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PubMed1997

Exercise of young thoroughbred horses increases impact strength of the third metacarpal bone.

Exercise can have a profound effect on bone mass, but little is known of its effect on bone's material properties. In this experiment, our hypothesis was that a large difference in the training regimen of young thoroughbreds would produce a measurable difference in the mechanical properties of their bone material. When they were about 19 months old, eight thoroughbred racehorses were given one of two exercise regimens that lasted for 19 weeks: four horses (controls) were walked for 40 minutes a day but had no other exercise, and the remaining four (exercised) were additionally trotted for 20 minutes a day and given progressively intensive exercise on a treadmill. Mechanical testing to failure was performed on longitudinal beam specimens of the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpal. There was no difference in Young's modulus or bending strength between the two groups, although these properties varied somewhat depending on the position within the cortex from which the specimens had come. The specimens from the exercised horses had a slightly higher toughness, as measured by work (area under the load-deformation curve). They had a considerably higher impact strength. The impact strength of specimens from the outer cortex was also higher than that of those from the inner cortex in both groups. Impact strength correlated positively with the amount of microcracking produced during testing. Microcracking is related to structural and microstructural features in the bone. Increased loading caused the bone to respond in a way that enhanced its ability to microcrack and hence its toughness.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1983

Myofibrillar damage following intense eccentric exercise in man.

Muscle soreness that has a delayed onset is a common feature among both athletes and untrained individuals who engage in unusual exercises. This study was designed to provide additional morphological data to assess the relevance and significance of our previous findings that the sore muscles contain fibers with disorganized myofibrillar material. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 males (mean age 25 +/- 7 years), who suffered from severe soreness in their thigh muscles 18--72 h following eccentric bicycle exercise. Their strength performance were tested in parallel. Knee extensor strength was decreased at all angular velocities soon after exercise but gradually increased over the subsequent days although slower at the fastest contractions. Disturbances of the cross-striated band pattern were constantly observed. They originated from the myofibrillar Z-band, which showed marked streaming, broadening and, at places, total disruption. The disturbances were found in every second to every third fiber up to 3 days after exercise and in one tenth of the fibers 6 days following the exercise. Type 2 fibers were predominantly affected. Thus, the eccentric exercise gives rise to muscles soreness and influences, on mechanical basis and selectively with regard to fiber type, the fine structure of the contractile apparatus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Inflammatory markers are associated with ventilatory limitation and muscle dysfunction in obstructive lung disease in well functioning elderly subjects.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory markers are increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and are hypothesised to play an important part in muscle dysfunction and exercise intolerance. METHODS: The Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study is a prospective observational cohort of well functioning individuals aged 70-79 years. A cross sectional analysis of the baseline data was conducted to examine the association between inflammatory markers and ventilatory limitation, muscle strength, and exercise capacity. These associations were compared in participants with and without obstructive lung disease (OLD). RESULTS: Of the 3075 participants enrolled in the Health ABC cohort, OLD was identified by spirometric testing in 268 participants and 2005 participants had normal spirometric results. Of the participants with OLD, 35%, 38%, and 27% participants had mild, moderate, and severe OLD, respectively. Participants with OLD had lower quadriceps strength (102.5 Nm v 108.9 Nm, p = 0.02), lower maximum inspiratory pressure (64.7 cm H(2)O v 74.2 cm H(2)O, p<0.0001), higher systemic interleukin (IL)-6 levels (2.6 pg/ml v 2.2 pg/ml, p<0.0001), and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (3.5 mg/l v 2.5 mg/l, p<0.0001) than those with normal spirometry. In participants with OLD and those with normal spirometry, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) was associated with IL-6 (adjusted regression coefficients (beta) = -5.3 (95% CI -9.1 to-1.5) and -3.1 (95% CI -4.3 to -1.9), respectively). IL-6 and TNF were also associated with quadriceps strength among participants with OLD and those with normal spirometry (beta = -6.4 (95% CI -12.8 to -0.03) and -3.4 (95% CI -5.4 to -1.3), respectively, for IL-6 and beta = -10.1 (95% CI -18.7 to -1.5) and -3.8 (95% CI -7 to -0.6), respectively, for TNF). IL-6, quadriceps strength, and maximum inspiratory pressures were independent predictors of reduced exercise capacity in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In well functioning elderly subjects with or without OLD, IL-6 is associated with reduced FEV(1), quadriceps strength, and exercise capacity.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Designing resistance training programmes to enhance muscular fitness: a review of the acute programme variables.

The popularity of resistance training has grown immensely over the past 25 years, with extensive research demonstrating that not only is resistance training an effective method to improve neuromuscular function, it can also be equally effective in maintaining or improving individual health status. However, designing a resistance training programme is a complex process that incorporates several acute programme variables and key training principles. The effectiveness of a resistance training programme to achieve a specific training outcome (i.e. muscular endurance, hypertrophy, maximal strength, or power) depends on manipulation of the acute programme variables, these include: (i) muscle action; (ii) loading and volume; (iii) exercise selection and order; (iv) rest periods; (v) repetition velocity; and (vi) frequency. Ultimately, it is the acute programme variables, all of which affect the degree of the resistance training stimuli, that determine the magnitude to which the neuromuscular, neuroendocrine and musculoskeletal systems adapt to both acute and chronic resistance exercise. This article reviews the available research that has examined the application of the acute programme variables and their influence on exercise performance and training adaptations. The concepts presented in this article represent an important approach to effective programme design. Therefore, it is essential for those involved with the prescription of resistance exercise (i.e. strength coaches, rehabilitation specialists, exercise physiologists) to acquire a fundamental understanding of the acute programme variables and the importance of their practical application in programme design.

Exercise↗

PubMed2006

Is isometric strength loss immediately after eccentric exercise related to changes in indirect markers of muscle damage?

This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of maximal isometric strength (MVC) loss immediately following eccentric exercise (MVC-post) would relate to changes in other indirect markers of muscle damage following exercise. Eighty-nine men were recruited from the same student population and performed 24 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexors. Commonly used markers of muscle damage such as relaxed and flexed elbow joint angles, range of motion (ROM), upper-arm circumference, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after, and 1-4 d after exercise. Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients (r) between change in MVC-post and other markers of muscle damage, as well as MVC during recovery days, were calculated. Changes in MVC-post ranged from -72.8% to -17.6%, and correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with MVC at 1 (r = 0.59), 2 (0.63), 3 (0.61), and 4 (0.62) d after exercise. Reduction in MVC-post also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with changes in relaxed (r = 0.50) and flexed elbow joint angles (-0.40), ROM (0.55), arm circumference (-0.45), peak palpation (-0.34) and extension muscle soreness (-0.48), and peak CK activity (-0.59). However, the r values were not necessarily high, and MVC-post poorly reflected the distribution of some measures, such as peak CK activity (124 - 50 440 IU x L(-1). These results suggest that MVC-post is not a strong correlate of the changes in markers of muscle damage following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Muscle soreness, swelling, stiffness and strength loss after intense eccentric exercise.

High-intensity eccentric contractions induce performance decrements and delayed onset muscle soreness. The purpose of this investigation was to study the magnitude and time course of such decrements and their interrelationships in 26 young women of mean(s.d.) age 21.4(3.3) years. Subjects performed 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors on a pulley system, specially designed for the study. The non-exercised arm acted as the control. Measures of soreness, tenderness, swelling (SW), relaxed elbow joint angle (RANG) and isometric strength (STR) were taken before exercise, immediately after exercise (AE), analysis of variance and at 24-h intervals for 11 days. There were significant (P < 0.01, analysis of variance) changes in all factors. Peak effects were observed between 24 and 96 h AE. With the exception of STR, which remained lower (P < 0.01), all variables returned to baseline levels by day 11. A non-significant correlation between pain and STR indicated that pain was not a major factor in strength loss. Also, although no pain was evident, RANG was decreased immediately AE. There was no relationship between SW, RANG and pain. The prolonged nature of these symptoms indicates that repair to damaged soft tissue is a slow process. Strength loss is considered particularly important as it continues when protective pain and tenderness have disappeared. This has implications for the therapeutic management of patients with myopathologies and those receiving eccentric exercise for rehabilitation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Effects of combined strength and kick coordination training on soccer kick biomechanics in amateur players.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a soccer (strength and technique) training program on kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) muscle activity during a instep kick. Ten amateur soccer players (aged 19.9+/-0.4 years, body mass 74.8+/-9.1 kg, height 177.4+/-6.7 cm) constituted the experimental group (EG) whereas 10 players (age 21.6+/-1.3 years, weight 71.5+/-6.7 kg, height 175.2+/-3.4 cm) served as controls (CG). The EG followed a 10-week soccer-specific training program combining strength and technique exercises. All participants performed an instep soccer kick using a two-step approach while three-dimensional data and EMG from six muscles of swinging and support legs were recorded prior to and after training. Maximum isometric leg press strength, 10-m sprint performance and maximum speed performance on a bicycle ergometer were also measured. Analysis of variance designs with repeated measures showed that the EG improved significantly (P<0.05) maximum ball speed, the linear velocity of the foot, ankle and angular velocity of all joints during the final phase of the kick. Training had insignificant effects on EMG values, apart from an increase in the averaged EMG of the vastus medialis whereas maximum isometric strength and sprint times significantly improved after training (P<0.05). The present results suggest that the application of the training programs using soccer-specific strength exercises would be particularly effective in improving of soccer kick performance.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effect of isokinetic training on strength, functionality and proprioception in athletes with functional ankle instability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isokinetic exercise on strength, joint position sense and functionality in recreational athletes with functional ankle instability (FAI). Strength, proprioception and balance of 24 recreational athletes with unilateral FAI were evaluated by using isokinetic muscle strength measurement, ankle joint position sense and one leg standing test. The functional ability was evaluated using five different tests. These were; single limb hopping course (SLHC), one legged and triple legged hop for distance (OLHD-TLHD), and six and cross six meter hop for time (SMHT-CSMHT). Isokinetic peak torque of the ankle invertor and evertor muscles were assessed eccentrically and concentrically at test speeds of 120 degrees /s. Isokinetic exercise protocol was carried out at an angular velocity of 120 degrees /s. The exercise session was repeated three times a week and lasted after 6 weeks. At baseline, concentric invertor strength was found to be significantly lower in the functionally unstable ankles compared to the opposite healthy ankles (p < 0.001). This difference was not present after executing the 6 weeks exercise sessions (p > 0.05). Ankle joint position sense in the injured ankles declined significantly from 2.35 +/- 1.16 to 1.33 +/- 0.62 degrees for 10 degrees of inversion angle (p < 0.001) and from 3.10 +/- 2.16 to 2.19 +/- 0.98 degrees for 20 degrees of inversion angle (p < 0.05) following the isokinetic exercise. One leg standing test score decreased significantly from 15.17 +/- 8.50 to 11.79 +/- 7.81 in the injured ankles (p < 0.001). Following the isokinetic exercise protocol, all of the worsened functional test scores in the injured ankles as compared to the opposite healthy ankles displayed a significant improvement (p < 0.01 for OLHD and CSMHT, p < 0.001 for SLHC, TLHD, and SMHT). These results substantiate the deficits of strength, proprioception, balance and functionality in recreational athletes with FAI. The isokinetic exercise program used in this study had a positive effect on these parameters.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

The influence of volume of exercise on early adaptations to strength training.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of single-set strength training and 3-set strength training during the early phase of adaptation in 18 untrained male subjects (age, 20-30 years). After initial testing, subjects were randomly assigned to either the 3L-1U group (n = 8), which trained 3 sets in leg exercises and 1 set in upper-body exercises, or the 1L-3U group (n = 10), which trained 1 set in leg exercises and 3 sets in upper-body exercises. Testing was conducted at the beginning and at the end of the study and consisted of 2 maximal isometric tests (knee extension and bench press) and 6 maximal dynamic tests (1 repetition maximum [1RM] tests). Subjects trained 3 days per week for 6 weeks. After warm-up, subjects performed 3 leg exercises and 4 upper-body exercises. In both groups, each set consisted of 7 repetitions (reps) with the load supposed to induce muscular failure after the seventh rep (7RM load). After 6 weeks of training, 1RM performance in all training exercises was significantly increased (10-26%, p < 0.01) in both groups. The relative increase in 1RM load in the 3 leg exercises was significantly greater in the 3L-1U group than in the 1L-3U group (21% vs. 14%, p = 0.01). However, the relative increase in 1RM load in the 3 upper-body exercises was similar in the 3L-1U group (16%) and the 1L-3U group (14%). These results show a superior adaptation to 3-set strength training, compared with 1-set strength training, in leg exercises but not in upper-body exercises during the early phase of adaptation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Effects of tai chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Twelve forms of Sun-style tai chi exercise have been developed specifically to reduce the symptoms and improve the physical functioning of arthritic patients, and this randomized study examined the changes in symptoms and physical characteristics in older women with osteoarthritis (OA) at the completion of a 12-week tai chi exercise program. METHODS: Seventy-two patients with OA were randomly assigned into 2 groups. Due to a 41% overall dropout rate, 22 experimental subjects and 21 controls completed pre- and post-test measures over a 12 week interval. Outcome variables were physical symptoms and fitness, body mass index, cardiovascular functioning, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning. The independent t test was used to examine group differences. RESULTS: The homogeneity test confirmed that there were no significant group differences in demographic data and pretest measures. Mean comparisons of the change scores revealed that the experimental group perceived significantly less pain (t = -2.19, p = 0.034) and stiffness (t = -2.13, p = 0.039) in their joints, and reported fewer perceived difficulties in physical functioning (t = -2.81, p = 0.008), while the control group showed no change or even deterioration in physical functioning after 12 weeks. In the physical fitness test, there were significant improvements in balance (t = 3.34, p = 0.002) and abdominal muscle strength (t = 2.74, p = 0.009) for the tai chi exercise group. No significant group differences were found in flexibility and upper-body or knee muscle strength in the post-test scores. CONCLUSION: Older women with OA were able to safely perform the 12 forms of Sun-style tai chi exercise for 12 weeks, and this was effective in improving their arthritic symptoms, balance, and physical functioning. A longitudinal study with a larger sample size is now needed to confirm the potential use of tai chi exercise in arthritis management.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1992

Muscle strength according to level of physical exercise and educational background in middle-aged women in Finland.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of socio-economic status and the practice of physical exercise in explaining variation in muscle strength in 50 to 60-year-old women. Consequently, four study groups combining education and physical activity were formed: (1) university education, physically active; (2) university education, sedentary; (3) vocational or lower level of education, physically active; (4) vocational or lower level of education, sedentary. Maximal isometric strength of hand grip, arm flexion, body flexion and extension as well as dynamic power of the abdominal muscles were measured in 112 women. The results of the maximal isometric strength measurements were standardised by body mass index. The means of the maximal isometric strength results and sit-up tests were compared between the groups using two-way analysis of variance. The physically active women performed better than the sedentary in both the isometric and dynamic tests. Greater muscle strength was also found among the more highly educated compared with the less educated. The less educated sedentary women showed the poorest performance in the strength tests.

Body Height↗

PubMed2000

Pre-clinical screening of drugs using the mdx mouse.

The genetically dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse, with its characteristic and regular exercise-induced loss of strength, is a useful experimental platform on which to screen potential drug therapies in the treatment of some dystrophic diseases. Pharmacological agents of several chemical and functional classes were examined in their ability to reduce the loss of muscular strength in young exercised mdx mice. Therapeutic intervention over the period 4-10 weeks of age was evaluated in weekly tests of whole-body strength. This age period represents the most severe manifestation of disease in these animals. Significant improvements in whole-body strength were brought about by treatment with the immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs prednisone (at low dose only, 1 mg/kg body weight), pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg) and tinset (100 mg/kg). The anabolic hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 (5 mg/kg), as well as the amino acids/metabolites glutamine (10 mg/kg), glutamine plus alanine (each 10 mg/kg), and creatinine (10 mg/kg) all improved strength test performance. The mdx mouse is a responsive system for the screening of potential therapeutic treatments for the muscular dystrophies.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

General exercise training improves ventilatory and peripheral muscle strength and endurance in chronic airflow limitation.

We studied the impact of a 6-wk supervised, multimodality endurance exercise training program (EXT) on strength and endurance of ventilatory and peripheral muscles in patients with chronic airflow limitation (CAL), and determined whether potential improvements contributed to relief of exertional breathlessness (B) and perceived leg effort/discomfort (LE), respectively. Twenty breathless patients with stable CAL (FEV1 = 41 +/- 3% predicted; mean +/- SEM) were tested at 6-wk intervals at baseline, after a nonintervention control period (pre-EXT), and post-EXT. Measurements included: pulmonary function tests (PFTs), maximal inspiratory/expiratory pressures (MIP, MEP), inspiratory muscle endurance (V(LIM)), quadriceps strength and endurance, exercise endurance, and submaximal cycle exercise with cardioventilatory and symptom responses. Measurements at baseline and pre-EXT were identical. Post-EXT, PFTs did not change; exercise endurance measured on the treadmill, cycle ergometer, arm ergometer, and by 6-min walk distance increased 40 +/- 8%, 43 +/- 10%, 12 +/- 5%, and 34 +/- 9%, respectively (p < 0.05); quadriceps strength increased 21 +/- 5% (p < 0.01); MIP and MEP increased 29 +/- 11% and 27 +/- 11%, respectively (p < 0.05); V(LIM) increased almost threefold (p < 0.05). At isotime near end-exercise, B, LE, carbon dioxide production (VCO2), oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation, and breathing frequency (F) all fell after EXT (p < 0.05): deltaB correlated with deltaF (r = 0.58, p < 0.01). Increased MIP and V(LIM) did not correlate with improved breathlessness or exercise endurance. Similarly, changes in quadriceps strength and endurance did not correlate with changes in LE or exercise endurance. In conclusion, general nonspecific EXT improved ventilatory and peripheral muscle function in severe CAL, but such improvements did not appear to contribute significantly to reduced exertional symptoms and enhanced exercise performance.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Effects of a 12-wk resistance exercise program on skeletal muscle strength in children with burn injuries.

The posttraumatic response to burn injury leads to marked and prolonged skeletal muscle catabolism and weakness, which persist despite standard rehabilitation programs of occupational and physical therapy. We investigated whether a resistance exercise program would attenuate muscle loss and weakness that is typically found in children with thermal injury. We assessed the changes in leg muscle strength and lean body mass in severely burned children with >40% total body surface area burned. Patients were randomized to a 12-wk standard hospital rehabilitation program supplemented with an exercise training program (n = 19) or to a home-based rehabilitation program without exercise (n = 16). Leg muscle strength was assessed before and after the 12-wk rehabilitation or training program at an isokinetic speed of 150 degrees /s. Lean body mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We found that the participation in a resistance exercise program results in a significant improvement in muscle strength, power, and lean body mass relative to a standard rehabilitation program without exercise.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Virtual reality-based post-stroke hand rehabilitation.

A VR-based system using a CyberGlove and a Rutgers Master II-ND haptic glove was used to rehabilitate four post-stroke patients in the chronic phase. Each patient had to perform a variety of VR exercises to reduce impairments in their finger range of motion, speed, fractionation and strength. Patients exercised for about two hours per day, five days a week for three weeks. Results showed that three of the patients had gains in thumb range (50-140%) and finger speed (10-15%) over the three weeks trial. All four patients had significant improvement in finger fractionation (40-118%). Gains in finger strength were modest, due in part to an unexpected hardware malfunction. Two of the patients were measured against one-month post intervention and showed good retention. Evaluation using the Jebsen Test of Hand Function showed a reduction of 23-28% in time completion for two of the patients (the ones with the higher degrees of impairment). A prehension task was performed 9-40% faster for three of the patients after the intervention illustrating transfer of their improvement to a functional task.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

A longitudinal trial of weight training in the elderly: continued improvements in year 2.

We conducted a 2-year (42 weeks of consecutive training in each year, separated by 10 weeks of testing and vacation time) randomized, controlled trial of weight training in 142 healthy male and female subjects, aged 60 to 80 years. Measurements included dynamic strength, symptom-limited endurance in cycling, treadmill walking and stair climbing, muscle size, and bone mineral density and content of the lumbar spine and whole body. One hundred and thirteen subjects completed the study (57 exercise, 56 control), with a mean attendance of 85% among the exercisers. Muscle strength was unchanged in the control subjects but increased (collapsed across age and gender) from 32% (leg press) to 90% (military press) in the exercisers. Symptom-limited endurance in cycling, treadmill walking, and stair climbing increased in the exercisers by (mean +/- SE) 6.2 +/- 0.8%, 29.2 +/- 7.3%, and 57 +/- 12%, respectively; the only change in the controls was an unanticipated 33% increase in stair climbing performance during the first year. These values were unchanged in the controls. Cross-sectional area of the knee extensors increased by 8.7 +/- 0.9% in the trained subjects and was unchanged in controls. Measures of whole body, lumbar spine bone mineral density, and lumbar spine bone mineral content were unchanged in the exercisers, but whole body bone mineral content decreased by 1%. In contrast, there were small increases (< 4.0%) in bone mineral density among the controls. Long-term weight training proved to be a safe and well-tolerated mode of exercise for the elderly. Increased strength was associated with muscle hypertrophy in each year, and with increased endurance in cycling, walking, and stair climbing. There were no changes in bone mineral density but a small reduction in whole body bone mineral content.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Heart failure alters the strength and mechanisms of arterial baroreflex pressor responses during dynamic exercise.

Arterial baroreflex function is well preserved during dynamic exercise in normal subjects. In subjects with heart failure (HF), arterial baroreflex ability to regulate blood pressure is impaired at rest. However, whether exercise modifies the strength and mechanisms of baroreflex responses in HF is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relative roles of cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction in eliciting the pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs at rest and during treadmill exercise ranging from mild to heavy workloads. Experiments were performed in the same animals before and after rapid ventricular pacing-induced HF. At rest, the pressor response to BCO was significantly attenuated in HF (33.3 +/- 1.2 vs. 18.7 +/- 2.7 mmHg), and this difference persisted during exercise in part due to lower cardiac output responses in HF. However, both before and after the induction of HF, the contribution of vasoconstriction in active skeletal muscle toward the pressor response became progressively greater as workload increased. We conclude that, although there is an impaired ability of the baroreflex to regulate arterial pressure at rest and during exercise in HF, vasoconstriction in active skeletal muscle becomes progressively more important in mediating the baroreflex pressor response as workload increases with a pattern similar to that observed in normal subjects.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[A review of exercise interventions for fall prevention in the elderly].

PURPOSE: This study was done to suggest directions for developing exercise interventions for fall prevention in the elderly in Korea in the future. METHOD: Twenty five articles for fall prevention exercises were reviewed and analyzed. RESULT: 84.0% of subjects were older adults age 65 and older living in the community. The most frequently performed interventions were lower limb strength and balance exercises together 43.3%, group exercise 70.0%, exercise 3 times/week 60.0%, 60 min per session 36.7%, duration of 12 weeks and 1 year 23.3% each. The most frequently used outcome variables were static balance 84.0%, lower limb muscle strength 72.0%, dynamic balance 56.0 %, and falls 56.0 %. The effect of exercise interventions on fall prevention was inconclusive. Lower limb strength exercises with resistance were effective for increasing muscle strength. Balance exercises with various movements for balance were effective for increasing balance. CONCLUSION: Exercise interventions for fall prevention is recommended for older adults with risk factors of falling. The desirable type of exercise intervention is lower limb strength and balance exercise together.

Accidental Falls↗