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Under standarized conditions, foils are applied and removed from the attached gingiva of the mandibular anterior region. The amount of epithelial cells clinging to the test foils was determined. When compared to toothpastes with the usual content of surface active substances, the short contact of a toothpaste containing a high percentage of wetting agents increases the number of epithelial cells loosened by mechanic forces.
The abrasivity characteristics of six commercially available toothpastes containing different abrasives were investigated by using laser light reflexion and radiotracer methods. Surface profile and laser diffusometer measurements were also included in the study. Significant and, in some cases, substantial variations of abrasivity were observed. A certain correlation between the results of the different methods was found and used for purposes of ranking the toothpastes. The investigation indicated a necessity to use a combination of quantitative and surface descriptive methods in order that a complete picture of the abrasive properties of a dentifrice might be obtained. The importance of including other than biological materials in the test was also emphasized.
Plasma cell gingivitis is an uncommon condition, characterised by a sharply demarcated, erythematous and oedematous gingivitis, often extending to the mucogingival junction. The condition is generally considered to be a manifestation of hypersensitivity, but often no antigenic agent can be identified. This report describes a case of plasma cell gingivitis, apparently associated with the use of a herbal toothpaste.
The aims of the study were to determine the in vitro sensitivity of triclosan against viridans streptococci and the impact of triclosan on the normal oral microflora. Nine subjects used a triclosan-containing toothpaste for 2 weeks. Saliva samples were collected on days 0 and 14 and were analyzed quantitatively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of triclosan and of several antimicrobial agents were determined for the streptococci isolated on days 0 and 14. No major changes occurred in the normal oral microflora during the study period. There were no differences in susceptibility between streptococcal strains collected at days 0 and 14 against triclosan or antimicrobial agents. Short-term use of triclosan has no major impact on normal oral microflora or on streptococcal susceptibility of antimicrobial agents. The effects of long-term use should be evaluated.
While tremendous advances have improved the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease, with regard to environmental risk factors as well as the biochemical nature of the inflammatory process, a determination of primary etiology remains elusive. Numerous theories have been proposed in the past century concerning the cause of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis with implications for specific therapies. On further study, most of these ideas and therapies have failed to be accurate in theory or therapeutic approach. Others remain untested or are the focus of current investigation and controversy. This paper reviews the dominant theories of primary etiology. These hypotheses include infectious causes such as Mycobacteria paratuberculosis and measles. Allergic and nutritionally related causes have been the focus of considerable research. Microparticles, which is part of the concept behind toothpaste as a cause, have been suggested more broadly to be the principal factor initiating Crohn's disease. Several of these concepts rely on the idea that there is an increased intestinal permeability that is the central defect leading to Crohn's disease. Rather than being an excessive T cell driven process, Crohn's has been suggested to be an innate immune deficiency, leading to the use of colony stimulating factors to augment the intestinal barrier function and innate immunity. A variety of changes in the gut flora, ranging from a basic dysbiosis to the absence of helminths, have been proposed as the root cause of inflammatory bowel disease.
Toothpaste solution exerts an inhibitory effect on dissolution of enamel in acidic solution. The presence of a detergent will not predispose enamel to acid dissolution or affect the inhibitory effect of fluoride on dissolution.
A 10-year-old girl presented with a 2-year history of severe cheilitis. Despite cessation of any lip-licking behaviour her symptoms continued to worsen, with only minimum relief from therapeutic measures. Patch testing proved strongly positive to cocamidopropyl betaine, which was noted to be present in the patient's '2-in-1 toothpaste and mouthwash'. Her cheilitis settled after avoidance of this product. Cocamidopropyl betaine, a surfactant, is a common allergen in hairdressers; however, this case highlights the importance of excluding a contact allergy to this product in patients with intractable cheilitis.
AIM: To measure in vitro the abrasion of dentine by toothpaste detergents and abrasives alone and combined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Detergents used were tego betain, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), adinol and pluronic diluted to 1% w/v. Abrasives were three artificial silicas, tixosil 73 and 123 and Zeodent 113, and calcium carbonate used at 2.5% w/v. Flat human dentine specimens were brushed with aqueous detergent solutions or abrasive slurries, detergent abrasive slurries and water for 20,000 brush strokes. Dentine loss was measured by non-contacting profilometry at 10,000 and 20,000 strokes. Silica particle size distribution was measured by laser deflection. RESULTS: Loss of dentine occurred with all detergents, abrasives and detergent abrasion combinations, but was not linear with number of brush strokes. Water appeared to remove the smear layer only, but all detergents exceeded the predicted smear layer thickness. The silica abrasives differed in abrasion properties despite similar particle size distribution. Different detergents modulated the abrasives actions in mainly positive or mainly negative directions. CONCLUSIONS: Detergents appear able to attack the dentine surface to produce wear. Abrasives vary considerably in wear produced under similar conditions. Detergents modulate the effect of abrasives in a way that may reflect the rheological properties of the mixture.
Although cinnamon is known to cause dermatitis in bakers and confectioners, it has only rarely been reported as causing trouble in food or cosmetics. A newly-formulated 'spicy' toothpaste containing cinnamon as a flavouring agent was the cause of oral symptoms in eight patients referred to clinics in Buckinghamshire and in Malmö and in a further eight patients discovered subsequently. Similar symptoms and patch test results were observed independently at both centres. Positive reactions were obtained with 1% cinnamic aldehyde in 15 out of 16 patients tested. Only one patient reacted to a standard sample of balsam of Peru (25% in petrolatum).
Superficial mucoceles are small, clear vesicles that occur on clinically non-inflamed mucosa and are often misdiagnosed as vesiculobullous disorders. Soft palate, retromolar pads, and posterior buccal mucosa are common sites of involvement. The lesions are more common in women than in men and need no treatment. This paper describes a 71-year-old female who demonstrated some of the pitfalls in diagnosis and a possible contributory role of a tartar-control toothpaste in the onset of the lesions.
Zinc is retained in the mouth after use of a toothpaste containing 0.5% zinc citrate. More than one third of the dose was found to be retained after normal brushing. Elevated zinc levels were also found in plaque. Saliva zinc levels were significantly above background for at least 2 h after brushing. In-vitro experiments demonstrated that zinc can bind to the pellicle-coated tooth surface and can subsequently adsorb into saliva. Plaque can calcify to form calculus containing appreciable levels of hydroxyapatite. Zinc adsorbs to hydroxyapatite inhibiting crystal growth. Levels of zinc in plaque were found to be considerably higher than those taken up by hydroxyapatite in an in-vitro test of crystal growth inhibition indicating the potential of zinc to inhibit calculus formation.
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the combination of triclosan and xylitol in toothpaste on mutans streptococci (MS) in saliva and dental plaque. 155 individuals with >10(5) MS/ml saliva were included in a 6-month double-blind clinical study. They were divided into three groups (n = 51-52) balanced according to their MS counts at baseline. Each group used one of the following types of dentifrice: (1) Colgate Total with the addition of 10% xylitol (Total-Xylitol), (2) Colgate Total and (3) Colgate Total without triclosan and without xylitol. Whole saliva and pooled plaque samples were obtained after 2, 4 and 6 months. When comparing the MS counts within the groups for saliva and plaque samples, Total-Xylitol showed significant reduction at all three sampling occasions (p < 0.001). Mean reduction at the 6-month sample for saliva was 0.81/ml and for plaque 0.89 per sample (log values). ANOVA revealed significant differences between Total-Xylitol and the two other products at 6 months for MS in saliva and dental plaque. The conclusion from this 6- month study is that the addition of 10% xylitol to a triclosan-containing dentifrice reduces the number of MS in saliva and dental plaque.
The amount of dentifrice used and ingested on three occasions by a group of 48 children aged between 3 and 5 years was measured. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the variability in the amount of dentifrice used and ingested. The quantity of toothpaste ingested was derived from the differences between the amounts used and rejected. On average, the difference in the amount used between any two brushings was less than 0.250 g for 66% of the subjects, and the difference in the amount ingested was less than 0.100 g for 69% of the children. There were no statistically significant differences in the quantities used and ingested between the three brushings.
The degree and rate of fluoride absorption in five volunteers were studied after ingestion of SnF2 and NaF solutions or SnF2 toothpaste. The fluoride concentration in plasma was followed for eight hours. The relative bio-availability of fluoride was calculated and was similar for both the NaF and SnF2 solutions, although the latter solution showed a somewhat faster absorption rate. The bio-availability of fluoride from the SnF2 dentifrice was 85%.
This article reviews the ingredients of toothpastes and their role in providing medicinal and cosmetic benefits to the consumer.
In order to achieve the multi-claim products required for the dental care category, it is necessary for the formulator to use a variety of different ingredients. This places a number of demands on the development process. Innovations in the areas of pharmaceutical technology have contributed to the formulation of the products having superior efficacy as well as other attributes that may contribute to clinical response and patient acceptability. Improved clinical efficacy and tolerability, along with conditioning signals, should encourage patient compliance with oral hygiene further complementing professional efforts directed at disease prevention. The most effective way of preventing the development of dental disease is in controlling the production of dental plaque. It is formed by microbial action. The removal of plaque from the teeth and related areas is essential for the maintenance of a healthy mouth. In this paper we have presented the main components of toothpastes and mouthwashes. For the active ingredients, their supposed effect as therapeutic agents is also explained.
Some clinical oral foreign body reactions have been reviewed. The testing of the foreign body potential of substances used as abrasives in toothpastes has shown a number to be capable of this. The clinical implications are briefly discussed. The initial studies were conducted when the author was on the faculty of the School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, England.
Tetrasodium and/or tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (Ppi) is the anticalculus component of most tartar control dentifrices on the market today. While pyrophosphates alone are not responsible for hypersensitivity reactions, several modifications which may lead to adverse oral manifestations may occur when pyrophosphates are added to a dentifrice. First, tetrasodium pyrophosphate in a dentifrice forms a slightly alkaline solution upon oral use which could irritate oral membranes. Second, increased concentrations of flavoring agents, known to be sensitizers, are needed to mask the strong bitter taste of pyrophosphates. Third, increased concentrations of detergents, capable of producing hypersensitivity reactions, are necessary to allow the pyrophosphates to become soluble in the dentifrice. Fourth, a pre-existing condition of reduced salivary flow may augment hypersensitivity to tartar control toothpastes. While pyrophosphates have been approved as additives in dentifrices, these compounds along with the increased concentrations of flavorings and detergents and their higher intraoral alkalinity are strongly implicated as the causative factor in certain hypersensitivity reactions.