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At least 343 records · Page 19Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) should no longer be regarded as a strictly nosocomial pathogen. During the past decade, community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) infections among young persons without healthcare-associated (HCA) risk factors have emerged in several areas worldwide. These infections are caused by strains that almost exclusively carry the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV element and the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and, unlike HCA-MRSA strains, are not multiresistant. Although the majority of CA-MRSA infections are mild skin and soft tissue infections, severe life-threatening cases of necrotizing pneumonia, necrotizing fasciitis, myonecrosis and sepsis have been reported. Clindamycin is an effective agent for skin and soft tissue infections, however attention should be paid to the possibility of the emergence of resistance during treatment in strains with the macrolide, lincosamide and group B streptogramin (MLS(B))-inducible resistance phenotype. For patients with invasive infections that may be caused be CA-MRSA, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid represent appropriate empirical therapeutic options.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2002

Staphylococcus aureus Carriage and Health Care-acquired Infection.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens. Its propensity to establish prolonged carriage among hospitalized patients and increasing resistance to antibiotics makes control of this organism within the hospital difficult. High-level vancomycin resistance has now been reported in a single clinical isolate of S. aureus, emphasizing the need to increase efforts to control nosocomial spread. Knowledge of the epidemiology of S. aureus colonization among patients has shed new light on the potential difficulties in interrupting nosocomial transmission. Effective control of S. aureus within the hospital and community will require more aggressive measures that include earlier diagnosis of colonized patients, better handwashing and barrier precaution measures, and renewed efforts to eradicate the carriage state.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2026

Advancing the science of Staphylococcus aureus infection prevention in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Despite advances in infection prevention, infections due to Staphylococcus aureus continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in NICUs. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) using advanced analytic approaches for defining transmission have shed new insights into transmission and persistence patterns in the NICU. WGS has also helped uncover important associations between transmission, persistence, and the risk of invasive infections. Current infection prevention strategies rely on hand hygiene compliance and surveillance and decolonization of patients positive for S. aureus. Parent decolonization may also play a role in decreasing parent-child transmission. In the future, precision surveillance of high-risk strains and targeted infection prevention efforts to decrease bacterial burden of those specific strains may provide a more effective and efficient approach to decreasing risk of invasive infections.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Lipase versus teichoic acid and alpha-toxin as antigen in an enzyme immunoassay for serological diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Titres of IgG antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus lipase were analysed in 448 sera from patients suspected of having Staphylococcus aureus infections and the results compared to those for the routinely used staphylococcal antigens teichoic acid and alpha-toxin. The results indicated that determination of serum antibodies to lipase is a sensitive assay for serological diagnosis of staphylococcal infections and increased sensitivity may be achieved by selection of optimal antigen combinations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection is enhanced but resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection is reduced in acute graft-versus-host disease in mice.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is characterized by the production of high levels of T helper 1 (Th1)-type cytokines. Bone marrow transplantation from allogeneic C57BL/6 cells to CBF(1) mice produced acute GVHD. Host resistance to Th1-driven Listeria monocytogenes was enhanced, whereas host resistance to Th2-driven Staphylococcus aureus was reduced during acute GVHD. These results suggest that opposite host responses are observed between Th1-driven and Th2-driven bacterial infections in acute GVHD.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2022

Genomic Study on Blood Culture Isolates From Patients With Staphylococcus Infection-associated Glomerulonephritis.

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus infection-associated glomerulonephritis (SAGN), is an autoimmune sequela of infection affecting a subset of infected patients without specific predictive factors, frequently presenting with acute nephritic syndrome and propensity for chronic kidney disease. We performed a comparative genotypic and phenotypic analysis of S. aureus isolates from patients that did and those that did not develop SAGN. METHODS: We had 22 culture-proven cases of SAGN from Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center (OSUWMC) from 2004 to 2016, 9 of 22 being blood cultures, with archived isolates. These, along with blood culture isolates from 12 patients with no clinical evidence of SAGN (between ages 40 to 80 years) over the same period were used for genotyping. For host demographic comparison, we used all available SAGN cases (n = 85, including those with positive cultures other than blood; and patients with kidney biopsies received from referring hospitals) and all OSUWMC patients with positive Staphylococcus cultures without glomerulonephritis (GN) (n = 23,496). RESULTS: Multiple sequence types (STs) suggesting strain diversity was seen in the GN isolates with mainly clonal complexes (CC) 5 and 59. Mutations in the agr operon were identified in significantly higher number of the GN isolates (83%) than non-GN isolates (16%). Significant differences in β-hemolysis and biofilm formation was also observed between the groups. CONCLUSION: The functionality of these agr mutants remains to be seen, but the presently known effects of reduced agr function, namely increased surface adhesins, biofilm formation, and persistent bacteremia could be important microbial factors predisposing to SAGN and testing for them early during infection could help to predict its development.

MRSA↗
PubMed2003

Increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in California jails.

Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates obtained from patients who were inmates of the San Francisco County jail system showed an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from 29%, in 1997, to 74%, in 2002; 91% of the MRSA isolates carried staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) type IV. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing demonstrated 2 major clonal groups. One of these clonal groups is genetically indistinguishable from the strain responsible for an outbreak of MRSA in the Los Angeles County jail system in 2002.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1995

Staphylococcus aureus infections in diabetic patients.

Staphylococcus aureus infections may occur with greater frequency among patients with diabetes mellitus. This article reviews the available literature as it pertains to diabetes and S. aureus in three categories: colonization/carriage, bacteremia with or without metastatic complications, and dialysis-related infections. The clinical entity of pyomyositis is also discussed.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed1982

Possible mechanisms for vaginal infection with Staphylococcus aureus: inferences drawn from studies of nosocomial infection of newborn infants and surgical patients.

Previous epidemiologic studies of staphylococcal infections in newborn infants and surgical patients provide clues to the method of infection in toxic shock syndrome. In newborn infants, staphylococci were shown to be transmitted most often by the hands of nursery personnel to the umbilical stump, which afforded a warm, moist milieu for bacterial growth. Studies indicated that many surgical wound infections were due to the patients' own organisms, which were carried into the operating room on the patient's skin. It is hypothesized that in toxic shock syndrome the tampon becomes contaminated with a staphylococcal strain from the woman's own hands or skin during the process of insertion. With menstrual blood retained by the tampon in the warm vagina acting as a culture medium, the organism multiplies and elaborates toxin.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2006

Family outbreaks of invasive community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Outbreaks of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection within families are unusual. We investigated 2 family clusters of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, including 1 in which a young mother died of fulminant pneumonia. Although surveillance via culture of family contacts of patients with invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection is not currently recommended, such clusters should stimulate reevaluation of preventive measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus elicit differential innate immune responses following intramammary infection.

Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are among the most prevalent species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively, that induce clinical mastitis. The innate immune system comprises the immediate host defense mechanisms to protect against infection and contributes to the initial detection of and proinflammatory response to infectious pathogens. The objective of the present study was to characterize the different innate immune responses to experimental intramammary infection with E. coli and S. aureus during clinical mastitis. The cytokine response and changes in the levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), two proteins that contribute to host recognition of bacterial cell wall products, were studied. Intramammary infection with either E. coli or S. aureus elicited systemic changes, including decreased milk output, a febrile response, and induction of the acute-phase synthesis of LBP. Infection with either bacterium resulted in increased levels of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), gamma interferon, IL-12, sCD14, and LBP in milk. High levels of the complement cleavage product C5a and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were detected at several time points following E. coli infection, whereas S. aureus infection elicited a slight but detectable increase in these mediators at a single time point. Increases in IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were observed only in quarters infected with E. coli. Together, these data demonstrate the variability of the host innate immune response to E. coli and S. aureus and suggest that the limited cytokine response to S. aureus may contribute to the well-known ability of the bacterium to establish chronic intramammary infection.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed1980

[Staphylococcus aureus infection in chickens in industrialized poultry units. 2. Microbiological studies: Staphylococcus aureus and other pathogens].

Checks were applied to 3,213 dead or ill broiler chickens and broiler parents for the purpose of elucidating enzootic or epizootic Staphylococcus aureus infections which had occurred on three industrialised poultry units. Rates of Staphylococcus aureus detection and identification declined by the following order: staphylococcal septicaemia (100 per cent), dermatitis (75.42 per cent), arthritis and tenosynovitis or osteomyelitis (64.59 per cent), wound infections (24.02 per cent), infection of bursa suprasternalis (18.94 per cent), underdevelopment (8.70 per cent), navel-yolksac-peritonitis (7.83 per cent), and conjunctivitis (7.14 per cent). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most important pathogen of arthritis with synovitis and of osteomyelitis with epiphysiolysis, the rate of detection being directly correlated with the severity of the pathologico-anatomic alterations established. Attempts to culture mycoplasmas from irritated synovial sheaths were successful only in three of 56 examined animals (5.3 per cent). The site variety of gallinae or strains of the crystal-violet Type A with lysis patterns of 84, 53, 77 and 84 accounted for 78.1 per cent of all Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from infected fowl. Their percentual importance was 85.0 for septicaemia, dermatitis, and arthritis with synovitis and osteomyelitis. For prophylaxis and control of Staphylococcus aureus infections of fowl on elimination of predisposing factors and on the control of epidemic occurrence of the above types.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Catheter sepsis due to Staphylococcus epidermidis during parenteral nutrition.

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a pathogenic organism with increasing importance in total parenteral nutrition therapy. Strict asepsis during catheter insertion prolongs the interval free from Staphylococcus epidermidis infection. Staphylococcus epidermidis colonizes the catheter after migrating from the skin. For protection, we advise a long subcutaneous tunnel for all catheters that are to be indwelling for longer than three weeks. Prompt recatheterization of a patient with Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis can result in hematogenous seeding of the new catheter and persistence of the infection. Catheter related Staphylococcus epidermidis sepsis has subsided after catheter withdrawal, and there is no need for antibiotic therapy provided that other prosthetic materials are not placed in the vascular tree. Immunologic status of the patients is not related to the frequency or severity of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections, or both.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Exogenous or endogenous reservoirs of nosocomial Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infections in a surgical intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVE: A 4 month prospective study was performed to assess the incidence and routes of endogenous or exogenous colonization and nosocomial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in surgical critically ill patients. DESIGN: A total of 4634 specimens were obtained. Patient's nasal, scalp, and rectal swabs as well as tracheal secretion (TS) were cultured every second day beginning on the day of admission. Nasal swabs and hand cultures of the personnel as well as cultures from gowns were also taken. All isolates of S. aureus were phage typed and 116 of these isolates were also plasmid typed. P. aeruginosa isolates were sero- and pyocin typed. Resistance patterns were determined in all isolates. SETTING: The study was carried out in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) of an teaching hospital. PATIENTS: During the study period each patient (a total of 153 patients) admitted to the SICU entered the study. RESULTS: P. aeruginosa and S. aureus colonisation rate on admission were 5% and 36.5% respectively. Only 10 patients (6.5%) were colonized with P. aeruginosa during hospitalization, and only 7 patients (4.5%) acquired S. aureus in the surgical intensive care unit (SICU). The most common primary colonisation site of P. aeruginosa was the rectum, whereas S. aureus was predominantly found in nasal cultures. Horizontal transmission of S. aureus occurred in only 2 patients. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that colonisation with P. aeruginosa and S. aureus occurs from endogenous rather than from exogenous sources and that the endogenous acquisition of both bacteria play a more important role in development of nosocomial infections than the exogenous route of transmission.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2004

Search for the insertion element IS256 within the ica locus of Staphylococcus epidermidis clinical isolates collected from biomaterial-associated infections.

Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm-forming strains produce a polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), which mediates bacterial cell aggregation and favours the colonisation on prosthetic implants. PIA synthesis is regulated by the icaADBC locus. In vitro, by repeated subcultures of a biofilm-producing strain, the loss of the ability to produce biofilm appears associated with the insertion of the IS256 element into the ica locus. This study was aimed (i) to investigate if the five genes of ica locus are always all present in different strains of S. epidermidis, and (ii) to search if IS256 insertion naturally occurs in ica locus without making recourse to the experimental procedure of repeated subcultures of strains. 120 S. epidermidis clinical isolates from peri-prosthesis infections were investigated both by an original multiplex PCR analysis of the ica genes and by PCR amplification of the IS256 element. Also two reference strains (the biofilm-negative S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 and the biofilm-forming ATCC 35984 [RP62A]) and two biofilm-negative RP62A-derived acriflavin mutants (D9 and HAM892) were analysed. D9 e HAM892 were for the first time shown to contain in ica locus, at the base 3319, a 1300-bp insertion with a DNA sequence corresponding to IS256. Among the 120 clinical isolates, 51 (43%) turned out completely ica-positive, 69 completely ica-negative (57%). The genes of the ica locus appear, in all cases of the present collection, strictly linked each other, so they are either all present or all absent. In this collection, IS256 was present in eight out of the 69 ica-negative strains and in 34 out of the 51 ica-positive strains. IS256, also when present in bacterial genomic DNA, was never found inside the ica locus, thus suggesting that insertion/excision of this element is not a natural occurring mechanism for off/on switching of biofilm production.

Biocompatible Materials↗