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PubMed2000

[Genetic diversity of reaction of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to light intensity].

The effect of low light intensity (LI) on the period from sprouting to earing was studied in 12 cultivars of the spring common wheat under controlled conditions. Differences between cultivars with respect to their responses to LI (RLIs) were found both for those that were photoperiod-sensitive and those that were almost photoperiod-neutral. Specifically, a prolonged photoperiod and a low LI differently increased the period from sprouting to earling in different cultivars. Genetic analysis of the RLI demonstrated, for the first time, that the weak response was incompletely dominant in F1. The results of genetic analysis agree with the hypothesis that the cultivars Pitic 62 and Novosibirskaya 22 differ in alleles of two loci controlling the RLI in wheat.

Genetic Variation↗
PubMed2004

Seedling and adult plant resistance to Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Triticum monococcum (Poaceae), an ancestor of wheat.

Cereal aphids are important pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf. Crop resistance is a desirable method for managing cereal aphids in central North America, where the dominant crop, spring-sown wheat, has a low value per unit area. A diploid ancestor of wheat, Triticum monococcum L., is reported to be partially resistant to Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), the most damaging cereal aphid in the region. To identify potential sources of resistance, 42 accessions of T. monococcum and three cultivated wheats were infested with aphids, seedlings for six days and adult plants for 21 days. Overall resistance was estimated by the biomass loss of foliage and spikes in relation to uninfested control plants. Antibiosis was estimated by the gain in biomass of aphids during infestation, and tolerance was estimated as a biomass conversion ratio, overall resistance divided by antibiosis. A few T. monococcum accessions exhibited partial resistance. No relationship was found between seedling and adult plant resistance: the former exhibited primarily antibiosis and the latter primarily tolerance. Two accessions with antibiosis reduced aphid biomass by 60% compared with commercial wheats. Tolerance was correlated with growth potential, and was useful only in accessions with high growth potential. Four accessions exhibited tolerance levels at least 30% greater than commercial wheats. Highly susceptible accessions also were identified, which would be useful for investigating the inheritance of antibiosis and tolerance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Genetic analysis of anthocyanin of the anthers and culm pigmentation in common wheat].

Anthocyanin pigmentation of various organs develops during plant ontogeny in response to adverse and damaging abiotic and biotic stressors (environmental factors). Using the monosome method, the genes responsible for anther and culm anthocyanin pigmentation (Pan1 and Pc2, respectively) were localized to 7D chromosome in introgressive lines from crosses between common wheat Triticum aestivum L. and the species Triticum timopheevii Zhuk. Genetic analysis of ten common wheat genotypes using testers carrying genes Pan1, Pn1, and Pn2 showed that these genotypes contained Pan1 and Pn2 genes. Visual examination of plants from 70 and 76 varieties of respectively winter and spring common wheat revealed anthocyanin pigmentation of anthers and culms in 36 varieties. Pan1 and Pn2 genes were presumably introduced into common wheat from Aegilops tauschii (Fig.) Tzvel., a donor of the D genome.

Chromosomes, Plant↗
PubMed1987

Chromosomal location of genes coding for endosperm proteins of Hordeum chilense, determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis of wheat-H. chilense chromosome addition lines.

The proteins of Hordeum chilense grain were resolved into 25 major components by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Their solubilities in aqueous alcohol solutions were determined to distinguish prolamin storage proteins from metabolic and structural proteins. The prolamins were divided into two groups, based on the presence or absence of intermolecular disulfide bonds determined by gel-filtration chromatography. Using an incomplete set of Chinese Spring wheat-H. chilense disomic addition lines, the structural genes of 21 of the 26 most dominant seed proteins were assigned to chromosomes. The great majority of the prolamin genes, including those coding for a high molecular weight (HMW) prolamin subunit, was present on chromosome 1 Hch. However, a small number of prolamin genes also occurred on chromosomes 5 Hch and 7 Hch. A minor protein, probably belonging to the nonstorage group of proteins, is coded by genes on 5 Hch. Various ditelosomic addition lines and ditelosomic and disomic substitution lines for chromosome 7 Hch were also analyzed by electrophoresis. This technique revealed that the genes for three major prolamins occur on the beta arm of chromosome 7 Hch and that a gene for a minor protein, also thought to be a prolamin, occurs on the alpha arm. These results are discussed in relation to the evolution of prolamin genes in the Triticeae.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2026

Novel genomic regions associated with adult-plant resistance to multiple fungal pathogens in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) revealed by DArT marker sequencing.

Wheat is among the top three most important cereal crops globally and serves as a staple food for approximately 40% of the world's population. Fungal leaf diseases such as yellow and leaf rusts (YR, LR), septoria nodorum blotch (SNB), septoria tritici blotch (STB), and powdery mildew (PM) have a major effect on yield loss in wheat, and resistance breeding is so far the most effective strategy to minimize those losses. Adult plant resistance (APR) is a crucial component of durable disease resistance; it reduces the pathogen's infection rate, keeping disease levels below the damage threshold, even in the absence of complete immunity. Therefore, this study aimed to identify sources of resistance in a collection of 411 accessions from diverse global origins. These accessions were phenotyped across 2018-2019. DArTseq technology and Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) analysis were conducted to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with APR for evaluated pathogens. DArT analysis showed that wheat chromosome 2B contains genomic regions associated with resistance to SNB, and that SNPs on chromosome 3B are associated with resistance to YR. On chromosome 6 A, there is a strong potential to explore, as a shared resistance locus for YR and SNB was found. SNPs: 3,937,236, 1,056,817 were consistent in both years, meaning their association with disease resistance is reliable and repeatable. Chromosome 7D is a strong region for SNPs significantly associated with both LR and SNB resistance. While multiple disease resistance genes are present on 7D, the 610 Mb LR locus is distinct from known LR, PM, and SNB loci, making it a strong candidate for functional validation. These findings highlight the value of historical resistance sources and uncover novel genomic regions for breeding a broad-spectrum APR-based resistance. Dual-trait loci, especially those effective against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, represent a promising material for achieving durable resistance in elite wheat cultivars.

Triticum↗
PubMed1998

A broiler chick bioassay for measuring the feeding value of wheat and barley in complete diets.

Energy is an important component of poultry feed and is derived principally from cereal grains. Unfortunately, all of the chemical energy is not available to the bird, and biological assays must be used to determine the digestible energy value of a cereal grain. The bioassay described uses four pens of six male broiler chicks, complete diets containing 80% of a test cereal grain (with or without an appropriate commercial enzyme), and ad libitum feed intake. Apparent metabolizable energy values (kilocalories per kilogram of cereal grain, DM basis) values are calculated from gross energy and acid insoluble ash measurements of diet and excreta collected for 24 h at 16 d of age. To monitor variation between broiler chick assays, due to bird, environment, etc., common control samples of Hard Red Spring (HRS) and Canadian Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat were tested in each of 15 separate assays over 2 yr. Similarly, for barley, control samples of hulled and hulless barley were repeatedly tested in five assays. Broiler performance in this study was lower than expected for commercial broilers, in part due to a high dietary cereal grain component and the fine mash texture. However, AME values as determined were comparable to those reported in the literature for wheat and barley. The CV for AME measured among pens, representing the intra-assay CV, was between 1.2 and 3.4% and was lower with enzyme supplementation. The interassay CV was only slightly higher than the intra-assay CV. This assay provides precise estimations of ME in cereal grains fed to young broilers that can be used for diet formulation or for verification of laboratory measures of feeding value of cereal grains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

[Development and application of a genome specific PCR marker for Haynaldia villosa].

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on common wheat Chinese Spring, H. villosa, addition lines of H. villosa chromosome in CS, substitution line 3V of H. villosa chromosome in Triticum aestivum. A genome specific polymorphic DNA segment from H. villosa, OPF02757, was obtained. On the basis of cloning and sequencing of OPF02757, two PCR primers were designed and a genome specific PCR marker for H. villosa was established. The PCR marker including 677 bp was localized on all the seven pairs of H. villosa chromosomes. The result of PCR amplification by the primers indicated that there was a specific band of 677 bp in the materials containing H. villosa Chromosome such as T. aestivum-H. villosa addition, T. aestivum-H. villosa substitution, T. aestivum-H. villosa amphidiploid, T. durum-H. villosa amphidiploid and H. villosum from different accessions, and there was no specific band of 677 bp if the materials did not contain H. villosa chromosome, such as T. aestivum, T. durum, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare, Thinopyrum elongatum, Thinopyrum intermedium. Therefore, the PCR maker of 677 bp is specific to H. villosa genome, and could be used as molecular marker for detection of chromosomes of H. villosa in wheat.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Tillage impacts cereal-aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) infestations in spring small grains.

We compared infestation levels of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in spring-seeded wheat and barley grown with and without preplant tillage for 8 site yr in eastern South Dakota. Crop residue covered approximately 25% of the soil surface with preplant tillage, whereas without preplant tillage 50% or more of surface residue was conserved. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) comprised nearly 90% of all cereal aphids sampled, and R. maidis (Fitch), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Sitobion avenae (F.) collectively comprised the remainder. R. padi routinely infested lower parts of tillers and were generally concealed by surface residue in plots with no preplant tillage. Across 7 site yr, R. padi were more abundant in plots with no preplant tillage than with preplant tillage (272.6 +/- 54.4 versus 170.1 +/- 37.2 aphid days per 25 tillers). However, in comparisons at individual site years, R. padi were greater in no-preplant tillage plots only once. For all cereal-aphid species combined, infestations were greater in plots with no preplant tillage for 1 of 8 site yr, but did not differ with tillage when compared across all site years. Cereal aphids were never more abundant in plots with preplant tillage. Our results show that conservation tillage leads to greater infestations of R. padi in spring small grains, as increased surface residue provides a favorable microhabitat for this aphid.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

Genetics of growth habit (spring vs winter) in common wheat: confirmation of the existence of dominant gene Vrn4.

The number of dominant Vrn genes in common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., is estimated. Data were obtained supporting Pugsley's and Gotoh's data on the presence of a dominant gene Vrn4 in near-isogenic line 'Triple Dirk F'. The presence of a dominant gene Vrn4 in line 'Gabo-2' of cultivar 'Gabo', which was used by Pugsley as a donor of the gene Vrn4 for the near-isogenic line 'Triple Dirk F', was also confirmed. The Vrn2 and Vrn4 relationship and their chromosomal location are discussed. It was demonstrated that the dominant Vrn8 gene which was introgressed from Triticum sphaerococcum to common wheat by Stelmakh and Avsenin is allelic to Vrn4. While genes Vrn6(sc) and Vrn7(sc) which were introgressed from rye, Secale cereale L., by the above-mentioned authors are not allelic to the genes Vrn1, Vrn2, Vrn3 and Vrn4.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Introgression of wheat DNA markers from A, B and D genomes in early generation progeny of Aegilops cylindrica Host x Triticum aestivum L. hybrids.

Introgression from allohexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L., AABBDD) to allotetraploid jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host, CCDD) can take place in areas where the two species grow in sympatry and hybridize. Wheat and Ae. cylindrica share the D genome, issued from the common diploid ancestor Aegilops tauschii Coss. It has been proposed that the A and B genome of bread wheat are secure places to insert transgenes to avoid their introgression into Ae. cylindrica because during meiosis in pentaploid hybrids, A and B genome chromosomes form univalents and tend to be eliminated whereas recombination takes place only in D genome chromosomes. Wheat random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments, detected in intergeneric hybrids and introgressed to the first backcross generation with Ae. cylindrica as the recurrent parent and having a euploid Ae. cylindrica chromosome number or one supernumerary chromosome, were assigned to wheat chromosomes using Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic wheat lines. Introgressed fragments were not limited to the D genome of wheat, but specific fragments of A and B genomes were also present in the BC1. Their presence indicates that DNA from any of the wheat genomes can introgress into Ae. cylindrica. Successfully located RAPD fragments were then converted into highly specific and easy-to-use sequence characterised amplified regions (SCARs) through sequencing and primer design. Subsequently these markers were used to characterise introgression of wheat DNA into a BC1S1 family. Implications for risk assessment of genetically modified wheat are discussed.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

[Epigenetic variability induced by nicotinic acid in Triticum aestivum L].

The effect of nicotinic acid (NA) on hereditary traits of spring common wheat cultivar Kazakhstanskaya 126 (K.126) were studied under the laboratory and field conditions. Treatment of seeds and vegetating plants with 0.01-0.1% NA (aqueous solution) induced heritable epigenetic changes in wheat. As a result, strong tall plants with the long productive spike, large seeds, and several quantitative and qualitative characters other than in the original cultivar were obtained in the second and further generations after treatment. Crosses of changed plants with each other did not result in segregation with respect to leaf downiness or anthocyan stem color in F2-F4, suggesting the same epigenetic state of genes responsible for changed characters. In crosses with the original cultivar, characters of the changed plants always dominated in F1. Basing on the current views, the changes were attributed to a transition of the hl1 and pc recessive marker genes into new, dominant epiallelic states Hl1 and Pc, which respectively determine downy leaves and the colored stem. The NA effect was specific, since only one type of the variation was observed. The changed characters were stable, and no reversion to the original phenotype was detected in 57 generations.

Genes, Plant↗
PubMed2004

Relationships among vernalization, shoot apex development and frost tolerance in wheat.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Frost tolerance of wheat depends primarily upon a strong vernalization requirement, delaying the transition to the reproductive phase. The aim of the present study was to learn how saturation of the vernalization requirement and apical development stage are related to frost tolerance in wheat. METHODS: 'Mironovskaya 808', a winter variety with a long vernalization requirement, and 'Leguan', a spring variety without a vernalization requirement, were acclimated at 2 degrees C at different stages of development. Plant development (morphological stage of the shoot apex), vernalization requirement (days to heading) and frost tolerance (survival of the plants exposed to freezing conditions) were evaluated. KEY RESULTS: 'Mironovskaya 808' increased its frost tolerance more rapidly; it reached a higher level of tolerance and after a longer duration of acclimation at 2 degrees C than was found in 'Leguan'. The frost tolerance of 'Mironovskaya 808' decreased and its ability to re-acclimate a high tolerance was lost after saturation of its vernalization requirement, but before its shoot apex had reached the double-ridge stage. The frost tolerance of 'Leguan' decreased after the plants had reached the floret initiation stage. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the hypothesis that genes for vernalization requirement act as a master switch regulating the duration of low temperature induced frost tolerance. In winter wheat, due to a longer vegetative phase, frost tolerance is maintained for a longer time and at a higher level than in spring wheat. After the saturation of vernalization requirement, winter wheat (as in spring wheat) established only a low level of frost tolerance.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

Cancer mortality in four northern wheat-producing states.

Chlorophenoxy herbicides are used both in cereal grain agriculture and in nonagricultural settings such as right-of-ways, lawns, and parks. Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana grow most of the spring and durum wheat produced in the United States. More than 90% of spring and durum wheat is treated with chlorophenoxy herbicides, in contrast to treatment of approximately 30% of winter wheat. In this ecologic study I used wheat acreage as a surrogate for exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides. I investigated the association of chlorophenoxy herbicides with cancer mortality during 1980-1989 for selected counties based on level of agriculture ([greater and equal to] 20%) and rural population ([greater and equal to] 50%). Age-standardized cancer mortality rates were determined for grouped counties based on tertiles of wheat acreage per county or for individual counties for frequently occurring cancers. The cancer sites that showed positive trends of increasing cancer mortality with increasing wheat acreage were esophagus, stomach, rectum, pancreas, larynx, prostate, kidney and ureter, brain, thyroid, bone, and all cancers (men) and oral cavity and tongue, esophagus, stomach, liver and gall bladder and bile ducts, pancreas, cervix, ovary, bladder, and other urinary organs, and all cancers (women). Rare cancers in men and women and cancers in boys and girls were studied by comparing counties above and below the median of wheat acreage per county. There was increased mortality for cancer of the nose and eye in both men and women, brain and leukemia in both boys and girls, and all cancers in boys. These results suggest an association between cancer mortality and wheat acreage in counties of these four states.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The transfer and characterization of resistance to common root rot from Thinopyrum ponticum to wheat.

Common root rot, caused by Cochliobolus sativus (Ito and Kurib) Drechs. ex Dastur, is a major soil-borne disease of spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) on the Canadian prairies. Resistance to common root rot from Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Liu and Wang was transferred into wheat via crossing with Agrotana, a resistant wheat - Th. ponticum partial amphiploid line. Evaluation of common root rot reactions showed that selected advanced lines with blue kernel color derived from a wheat x Agrotana cross expressed more resistance than the susceptible T. aestivum 'Chinese Spring' parent and other susceptible wheat check cultivars. Cytological examination revealed 41 to 44 chromosomes in the advanced lines. Genomic in situ hybridization, using total genomic DNA from Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb) A. Löve (St genome) as a probe, demonstrated that the blue kernel plants had two pairs of spontaneously translocated J-Js and Js-J chromosomes derived from the J and Js genome of Th. ponticum. The presence of these translocated chromosomes was associated with increased resistance of wheat to common root rot. The lines with blue aleurone color always had a subcentromeric Js-J translocated chromosome. The subtelocentric J-Js translocated chromosome was not responsible for the blue kernel color. The genomic in situ hybridization analysis on meiosis revealed that the two spontaneous translocations were not reciprocal translocations.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2005

Insect infestations, incidence of viral plant diseases, and yield of winter wheat in relation to planting date in the northern Great Plains.

Planting date effects on arthropod infestation and viral plant disease are undocumented for winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in South Dakota and the northern Great Plains. Winter wheat was planted over three dates (early, middle, and late; generally from late August to late September) to determine the effect on abundance of insect pests, incidence of plant damage, incidence of viral plant disease, and grain yield. The study was conducted simultaneously at two sites in South Dakota over three consecutive cropping seasons for a total of six site yr. Cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) were abundant in three site yr. Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), bird cherry-oat aphid, was the most abundant cereal aphid at the Brookings site, whereas Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), greenbug, predominated at Highmore. Aphid-days were greater in early versus late plantings. Aphid abundance in middle plantings depended on aphid species and site, but it usually did not differ from that in early plantings. Incidence of Barley yellow dwarf virus (family Luteoviridae, genus Luteovirus, BYDV) declined with later planting and was correlated with autumnal abundance of cereal aphids. Incidence of BYDV ranged from 24 to 81% among 1999 plantings and was < 8% in other years. Damage to seedling wheat by chewing insects varied for two site-years, with greater incidence in early and middle plantings. Wheat streak mosaic virus, spring infestations of cereal aphids, wheat stem maggot, and grasshoppers were insignificant. Yield at Brookings was negatively correlated with BYDV incidence but not cereal aphid abundance, whereas yield at Highmore was negatively correlated with aphid abundance but not BYDV incidence. Planting on 20 September or later reduced damage from chewing insects and reduced cereal aphid infestations and resulting BYDV incidence.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Vernalization-induced changes of the DNA methylation pattern in winter wheat.

Vernalization is a cold treatment that induces or accelerates flowering and insures that temperate-zone plants will not flower until after winter. There is evidence that vernalization results in DNA demethylation that induces flowering. Differences in DNA methylation can be determined using methylation-sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Methylation-sensitive AFLPs utilize restriction enzyme isoschizomers that are differentially sensitive to methylation, producing polymorphisms related to methylation differences as opposed to sequence differences. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) have been developed for spring vs. winter habit in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and allow for the study of a single vernalization locus. In this study, differences in the methylation pattern were determined for spring and winter NILs, as well as for unvernalized and vernalized individuals. Winter wheat was more highly methylated than spring wheat and methylation-related AFLPs were produced between winter and spring wheat. Changes in the methylation pattern were observed at the end of vernalization, one week after the end of vernalization, and four weeks after the end of vernalization of winter wheat. However, the most methylation differences were observed one week after removal of winter wheat from cold treatment. Our data suggest that there is not only a vernalization-induced demethylation related to flower induction, but there is also a more general and non-specific demethylation of sequences unrelated to flowering. Two methylation-related AFLPs induced by vernalization were shared among all of the winter NILs.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1999

[Chromosomal location of the genes conferring the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency stress in Lophopyrum elongatum genome] [In Process Citation]

Identification and genetic analysis were conducted on the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency stress by using a set of alien disomic addition lines (DA lines) and disomic substitution lines (DS lines) of common wheat Chinese Spring-Lophopyrum elongatum (2n = 2x = 14, EE), a closely related wheat species. The results indicated that chromosomes 4E and 6E in L. elongatum may carry the genes conferring the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency stress with much stronger effect over the background parent Chinese Spring. DA lines derived from chromosomes 2E and 3E behaved quite different from the corresponding DS lines. Although DA2E and DA3E were susceptible to phosphorus deficiency, the DS lines performed much better than Chinese Spring, DA2E and DA3E under both control and the deficiency conditions. However, the strongly repressed stress tolerance was located on chromosome 5E. In addition, the possible reasons for the different reponses to phosphorus deficiency between DA and DS lines of chromosomes 2E and 3E are discussed.

Journal Article↗