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PubMed1981

[The study of washing operative wound with amikacin sulfate solution in the orthopedic surgery].

For the purpose of preventing postoperative orthopedic infections, investigation was carried out on effectiveness and safety of amikacin (AMK) after washing wound surface with its solution. 500 ml saline solution containing 400 mg AMK was used for washing. As the result, no postoperative infections were observed in all the 19 patients operated in our department. Neither abnormal findings to be regarded as abnormalities in blood test nor side-effects caused by washing were also observed. The blood samples obtained after washing did not show measurable AMK in all cases. It is said that use of antibiotics with 1) a wide-range of spectrum, 2) a bactericidal action and 3) low cross resistance against other antibiotics is preferable in washing wound surface in order to prevent postoperative infections. Under these circumstances, administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics is used frequently. Concerning the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, however, it is necessary to pay attention to auditory and renal impairment. The previous study has revealed that AMK is lower in auditory and renal toxicity than other aminoglycoside antibiotics. AMK is thought, therefore, to be free from fear of auditory and renal impairment after washing and also to be one of effective antibiotics.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effective reduction of Helicobacter pylori infection after upper gastrointestinal endoscopy by mechanical washing of the endoscope.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the frequency of endoscopic transmission of Helicobacter pylori and the efficiency of disinfection in different washing methods of endoscopes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: IgG antibodies to H. pylori in patients prospectively followed who underwent first endoscopic examination at the National Taiwan University Hospital from 1982 to 1993 were measured. A total of 132 subjects who were negative for H. pylori IgG antibody test before examination and who were with negative endoscopic findings were enrolled. Among the 132 seronegative patients, 60 were examined before June 1989 when manual washing was adopted for endoscope cleaning and 72 received examination after mechanical washing were routinely used in our endoscopy unit. RESULTS: During a follow-up period of 6 months or more, 5 patients in the manual washing group sero-converted while none in the mechanical washing group seroconverted (5/60 vs 0/72. p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that the risk of endoscopic transmission of H. pylori is substantial and mechanical washing is efficient in preventing this iatrogenic spread.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology, and deoxyribonucleic acid flow cytometry and cytology on bladder washings during followup for bladder tumors.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of cytology on urine and bladder washings, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) flow cytometry on bladder washings compared to cystoscopy during followup for bladder tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 166 patients with a history of bladder tumor for the initial visit when cytology and DNA flow cytometry results were available for urine and bladder washing samples. There were 114 bladder tumor events and 52 negative controls (normal cystoscopy). A prospective study was conducted among the 66 patients with no tumor detected by cystoscopy at the initial visit and for whom the 3 test results were available. The patients were followed from this visit until tumor recurrence or the end of the followup period. Cytological examination was considered positive only when interpreted as malignant. Suspicious examinations were considered negative for the purpose of our study. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology were 59 and 85%, respectively. Sensitivity was increased to 66% using bladder washing cytology whereas specificity was moderately decreased to 83%. The sensitivity and specificity of DNA aneuploidy were 45 and 87%, respectively. Inclusion within the aneuploid category of hyperdiploid samples (defined as more than 7% of cells in the S + G2M phase) increased sensitivity to 77%, while specificity decreased to 42%. Kaplan-Meier analysis of tumor-free survival in patients initially free of bladder cancer at cystoscopy showed an inability of DNA flow cytometry to predict recurrence, whereas positive urine or bladder washing cytology predicted a shorter time to recurrence (log-rank test p <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that DNA flow cytometry and cytology on bladder washing samples add little information to that obtained from voided urine cytology.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1997

Scheduled hand washing in an elementary school population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hand washing prevents communicable illness. We evaluated the effect of a mandatory, scheduled hand-washing program in elementary school children on absenteeism due to acute communicable illness. METHODS: The study was conducted at Trombley Elementary School in Grosse Pointe Park, Mich. The intervention group, approximately half of the school children (n = 143, including all grades 1-5), washed their hands a minimum of four scheduled times a day. The control group (n = 162) continued hand-washing practices as usual. RESULTS: Of the 37 school days examined, children in the hand-washing group were absent fewer days than the control group due to all acute communicable illness (relative risk = .75). There were less days of absence due to gastrointestinal symptoms (relative risk = .43). The difference in absence due to respiratory symptoms was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: A scheduled hand-washing program will reduce acute communicable (gastrointestinal) illnesses in elementary school-age children.

Absenteeism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Measurement of sodium fluorescein wash-in time constants in subjects with peripheral vascular disease.

The authors developed a noninvasive two-channel dynamic dermofluorometer that can quantitatively follow the rapid skin wash-in kinetics of a fluorescent dye to provide an assessment of local skin perfusion. The dermofluorometer was tested in normal subjects and diabetic patients with and without peripheral vascular disease. After an intravenous injection of 1-2 mL of a 10% solution of sodium fluorescein (1.1-2.8 mg/kg), the fluorescent signal was monitored from two sites on the skin surfaces of the forearm and foot. A 3.2-mm-diameter glass fiberoptic bundle was used both to transmit the excitation light (489 nm) and to receive the fluorescent emission (517 nm). Dermofluorometer readings were recorded approximately every second for 10-15 minutes following the injection. The time course of the fluorescein signal intensity was fit to a single exponential curve characterized by a wash-in time constant. There was no significant difference in arm wash-in time constants. Foot wash-in time constants were increased in diabetic patients who had past histories of foot ulcers relative to diabetic patients without a history of foot ulcers (3.2 vs 1.6 min., p < 0.05). Foot wash-in time constants were decreased in diabetic patients who had active infected foot ulcers. This study demonstrates the ability of the dynamic dermofluorometer to measure wash-in constants that reflect the local skin perfusion in less than 15 minutes after a low intravenous dose of sodium fluorescein.

Fiber Optic Technology↗

PubMed1975

Cytology of bronchial washings: a study of patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck.

Among 18 patients with locally advanced malignant neoplasms of the head and neck region, bronchial washings failed to reveal tumor cells despite the demonstration of exfoliated tumor cells in washings from the region of the primary tumor in 13 (72 percent) of the patients. Among 17 patients with bronchogenic carcinomas, however, tumor cells were isolated from the bronchial washings in 14 (82 percent). These results indicate that, in patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck, tumor cells found in bonchial washings probably are not from the primary head and neck neoplasms. Thus, cytologic examination of bronchial washings may be validly employed in the differential diagnosis of the pulmonary tumors in patients with malignant neoplasms of the head and neck region.

Bronchi↗

PubMed1987

Low incidence of acquired cytomegalovirus infection in neonates transfused with washed red blood cells.

To define the incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in infants given transfusions of washed blood cells from random donors, 100 infants who were identified as being CMV seronegative at birth were resampled at hospital discharge and again six weeks after hospitalization. All infants received washed red blood cell products; 37 infants received nonleukodepleted platelets and/or plasma. There were 7.4 donor exposures per infant. Donor units were assayed for anti-CMV IgG and IgM at the time of donation. Seventy-six infants received at least one transfusion from a seropositive donor (mean transfusion volume, 89 mL; mean, 3.7 seropositive donor exposures). Infection was defined by seroconversion to anti-CMV. None of the recipients of exclusively seronegative blood seroconverted. A single infant who received 34 mL of washed cells from a seropositive donor (IgG+, IgM-) and 31 mL of washed cells from a seronegative donor showed IgM anti-CMV 15 days after transfusion and IgG anti-CMV at a six-week follow-up visit. No recipients of IgM+ blood were infected. Our data demonstrate a 1.3% incidence of anti-CMV seroconversion following receipt of washed red cells from seropositive donors. This rate is within background levels for hospitalized neonates and is significantly lower than results of similar studies using unwashed blood.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗

PubMed2000

Pre- and postresection thoracic washings in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung: a cytological study of 44 patients without pleural effusion.

The presence of malignant pleural effusion in patients with non-small cell bronchogenic cancer has a poor prognostic significance and is indicative of advanced disease (T4, IIIB). The present study will investigate the role of cytology and identify the various cellular components seen in thoracic washings, in the absence of an effusion, and will identify the potential pitfalls in diagnosing these specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values will be determined, as well as the associated predictive factors. From November 1996 to July 1997, 96 thoracic washings were performed on 44 patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung prior to and following resection. The specimens were processed routinely. To assess the false-negative or false-positive cases, all cases were rescreened and then correlated with the surgical pathology. Seven (15.9%) patients had positive findings detected on the pre- and/or postresection thoracic washings. One (2.3%) patient had a negative preresection, but cytologically atypical cells were found on the postresection. Thirty-six (81.8%) patients had negative pre- and postresection thoracic washings. There were no false-positive diagnoses in the study; however, two false-negative diagnoses were made. The finding of positive cytology in 7 of 44 (15.9%) patients appears significant. Thoracic washings may provide evidence of cancer beyond the pleura in patients without pleural effusion which may be indicative of advanced disease.

Aged↗

PubMed1981

Growth of lung cancer colonies from bronchoscopy washings.

Cells from bronchoscopy washings from 30 patients with lung cancer were plated in tissue culture using a human tumor stem cell assay technique. These culture results were subsequently compared to routine cytology readings carried out on the same specimens. The stem cell culture showed colony growth from 9 of 11 cytologically positive bronchoscopy washing specimens. More colonies grew from cytologically positive specimens (average of six colonies per plate) than from cytologically negative specimens (average of 0.8 colonies per plate). With additional refinements, the stem cell culture system could be used to improve the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy washings. However, at present, the low number of tumor colonies grown from the washings precludes performing chemosensitivity studies on tumor cells from the bronchoscopy washing specimens.

Bronchoscopy↗

PubMed1995

Cytology, flow cytometry, image analysis, and interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder washes: a comparative study.

The diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in bladder washes is a diagnostic challenge to cytology. This study assessed the role of flow cytometry (FCM), image analysis (IA), and interphase cytogenetics by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as adjuncts in the cytodiagnosis of TCC in bladder washes. Forty separate samples of bladder washes were prospectively evaluated by conventional cytology (CY), FCM, IA, and FISH, and the results were compared with the subsequent surgical biopsy specimens which revealed 26 TCC (3 GR I, 6 GR II, 17 GR III) and 14 benign lesions. Using histology as the "gold standard" and following the previously published criteria for detection of TCC by CY, FCM, IA, and FISH, the concordance rates between histology and CY, FCM, IA, and FISH were 75, 74, 89, and 83%, respectively. CY, FCM, IA, FISH, and histology were concordant in 54% of the cases. The sensitivity of CY, FCM, IA, and FISH were 61, 72, 91, and 73%, respectively, while the specificity were 100, 80, 83, and 100%, respectively. The combined sensitivity of all the parameters was 96%. Interestingly, the false positive cases by FCM and IA showed cystitis. We conclude that IA has the highest sensitivity in detecting TCC in bladder washes followed by FISH, FCM, and CY, while CY and FISH have the highest specificity. This study indicates that FCM, IA, and FISH are useful adjuncts to cytology in the diagnosis of TCC in bladder washes. The finding of DNA-aneuploidy in cystitis warrants further investigation.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pesticide residue on/in the washed skin and its potential contribution to dermal toxicity.

Washing the skin of humans or experimental animals after exposure to a pesticide or other chemical may leave a major portion of the dose on/in the washed skin. Questions have been raised as to whether this skin residue can contribute to the toxicity of a pesticide by continued post-wash absorption. In a set of 19 pesticides tested in the rat to determine the fate of this skin residue, absorption from the washed skin continued in 15 at all doses tested, continued in 2 pesticides at only some of the doses tested and did not continue in 2 volatile pesticides. However, only nine pesticides showed an increase in systemic concentration following absorption from the washed skin, which can be considered indicative of potential increased toxicity. The time of occurrence and magnitude of the increase varied with chemical and dose, being a combination of rate and magnitude of absorption and rate and magnitude of excretion of the absorbed chemical. Similar patterns of continued absorption of skin residue may be expected to occur in humans.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Wash-in rate on the basis of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: usefulness for prostate cancer detection and localization.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of the wash-in rate based on dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI for the detection and localization of prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 53 patients, the wash-in rate was measured in the cancer area and in three normal areas (the peripheral zone, inner portion of the transitional zone, and outer portion of the transitional zone). On the basis of these data, parametric imaging was generated and then its accuracy for cancer detection and location was evaluated compared to that of T2-weighted imaging without the use of an endorectal coil. For that purpose the entire prostate was divided into 18 segments. RESULTS: The wash-in rate value was greater in cancer tissue (9.2/second) than in three normal tissues (3.3/second, 6.7/second, and 3.2/second, respectively; P<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity were greater on parametric imaging of the wash-in rate compared to T2-weighted imaging in the entire prostate (96% and 82% vs. 65% and 60%, respectively) and the peripheral zone (96% and 97% vs. 75% and 53%; P<0.05). In the transitional zone, the sensitivity was greater on parametric imaging (96%) than on T2-weighted imaging (45%; P=0.016), but the specificity was similar (51% vs. 73%; P=0.102). CONCLUSION: The wash-in rate based on DCE-MRI is a useful parameter for prostate cancer detection and localization.

Aged↗

PubMed1993

Detection of human rhinovirus RNA in nasal washings by PCR.

A PCR assay was developed to detect human rhinovirus (HRV) RNA in nasal washings from individuals experimentally infected with HRV-39 or HRV strain Hanks. Total RNA was purified from samples stored in the presence of vanadyl ribonucleoside complex (VRC) by one of two methods: proteinase K digestion followed by multiple extractions with phenol/chloroform (PK-PC); or denaturation with guanidinium thiocyanate followed by one phenol/chloroform extraction (GTC). The limit of detection of HRV in nasal washings spiked with HRV-39 was lower with the GTC method (1 TCID50) than with the PK-PC method. In a study of 31 nasal washings extracted by the PK-PC method, the sensitivity (93%) and negative predictive value (94%) were sub-optimal in comparison to cell culture. In a study of 60 nasal washings extracted by the GTC method, the number of samples positive by PCR (25) exceeded by two the number positive by isolation in cell culture. A GTC-based method for HRV RNA extraction in nasal washings was superior to a proteinase K-phenol/chloroform-based method in regard to sensitivity, consumption of reagents, material and time.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Use of an internal control in a nested-PCR assay for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae detection and quantification in tracheobronchiolar washings from pigs.

We have previously reported a nested PCR assay for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae directly in tracheobronchiolar washings from living pigs in field conditions. Here, we describe the construction and use of an internal control to monitor the presence of PCR inhibitors. A PCR modified target DNA was constructed by insertion of a small DNA fragment into the M. hyopneumoniae specific DNA target. We have demonstrated that the internal control failed to be amplified in only three tracheobronchiolar washings samples out of the 362 tested. This control molecule was inserted in a Spiroplasma citri derived plasmid vector and introduced into S. citri cells by electroporation. After a few passages we ensured that the recombinant plasmid became inserted into the genome of S. citri. PCR amplification of the DNA of this transformed S. citri strain using nested PCR primers led to amplification of a 900-bp fragment which can be discriminated from the M. hyopneumoniae PCR product 700 bp. The S. citri transformants with the integrated internal control were added to the tracheobronchiolar washings prior to PCR and used as an internal control to check the efficiency of sample processing, and to demonstrate the presence of inhibitors. Furthermore, we have been able to estimate the number of mycoplasma cells in the tracheobronchiolar washings. Quantitation was performed by comparing the PCR signal intensity of the specific M. hyopneumoniae template with known concentrations of the S. citri competitor. The titer in tracheobronchiolar washings ranged approximatively from 10(4)to 10(8)M. hyopneumoniae cells per ml of clinical specimen. Quantitative PCR can be a useful tool for monitoring the progression of M. hyopneumoniae in the disease process.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Characterization of cell surface material removed by water and NaCl washing of Paracoccus denitrificans grown under conditions of divalent cation deficiency and sufficiency.

Paracoccus denitrificans grown on complex medium deficient in Mg2+ and Ca2+ are rendered lysozyme susceptible by washing with NaCl, whereas cells grown in a succinate-salts medium (Mg2+ and Ca2+ sufficient) or complex medium supplemented with Mg(2+)+Ca2+ are not. The material released by water washing of cells grown on complex medium and complex medium supplemented with Mg2+ and Ca2+ was characterized by a high protein content. There was a high lipid: protein ratio and an appreciable amount of 3-deoxyoctulosonic acid in the material released by NaCl washing of cells grown under all conditions, indicating release of outer membrane material. The lipid ornithine: lipid phosphorous ratios of NaCl wash from cells grown on complex medium and complex medium supplemented with Mg2+ and Ca2+ were 0.54 and 0.34, respectively. Although NaCl washing removed outer membrane material from cells grown under all conditions, only divalent cation deficient cells were rendered lysozyme susceptible. This might be explained by the increased outer membrane ornithine-containing lipid to phospholipid ratio in these cells yielding a more permeable outer membrane.

Cations, Divalent↗

PubMed1991

Effect of washing sputum on detection of pneumococcal capsular antigen.

The effect of washing of sputum on detection of pneumococcal capsular antigen was investigated. A total of 357 sputa from 104 patients was tested. Antigen could be detected in 164 (46%) of the sputa in both the washed and unwashed portions, and could not be detected in either portion in a further 180 (50%) sputa. Four (1%) of the sputa agglutinated in the negative control, and were considered to be auto-agglutinating. In 9 (3%) sputa antigen could be detected in the unwashed portion, but not in the washed portion. There were no specimens in which antigen could be detected in the washed portion only. These data indicate that pneumococcal capsular antigen can be detected as reliably in washed sputum as in unwashed sputum.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed2005

Sources and concentrations of mercury and selenium in compartments within the Las Vegas Wash during a period of rapid change.

The Las Vegas Wash, which drains the Las Vegas valley watershed and provides the second largest inflow to Lake Mead, is being dramatically altered with erosion control structures and wetland restoration efforts. The impact of these changes on the cycling and distribution of Hg and Se is of particular interest because of their tendency to bioaccumulate and because of a lack of information on these contaminants in the Wash. In this study, we determined concentrations of Hg and Se in surface water (monthly), groundwater (once) and sediments (quarterly) from strategic locations within and along the Wash during 2002 and 2003. The data was used to characterize Se sources and loading into the Wash. Samples containing resurfacing groundwater and urban runoff (LW10.75 and Duck Creek) had significantly higher yearly means (13.7 +/- 4.4 and 23.8 +/- 4.1 microg/L, respectively) compared with mainstream samples containing primarily treated wastewater (2.8 +/- 0.8 microg/L). Investigation of Se in tributaries, street runoff and rain suggest that the source of the elevated Se is likely groundwater seeps located within a relatively narrow geographic band on the southeast side of the valley. Se content of sediments was similar, except for LW10.75 which was rich in organic matter. Hg concentrations in the water and sediments were low, averaging 4 +/- 5 ng/L and 34 +/- 20 ng/g, dw, respectively. Overall, this study suggests that water quality remains relatively stable despite changes in the Wash and managers of developing wetlands should not use tributary water as source water.

Cities↗

PubMed1992

Microplate washing: process description and improvements.

Heterogeneous immunoassays require wash steps in order to separate bound from free constituents. In this paper we demonstrate that in microplate assays the washing process includes two separate physical processes: (1) a rapid and wash volume-dependent direct dilution of the droplet-shaped residual volume, and (2) a diffusion-limited and strongly time-dependent dilution of a residual layer of liquid, which necessitates the use of time-consuming soak times in the immunoassay. We have shown that optimizing the motion of the wash fluid effectively reduces the residual layer thickness that results in extended soak times. This results not only in improved washing efficiency and reduced background variance in the immunoassay, it also yields a significantly improved immunoassay sensitivity.

Immunoassay↗