is often an incidental dissection room or radiological finding, OP fractures, with or without associated rupture of the fibularis (peroneus) longus tendons have been reported. Some investigators have also suggested that the presence of the OP may render the tendon of the FLM susceptible to avulsion injuries. The reported incidences of the OP range between 8 and 26%. These data have emanated by and large from radiographic rather than dissection studies, and the influences of biological indices such as age, sex, population group of origin, and side of the body on these incidences remain largely unknown. Forty cadavers (average age = 75 years) were dissected. Os peronei were present in 36 of these cadavers (90.0%), with 96% of them occurring bilaterally. This bilateral incidence was statistically significant (P = 0.007), but there was no significant difference in age (P = 0.38), sex (P = 0.97), or population group (P = 0.17). We hope that the unusually high incidence of the OP reported here will stimulate further research into possible predisposing factors as well as into the speculated associations between sesamoid occurrence, osteoarthritis, and tendon injuries.
Adult↗
Subchondral bone failure in an equine model of overload arthrosis.
Gross examination of metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints from racehorses revealed defects on the condylar surface that ranged from cartilage fibrillation and erosion to focal cartilage indentations and cavitation in subchondral bone characteristic of traumatic osteochondrosis. Because these lesions represented a spectrum of mechanically induced arthrosis in which microdamage is thought to play a role, a histologic study of sagittal sections was made to study the morphogenesis. Subchondral bone failure developed beneath a flattened section of the condyle where the margin of the sesamoid bone produces compression as well as shear on impact of the foot with the ground. Milder lesions had thickening of subchondral bone and underlying trabeculae. With advancing sclerosis an increased amount of osteocyte necrosis was present. Occasional vascular channels with plugs of matrix debris and cells were present just beneath the cartilage. There was increased prominence of subchondral vessels, and osteoclastic remodeling was seen in and around the sclerotic zone. Apparent fragmentation lines in the subchondral bone suggested increased matrix fragility. Irregular trabecular microfractures developed at a depth of a few millimeters. Increased vascularity with hemorrhage, fibrin, and fibroplasia could be seen in enlarged marrow spaces at this more advanced stage. The overlying articular cartilage was variably indented but remained largely viable with degeneration and erosion limited to the superficial layers. Focally, breaks in the calcified layer appeared to lead to collapse and cartilage infolding. In metacarpal condyles from experimental horses run on a treadmill, there were milder changes at the site. The subchondral bone was increased in volume and there was increased diffuse staining with basic fuchsin, but no increase in the number of microcracks was seen. The findings in the racehorses indicate that the equine fetlock condyle is a consistent site of overload arthrosis in which microfracture and failure in subchondral bone may occur. Controlled exercise in treadmill horses may provide a model in which to study the pathogenesis.
Animals↗
An experimental approach to surgery of the equine fetlock and its associated structures.
An illustrated approach to the medial aspect of the equine fetlock joint is described, whereby the collateral ligaments are transected. This approach is suggested as a possible technique for metatarsal or metacarpal bone fracture repair by retrograde pinning, arthrodesis of the fetlock joint and other joint and sesamoid bone surgery. The histological evidence of satisfactory healing is presented and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Animals↗
Osteosclerosis in leprosy.
The literature contains little reference to the phenomenon of osteosclerosis in leprosy. The aim of the authors' investigations was to determine: a) the incidence of osteosclerosis as part of the radiographic picture in the distal extremities of the limbs; b) the pathological substratum; c) the possible clinical significance. The research was carried out on 233 leprosy patients at the Colonia Hanseniana di Gioia del Colle (Bari). The authors examined 260 radiographs of the hands and 1310 radiographs of the feet. A number of biopsy samples of bone were taken from four patients and examined by means of microradiography using ultraviolet fluorescent light and also by historadiography. The basic radiographic features indicative of osteosclerosis were: a) reactive osteosclerosis; b) sclerosing periostosis; c) massive osteosclerosis. The authors observed a preponderance of osteosclerosis in the bones of the first digital ray, both in the phalanges and metatarsals or metacarpals. The sesamoid bones were affected more commonly in those of the first digit than those of the fifth. The radiographic findings were confirmed microscopically. It is difficult to assess the possible clinical significance because of the transient nature of the osteosclerosis in the evolution of the lepromatous lesions with time.
Adult↗
Transection of radial digital nerve of the thumb during trigger release.
Iatrogenic laceration of the radial digital nerve of the thumb during trigger release occurred in four patients. Histologic cross sections through the thumb in cadaveric specimens at the level of the metacarpophalangeal crease showed the radial digital nerve to be 2.19 mm beneath the dermis and 1.15 mm directly anterior to the radial sesamoid bone. In this position the nerve is vulnerable to transection when it is trapped between the sesamoid and the knife blade.
Adult↗
Assessing sesamoid subluxation: how good is the AP radiograph?
Subluxation of the metatarsosesamoid joints frequently occurs with the development of hallux valgus deformity, and the restoration of a normal metatarsosesamoid articulation has been proposed as essential for achieving a biomechanically sound operative result. The position of the sesamoid bones on the AP radiograph is used often to assess the pre- and postoperative relationship between the hallucal sesamoids and the metatarsal sulci. We evaluated the validity of this approach. Thirty subjects with hallux valgus and 30 control subjects participated in this study by undergoing both AP and tangential weightbearing radiographs. The sesamoid station on the AP radiographs was compared with the position of the sesamoids on tangential radiographs, using a new continuous measure to estimate subluxation. In approximately half of the cases, we found a difference between the apparent sesamoid station on the AP radiograph and the true position on the tangential one. Increased metatarsal rotation was associated with misclassification of the sesamoid station on the AP radiograph. We conclude that the standard method for measuring the sesamoid station on the AP radiograph is not valid. Surgeons wishing to evaluate the metatarsosesamoid joint should obtain weightbearing tangential radiographs.
Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
Hallux limitus and hallux rigidus. Clinical examination, radiographic findings, and natural history.
Numerous clinical features of hallux limitus/rigidus have been previously reported as isolated entities based on individual case review or myopic observations. Few attempts have been made to synthesize a comprehensive natural history which correlates the inter-relationship of these findings. Frequently unrecognized or overlooked subtle clinical findings, such as shoe-wear patterns, hyperkeratoses locations, and gait disturbances, precede significant radiographic changes or painful degenerative arthritis by months to years. Recognition of these subtle clinical features will aid in establishing an early and accurate diagnosis, and provide the physician with an opportunity to institute treatment prior to the need for surgical reconstruction. Several conclusions can be made regarding the natural history of hallux rigidus. 1. Predisposing factors (pes planovalgus, uncompensated varus) lead to spastic contracture of the hallux (hallux equinus). 2. A shift in the axis of movement occurs within the first metatarsophalangeal joint, from centrally within the metatarsal head to plantarly at the level of the sesamoidophalangeal ligament. 3. Dorsal articular impingement of the proximal phalangeal base on the metatarsal head leads to either a chronic erosion of the dorsal metatarsal head (chondritis dissecans), or fracture through the subchondral bone plate (osteochondritis dissecans). 4. Progressive degenerative arthritis within the first metatarsophalangeal joint appears as joint space narrowing, dorsal osteophyte proliferation, subchondral cyst formation and sclerosis, and articular flattening. 5. Synovial effusion produces periarticular pain, resulting in chronic splinting of the hallux. 6. Auto-fusion of the metatarsophalangeal joint represents the end-stage progression of hallux rigidus. In addition to degeneration of the metatarsophalangeal joint, sesamoid degeneration further compounds joint immobility. 1. Sesamoid immobility from chronic spasm leads to traction proliferation of the sesamoid bones (hypertrophy). 2. Disuse osteopenia of the sesamoids is an indication of sesamoid-metatarsal degeneration, and parallels degenerative changes of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. 3. Proximal sesamoid retraction reflects the degree of hallux equinus. Metatarsus primus elevatus is a co-existant feature of hallux limitus and hallux rigidus. 1. Primary metatarsus primus elevatus is encountered in patients with a more proximal level of uncompensated varus, with hallux equinus occurring secondarily in an attempt to provide medial column support. 2. Secondary metatarsus primus elevatus results from the retrograde effects of hallux equinus on the first metatarsal, and occurs in patients with pes planovalgus. 3. Flexor stabilization syndrome of the hallux occurs in patients with pes planovalgus, and is analogous to a flexor stabilization hammertoe of the lesser digits. 4. Differentiation between primary and secondary metatarsus primus elevatus is made by evaluation of weight-bearing radiographs, comparing the standard lateral radiograph to a lateral radiograph using a forefoot block test, in which the digits are suspended off of the weight-bearing surface.
Adolescent↗
[Study on the relationship among ossification of finger's bone, maxillary and mandibular lengths and body height for Shanghai adolescents aged between 11-15 years old]
OBJECTIVE:To research the intrinsic relationship in the growth and development progress of adolescents and to provide scientific basis for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment.METHODS:Sample included 125 Shanghai adolescents between 11-15 years old, and the relationship among maxillary length, mandibular length, ossification of finger's bone, body height and the age of first coming of menstruation on female was studied.RESULTS:The ossification of finger's bone, the increase of maxilla and mandibular lengths and the body height of Shanghai adolescents between 11-15 years old keep the same pace tendency. Female goes into the young quick growing period 2 years earlier than male, but from about 13 years old the growing speed of male is apparently more quick than that of female. When the ossification of finger's bone is nearly 100%, the body height and the mandibular length of male still possesses great growing capacity. The age of sesamoid bone appearance for both male and female and the age of first coming menstruation for female are getting earlier when comparing with others regions.CONCLUSION: There is a close relationship among ossification of finger's bone, maxilla and mandibular lengths and body height of adolescents. Understanding the intrinsic rule correctly has the guiding significance to early diagnosis and treatment in clinical orthodontics.
Journal Article↗
Implications of the functional anatomy of the hand and forearm of Ailurus fulgens (Carnivora, Ailuridae) for the evolution of the 'false-thumb' in pandas.
Both the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) possess a 'false-thumb', actually an enlarged radial sesamoid bone, which contributes to the gripping action of the hand. These species are not closely related, however, as one is an ursid and the other an ailurid, so the fact that they share this adaptation implies a remarkable convergence. We studied the functional anatomy of this structure in the red panda, comparing it with existing descriptions of the grasping mechanism in both pandas. Previous interpretations of the radial sesamoid in Ailurus as a rod-like structure without direct articulation to the wrist bones are inaccurate. There are various important differences between the red panda and the giant panda. In the former, the lesser development of the radial sesamoid, its connection with the flexor retinaculum, the presence of an insertion of the muscle abductor pollicis longus in the first metacarpal, which enhances its supinatory action, and the presence of a muscle flexor brevis digitorum manus point to thin-branch climbing features serving as an exaptation to the more recent role of the red panda hand in the manipulation of bamboo.
Animals↗