[Social behavior characteristics of the sick child. Medicosociological research on "collective social images" in children].
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Child↗
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Results for “Social Behavior”
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[Observations on the ecology and social behavior in the coral-reef fish Dascyllus marginatus Rueppell (Pisces, Pomacentridae)].
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Aggression↗
[Studies on the ontogeny of social behavior patterns and development of calls in the Red-crested pochard (Netta rufina Pallas), with a contribution to the anatomy of the vocal apparatus].
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Age Factors↗
Temperamental contributions to social behavior: the moderating roles of frontal EEG asymmetry and gender.
OBJECTIVES: Infant temperament is thought to provide one of the fundamental bases for social and emotional development. Few studies have examined the direct and indirect influences of early temperament and physiological disposition on later development. METHOD: This article presents results of a longitudinal study that took place between the years 1989 and 1996 in which the relations between maternal reports of negative reactivity at 9 months of age and maternal ratings and laboratory observations of social wariness and sociability at 4 years of age (n = 97) were examined. Also examined were the moderating roles of (1) frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) asymmetry as assessed at 9 months of age and (2) the child's gender. RESULTS: Negative reactivity predicted social wariness for infants with right frontal EEG asymmetry, but not for those with left frontal EEG asymmetry and for boys but not girls. The only significant predictor of sociability was gender. Specifically, at 4 years of age girls were rated higher on the measure of sociability than were boys. CONCLUSION: The findings are discussed in terms of the roles of frontal EEG asymmetry and gender in moderating the impact of temperamental negative reactivity on later social behavior.
Adult↗
Early social deprivation and the ontogeny of unrestricted social behavior in the laboratory rat.
The unrestricted adult social and nonsocial behavior of albino rats isolated from 21 to 70 days of age was compared with the behavior of rats receiving normal social experience. Isolated animals exhibited aberrant self-manipulative behaviors during the period of isolation, and both isolate-reared males and females were more aggressive than their group-reared counterparts. The hypothesis that females are buffered against the effects of social isolation received little support. Numerous gender differences and differences in the gender of the object of social response were found for both isolate- and group-reared rats. Gender and Rearing Conditions were relatively independent influences on behavior with few Gender x Treatment interactions reaching significance.
Aggression↗
["Quorum sensing" or social behavior of bacteria].
The review deals with the data of literature on the role of the "quorum sensing" (QS) system ensuring the social behavior of bacteria in the regulation of virulence genes. The mechanisms of the action of these systems in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as the influence of acyl-homoserine lactones, one of the components of the QS system, on the immune response of the infected host are discussed. In addition, in this review the data of literature on the existence of bacteria in the form of biofilms are presented. The methods of the identification of biofilms, the methods of their experimental preparation and the role of the QS system in the process of their formation are considered.
Bacteria↗
Using the structural analysis of social behavior (SASB) to differentiate young adults with borderline personality disorder features.
The present experiment investigated the ability of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) Intrex questionnaires to differentiate nonclinical samples of young adults with features of either borderline personality disorder (BPD), schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), or no personality disorder (no PD). A number of significant differences were demonstrated on the SASB Intrex questionnaires when comparisons were made between the BPD and no PD samples. These results are consistent with those reported in an earlier investigation of BPD using SASB in a clinical sample. Few differences were found between the SPD features sample and the other two samples. These results are not consistent with previous findings that have differentiated BPD and SPD in clinical samples. The results are discussed in terms of the possible implications for SASB to differentiate BPD, the use of nonclinical samples in personality disorder research, and dimensional models for conceptualizing personality disorders.
Adult↗
A study of Benjamin's eight-facet Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) model.
The study purpose was to evaluate the cluster, or facet, version of Benjamin's (1974, 1996b) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) in independent samples of 133 normal participants and 182 psychiatric cases. We first tested for the presence of 3 circumplexes, Focus on the Other, Focus on the Self, and Introject in the 36 items that are hypothesized to define each of them. Next, intercorrelations of 8 item-based facet scales were assessed for internal consistency, factor structure, and circular order, with the expectation that the scales would be reliable, yield 2 higher-order factors, and demonstrate a circumplex structure. Principal components analysis was applied followed by varimax rotation. Data for both normal participants and patients uniformly confirmed the presence of 4 item-level factors and 2 cluster-based factors for each circle. Alpha coefficients for facet scales were typically high, but some were as low as .50. The principal difference between the normal participants and patients was that the circumplex was incomplete in the patient data with poor differentiation of the vertical and horizontal variables.
Adolescent↗
Role of prefrontal and anterior temporal cortex in social behavior and affect in monkeys.
Prefrontal or anterior temporal but not cingulate cortex lesions lead to major deficits in all aspects of social behavior including maternal protectiveness, aggressiveness, group cohesiveness, defense of territory, maintenance of hierarchical status, and, even, sexual behavior. Lesions of visual association cortex, on the other hand, fail to produce such deficits. Rather, these deficits appear to be spedfically emotional in nature and not related to impairments in perceptual or sensory functions. Prefrontal and anterior temporal cortical lesions also produce major losses in both facial expressions and in vocalizations suggesting these functions in the rhesus monkey participate primarily in emotional and socia1 communications. In keeping with this interpretation, present studies show a major difficulty in bringing rhesus monkey vocalizations under instrumental or conditioned control. Thus, in this species, there exists a major difficulty of access between the volitional control mechanisms of the cortex and the vocalization apparatus. The present findings support the hypothesis of a duel control of the face and voice in man whereby there still exists prominently the emotional or affective element which mediates all involuntary or spontaneously emotive expressions of feeling. This more primitive and aged mechanism for face and voice control utilizes quite different neural control mechanisms than does the more recently derived system which provides for a volitional face and voice control. This more recent system has developed embedded wlithin the posteriorly located analytic and mnemonic cortical tissues and provides for communications between individuals within the species at symbolic, verbal levels.
Affect↗
The role of classroom norms in contextualizing the relations of children's social behaviors to peer acceptance.
This study introduces a social context model within which peer acceptances of prosocial-leadership, aggression, and social withdrawal were examined as functions of the contextual norms of these behaviors. The major postulate of the model is that the extent to which a behavior permeates a social context facilitates peer acceptance of the behavior. Specific hypotheses with respect to classroom and gender as different social contexts were formulated and supported when tested in a sample of 4,650 Chinese middle school students from 82 classes. The discussion emphasizes the theoretical as well as the methodological need for alternative conceptualizations of peer relations that reflect both individual differences and contextual variations.
Adolescent↗
Sex differences and developmental effects of oxytocin on aggression and social behavior in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster).
Various hormones, including sex steroids and neuropeptides, have been implicated in aggression. In this study we examined (1) sex differences in intrasexual aggression in naïve prairie voles; (2) the effects of developmental manipulations of oxytocin on intrasexual aggression; and (3) changes in patterns of intrasexual aggression after brief exposure to an animal of the opposite sex. Within 24 h of birth, infants were randomly assigned to receive either an injection of oxytocin (OT) or oxytocin antagonist (OTA) or to one of two control (CTL) groups receiving either isotonic saline or handling without injection. As adults, animals were tested twice in a neutral arena; before (Test 1) and 24 h after (Test 2) a 4-h exposure to an animal of the opposite sex. In Test 1, CTL males were more likely to show aggressive and less likely to show social behavior than CTL females. No significant treatment differences were observed within either sex in Test 1. In Test 2, after brief exposure to a male, females treated with OT became more aggressive and less social than OTA or CTL females. Male aggressive behavior did not change after exposure to a female. An increase in aggression and decline in social behavior toward other females, seen here in OT-treated females, is typically observed only following several days of female-male cohabitation. These findings demonstrate a sex difference in intrasexual aggression and suggest that neonatal exposure to OT may facilitate the onset of the mate-guarding component of pair bonding in female prairie voles.
Aggression↗
Social behavior between mothers x young of sloths Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825 (Xenarthra: Bradypodidae).
This study is a contribution to the ex situ and in situ conservation and preservation of Sloths. The behavioral records of the social interaction between mothers and offspring allow the detection of important learning interactions and psychomotor development. The results provide valuable information that may assist in improving management conditions of captive orphan progeny. They also favor a more effective monitoring of released or transferred specimens. Age is of fundamental importance in deciding what is important during the release, transfer, or reintroduction of the species.
Animals↗
Effects of a multifaceted training procedure on the acquisition and generalization of social behaviors in language-disabled deaf children.
Effects of a multifaceted training procedure were assessed on the acquisition and generalization of social behaviors with 9 language-disabled deaf children. The training procedure consisted of (a) child training and (b) supervision, feedback, and goal setting directed by teachers and residential staff. Target behaviors were turn waiting, initiating interaction, and interacting with others. Procedures to promote generality of effects and to determine the social validity of the procedures were used. Data were collected within a multiple baseline design across behaviors. Results showed a functional relationship between introduction of the training procedure and increases in percentage of appropriate target behaviors for all 9 children. The effects were maintained throughout a 5- to 10-week follow-up period.
Adult↗
Executive function of the hippocampus in social behavior in the rat.
Bilateral lesion of the fimbria resulted in a reduction of social interdependency and agonistic behavior in male-male encounters in rats. These findings are hypothesized to be consistent with J. A. Gray's (1982) supervisor model, which assigns an executive function to the septohippocampal system. To achieve this interpretation, social behavior is described in terms of relational processes (social hypothesis, behavioral sequencing, and behavioral competition). This study focused mainly on the effects of the lesion on behavioral sequencing by studying the alterations of the predictability of the behavior of a rat in terms of the behavior of its partner.
Agonistic Behavior↗
Multiple peer use of pivotal response training to increase social behaviors of classmates with autism: results from trained and untrained peers.
Two children with autism and 8 typical peers participated in a study designed to replicate an earlier finding of successful social-skills intervention for children with autism using peer-implemented pivotal response training (PRT) and to assess the effects of using multiple peer trainers on generalization of treatment effects. During training, peers were taught PRT strategies using didactic instruction, modeling, role playing, and feedback. After treatment, children with autism engaged in increased levels of social behavior.
Autistic Disorder↗
[Further development and restandardization of an approach to the diagnosis of aggressive social behavior in childhood].
The present paper continues and concludes an investigation into the restandardization of a first attempt, checked in respect of content and method, at the diagnosis of aggressive social behavior initially concentrating on the 9-11 age group. The work has its origin in a paper by Petermann and Petermann (1980), which we consider could be of significance to gradual restandardization, both in methodological research and in practical clinical application. A previous article demonstrated under various aspects the fundamental suitability of the attempt to restandardization. Arising out of this and the present analysis, some fundamental consequences, both in content and in method, of a fuller development and the therapy oriented employment of the attempt are discussed.
Aggression↗
Reciprocal social behavior in children with and without pervasive developmental disorders.
An invariant feature of pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) is a relative deficit in the capacity for reciprocal social behavior (RSB). The authors acquired teacher reports of RSB in 287 schoolchildren and parent reports of RSB in 158 child psychiatric patients using a new research instrument, the Social Reciprocity Scale. Total scores on this measure of RSB were continuously distributed in all groups of subjects; children with PDDs scored significantly higher for the degree of deficits in RSB than did clinical or nonclinical controls. Latent class analysis and factor analysis failed to demonstrate separate categories of deficiency for core autistic symptomatology and more general impairments in RSB, consistent with the notion of a "broader autism phenotype." Assessments of RSB on a continuous scale may be useful clinically for characterizing the behavior of children whose social deficits fall below the threshold for a full diagnosis of autism. They may also be useful in genetic-linkage studies of autistic spectrum disorders.
Adolescent↗
Plasma catecholamines and social behavior in male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).
Many investigations in humans indicate that epinephrine, norepinephrine and their ratio may correlate with such traits as social competence, academic achievement, and aggression. However, the socioeconomic, dietary, and environmental confounds accompanying most human studies complicate their interpretation. Social status, aggression, and other social behaviors can be reliably assessed in nonhuman primates under conditions controlling for crucial environmental factors. If interpretation of human studies is correct, dominant and subordinate male vervet monkeys should exhibit distinctive patterns of catecholamine secretion. To test this possibility, seventeen adult male monkeys living in six stable social groups were observed for 6 months. Based on their success in agonistic events, subjects were categorized as dominant or subordinate. Alpha scores were calculated from empirically derived factors to provide a noncategorical measure of dominant behavioral style. Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine samples obtained from anesthetized subjects did not differ between dominant and subordinate males. Alpha scores, however, distinguished high from low norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio groups. These findings are consistent with studies in humans linking high epinephrine, low norepinephrine, and social competence.
Animals↗