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PubMed2003

The brain's response to incidental intruded words during focal text processing.

The functional neuroanatomy associated with processing single words incidentally, outside focal attention, was investigated. We asked subjects (n = 15) to listen, focus on, and comprehend a story narrative, and then single, unrelated but meaningful words were intruded into the ongoing narrative. We also manipulated the type of intruded word, using either neutral or emotionally valent words, to evaluate the extent of semantic processing and a potential encoding advantage for one type of material. Analyses emphasized the areas of activation unique to the intruded words as distinguished from the narrative text. Subjects were normal, healthy adults (n = 15). Compared to narrative text, the intruded words were associated with activation in the right middle temporal gyrus (BA 39) and posterior cingulate/precuneus regions (BA 30, 23). We conclude that the intruded words did make contact with word-level lexical but not necessarily semantic structures in the middle temporal region. The data suggested that the intruded words were processed by a "nonexecutive" monitoring system implemented by a pairing of activation in posterior, medial structures such as the posterior cingulate with deactivation in brain stem structures. This pattern induced a shift to more passive, less effortful, nonstrategic monitoring of the words. Thus, attention processing, not semantic processing, changes best characterized the brain activation unique to the intruded words. This posterior, medial region is discussed as a substrate dedicated to processing a second, incidental stream of information and thereby providing a crucial mechanism for implementing dual processing of the kind examined here.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Office automation.

By now, the term "office automation" should have more meaning for those readers who are not intimately familiar with the subject. Not all of the preceding material pertains to every department or practice, but certainly, word processing and simple telephone management are key items. The size and complexity of the organization will dictate the usefulness of electronic mail and calendar management, and the individual radiologist's personal needs and habits will determine the usefulness of the home computer. Perhaps the most important ingredient for success in the office automation arena relates to the ability to integrate information from various systems in a simple and flexible manner. Unfortunately, this is perhaps the one area that most office automation systems have ignored or handled poorly. In the personal computer world, there has been much emphasis recently on integration of packages such as spreadsheet, database management, word processing, graphics, time management, and communications. This same philosophy of integration has been applied to a few office automation systems, but these are generally vendor-specific and do not allow for a mixture of foreign subsystems. During the next few years, it is likely that a few vendors will emerge as dominant in this integrated office automation field and will stress simplicity and flexibility as major components.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

Automatic processes in word perception: an analysis from illusory conjunctions.

When asked to report the color of a target letter in a briefly presented word or pseudoword, Ss were more likely to report the color of letters from the same syllablelike unit than the color of other letters. Because Ss were not required to make a lexical decision or naming response, the multiletter units that are revealed by this task arise automatically. It was found that the syllablelike units are not phonological but correspond to orthographic patterns and morphemes. These units affect performance regardless of changes in letter-case, suggesting that the units are based on abstract letter identities. Unit formation was also not affected by visual field of presentation. Several experiments demonstrated that the morphological and orthographic units arise from different processes: The morphological units depend on lexical access, and the orthographic units do not. Finally, the effects of orthography are stronger for good readers than for poor readers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Effects of video games on visual function in children].

Health effects of video games were examined with a questionnaire survey and an experimental study. In the survey, age, sex, playing time with video games in a day, viewing distance between the eyes and the television screen, subjective symptoms of eye strain, and changes of visual acuity were investigated in 2,034 male and 2,321 female primary school children. In the experimental study, the visual loads of a one-hour word processing task and a video game were compared with various indices, such as critical flicker fusion, near point distance, blinking counts, eyeball movement, pupillary reflex and subjective fatigue symptoms in ten healthy male college students. The results of this study were as follows: 1) The viewing distance between the eyes and the TV screen was shorter for video games than for watching TV programs. 2) The rate of complaints related to eye strain in children who played video games over 120 min per day was significantly higher than that of other children. 3) The eye movements during video games were more rapid and frequent than those during conventional VDT work. 4) A decrease in CFF value and an extension of near point distance and an increase in subjective fatigue symptoms were demonstrated for both the word processing task and the video game. No significant differences were observed between the above two experimental conditions. This suggests that the visual loads for video games are similar to those for VDT work. These findings suggest that regulating the playing times to 60 minutes or less per day is necessary to prevent negative health effects in children.

Asthenopia↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of emergency medicine residents' computer knowledge and computer skills: time for an upgrade?

OBJECTIVE: To describe emergency medicine residents' (EMRs') personal computer (PC) use and educational needs and to compare their perceived and actual PC skills. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. Subjects were all EMRs at seven midwestern Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) residency programs. The EMRs completed a questionnaire about their PC use and ability to perform 23 tasks derived from two national retail-training programs. The tasks covered word processing, slide making, and Internet use. The EMRs then took a three-part test performing the skills in the questionnaire. Two independent raters scored the tests. Frequencies with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for categorical data. Positive and negative predictive values were used to report information comparing residents' performance with their self-assessment of skills. Cohen's kappa was used to test agreement between raters. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-four of 158 (79%) eligible EMRs participated. Since not all participants engaged in all parts of the study, the sample size varies between 121 and 124. One hundred one of 122 (83%; 95% CI = 75 to 89) owned a PC. The EMRs use home PCs a mean of 3.8 hours/week for physician duties and use residency PCs 1.9 hours/week (range 0-20). Ninety-six of 122 (79%; 95% CI = 70 to 86) EMRs reported no formal PC training during residency. Thirty-five percent (43/122; 95% CI = 27 to 44) passed the word-processing test and 50% (62/123; 95% CI = 41 to 60) passed the slide-making test. Reasons for failure were because of errors and not having a presentable product. Thirty-eight of 122 (31%; 95% CI = 23 to 40) failed the literature search, including 33 who said they could perform it. One hundred fifteen of 123 (94%; 95% CI = 88 to 98) EMRs were able to find an Internet address, including ten who stated they could not. Twenty-one percent of the residents who attempted any test (26/124; 95% CI = 14 to 29) passed all three tests. There was no association between year of training and success on the tests (p = 0.374). Thirty-seven of 115 (32%; 95% CI = 24 to 42) EMRs said they had insufficient PC training to meet their physician needs. CONCLUSIONS: Emergency medicine residents have much access to computer technology and possess some computer skills; however, many are unable to produce a usable product or conduct a literature search. Emergency medicine residents have not had sufficient computer training prior to residency. The computer skills of EMRs should be assessed through skills testing rather than self-assessment, and computer training during residency should be improved.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2000

Developing normal reading skills: aspects of the visual processes underlying word recognition.

Visual word recognition performance of first graders (mean age: 6.6 years) through fifth graders (mean age: 10.8 years) was investigated using an experimental technique that is known to elicit the "viewing position effect" in skilled readers. The results showed that this effect, which consists of a systematic variation of performance as a function of fixation position within words, emerged early at the end of the 1st year of reading instruction. Visual field asymmetries in recognizing individual letters in words were also observed starting from first grade. Effects of word familiarity were obtained as early as in second grade. In contrast to skilled readers, children showed a marked word-length effect, which persisted through the first 5 years of instruction. No other qualitative differences between beginning and skilled readers were apparent. Hence, the basics of reading skills, as measured by the present technique, seem to be attained very early during acquisition. Further experience mainly reduces the time a reader needs to extract visual information from print.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Modulation of semantic processing using word length and complexity: an ERP study.

The objective of this study was to assess changes in semantic priming in two experiments which separately manipulated word length and the location of a semantic incongruence within spoken compound words. All words began 1500 ms after the presentation of related, partially unrelated, or totally unrelated picture-primes. Using a picture of a dogbone as an example, either the spoken words DOGBONE, WISHBONE, DOGHOUSE, or MAILBOX could occur as targets (underscores indicate semantically unrelated parts). In practice, only one of the four possible targets occurred with each prime. Subjects made speeded responses by pressing one of two buttons (related/unrelated) while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were collected from various scalp locations. The behavioral analyses of response time and accuracy were sensitive to changes in word length, but inconclusive for semantic relatedness. However, repeated-measures ANOVAs of peak amplitude, latency, and mean area amplitude of the N400 ERP revealed significant effects of word length and semantic priming. Comparison of related compounds with partially unrelated word-initial violations of context (e.g., WISHBONE) revealed diminished activity following the peak of the N400. Comparison of partially unrelated word-final contextual violations (e.g., DOGHOUSE) revealed an N400 effect delayed by approximately the mean length of the word-initial component. These results demonstrate the dynamic sensitivity of the cortical semantic processor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Strategic control of processing in word recognition.

Strategic control of word recognition in a lexical decision task was examined by manipulating the similarity of nonword foils to real words (nonword lexicality). Overall correct reaction times to words and the advantage of high- over low-frequency words were greater when nonword foils were more wordlike. This was true for both illegal (BTESE) versus legal (DEEST) nonword foils and legal nonword versus pseudohomophone (BEEST) foils. The same pattern of results was replicated in a 2nd experiment in which the word targets were always irregular (e.g., HAVE). A 3rd experiment demonstrated a large frequency blocking effect for low-frequency words, given pseudohomophone foils. The results are applied to pathway selection and random-walk frame-works. For both framework, canonical models are developed, which characterize qualitative predictions of broad classes of models within that framework. We argue for a pluralistic approach to theory development that moves from lower to higher order isomorphisms between data and theory.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Phonological competition and cooperation in form-related priming: sequential and nonsequential processes in word production.

Phonological competition theory states that competition among discrepant segments of similar words leads to inhibition of high-frequency word-naming responses in form-related priming tasks. If segments are selected sequentially, competition should be greater for begin-related pairs (storage-story), in which discrepant segments are late in the words, than for end-related pairs (glory-story), in which discrepant segments are selected before the shared ones. This pattern was not observed in standard visual priming, probably because of the influence of parallel orthographic input. However, it was observed in a repetitive word-pair production task in which visual input was absent. The findings favor a class of models in which nonsequential activation of phonological content precedes sequential selection of the segments of words to be spoken.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Visual and phonological processing of words: a comparison of good and poor readers.

At the beginning of the school year, 80 first graders, half receiving phonics instruction and half receiving whole word instruction, were asked to spell, read aloud, and recognize 60 regular and exception words. A standardized reading test and phoneme segmentation test were also administered. Those above grade level in reading excelled in phonological recording and application of grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules and were weaker in utilization of visual-orthographic knowledge. Those below grade level applied visual more than phonological coding and benefited from the visual-orthographic knowledge available in a clue word. Results support a continuum of visual and phonological analysis skills in first-grade reading consistent with Frith's (1985) logographic, alphabetic, and orthographic skill levels.

Awareness↗
PubMed2000

Is the processing of words during eye fixations in reading strictly serial?

Extant models of oculomotor control during reading maintain that allocation of attention confines word recognition to one (target) word at a time, and that an eye movement to a new (posttarget) word is computed before attention is shifted to it. To test these assumptions, properties of the posttarget's preview were manipulated during the fixation of the preceding target word. The main results revealed longer target viewing durations when the posttarget preview was visually distinctive or when it was orthographically illegal. The meaning of posttarget text did not affect initial target word reading, although it affected the time spent rereading the target. To account for these findings, extant attention-shift models must assume that readers obtain at least visuospatial and orthographic information from a parafovelly visible word before it is attended. This view has shortcomings, however, and several considerations favor less restrictive model assumptions according to which attention can be allocated to more than one word at a time.

Attention↗