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Results for “anger expression”

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PubMed2007

Amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity to social threat in individuals with impulsive aggression.

BACKGROUND: Converging evidence from animal and human lesion studies implicates the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in emotional regulation and aggressive behavior. However, it remains unknown if functional deficits exist in these specific brain regions in clinical populations in which the cardinal symptom is impulsive aggression. We have previously shown that subjects diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder (IED), a psychiatric disorder characterized by reactive aggressive behavior, perform poorly on facial emotion recognition tasks. In this study we employed a social-emotional probe of amygdala-OFC function in individuals with impulsive aggression. METHODS: Ten unmedicated subjects with IED and 10 healthy, matched comparison subjects (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing blocks of emotionally salient faces. We compared amygdala and OFC reactivity to faces between IED and HC subjects, and examined the relationship between the extent of activation in these regions and extent of prior history of aggressive behavior. RESULTS: Relative to controls, individuals with IED exhibited exaggerated amygdala reactivity and diminished OFC activation to faces expressing anger. Extent of amygdala and OFC activation to angry faces were differentially related to prior aggressive behavior across subjects. Unlike controls, aggressive subjects failed to demonstrate amygdala-OFC coupling during responses to angry faces. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence of amygdala-OFC dysfunction in response to an ecologically-valid social threat signal (processing angry faces) in individuals with a history of impulsive aggressive behavior, and further substantiate a link between a dysfunctional cortico-limbic network and aggression.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Bioenergetic exercises in inpatient treatment of Turkish immigrants with chronic somatoform disorders: a randomized, controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether bioenergetic exercises (BE) significantly influence the inpatient psychotherapeutic treatment results for Turkish immigrants with chronic somatoform disorders. METHOD: In a 6-week randomized, prospective, controlled trial, we treated a sample of 128 Turkish patients: 64 were randomly assigned to BE and 64 participated in gymnastic exercises in lieu of BE. The Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) were employed. RESULTS: According to the intent-to-treat principle, the bioenergetic analysis group achieved significantly better treatment results on most of the SCL-90-R and STAXI scales. CONCLUSIONS: BE appears to improve symptoms of somatization, social insecurity, depressiveness, anxiety, and hostility in the inpatient therapy of subjects with chronic somatoform disorders. Reduction of the anger level and reduction in directing anger inwards, with a simultaneous increase of spontaneous outward emotional expression, could be expected.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Anger, hostility and aggression in the first days of acute stroke.

In acute stroke patients, anger can disturb management and rehabilitation and creates a stressful situation for family, health-care providers and other patients. We aim to describe the presence of anger and its association with demographic, clinical, psychiatric, lesion variables and functional outcome in acute stroke patients. We screened anger prospectively in 202 consecutive acute stroke patients (< or =4 days) using eight items from three psychiatric scales (Catastrophic Reaction Scale, Mania Rating Scale and Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale). Anger was present if the patient scored in at least one item. Anger was detected in 71 (35%) patients and 26 of these were severely angry (> or =4 points). There was no association between anger and the considered variables. Analysis of the items extracted two factors: (i) the emotional-cognitive and (ii) the behavioural components of anger. These components were independent of each other in 26 patients. In 38 patients we found a dissociation between clinical observation and patients' subjective expression. Anger was frequent in acute stroke patients. Anger was probably triggered by the brain lesion, which interfered with the emotional control. The lack of an association with clinical and imaging variables suggests a contribution of psychological/psychosocial dimensions.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Gender differences in social representations of aggression: the phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control?

Women are more likely than men to experience acts of aggression as expressive (a loss of self-control) than as instrumental (control over others). We propose that this might arise from differences in behavioural restraint. If women have better inhibitory control, aggressive behaviour should occur less frequently yet should be experienced as more emotionally 'out of control' because women can tolerate higher levels of anger before inhibitory control is breached. Participants (N = 606) aged 13-24 completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and Expagg. A more expressive view of aggression was associated with higher levels of STAXI anger control and higher levels of MPQ constraint. However, it was the harm avoidance component of constraint, rather than control versus impulsivity, that was the stronger predictor. While behavioural inhibition is built on an infrastructure of fear, the latter may be more important in explaining gender differences in social representations of aggression.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Marital stress and medical training: an experience with a support group for medical house staff wives.

This paper reports on a support group for medical house staff wives. This informal group revealed prevailing feelings of depression, anger, frustation, and impotence in coping with their spouses' training period. All participants agreed that the group had been a positive experience, allowing them to express anger in a safe place, and not to their husbands. They also stated that the group validated the fact that their concerns were in fact real and shared by many women. Although it is unclear what the responsibility of a training program is to wives of physicians in training; this group demonstrated that not only were physicians stressed, but their wives were as well. Further study of the impact of the training experience on both physician and spouse would be helpful in determining appropriate methods of intervention to reduce feelings of stress and depression for both physician and spouse during the training period.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

An experimental, observational investigation of children's responses to peer provocation: developmental and gender differences in middle childhood.

The primary goal of this research was to use an experimental, observational method to study the development of anger expression during middle childhood. Eight-, 10-, and 12-year-old girls and boys (N = 382) were observed during a laboratory play session that was provoking in two ways: Participants lost a computer game they were playing for a desirable prize, and their play partner was a same-age, same-gender confederate actor who taunted them. Children's responses to the provoking play sessions--facial expressions, verbalizations, and gestures--were reliably coded. Overall, children in these age groups maintained a remarkable degree of composure. Girls made fewer negative comments than boys did, and fewer negative gestures. Older children maintained more neutral facial expressions, made fewer gestures, and were more likely to remain silent when provoked. When they spoke, older children made fewer negative comments, fewer remarks about the game, and fewer positive comments about themselves or the actor.

Anger↗

PubMed2001

The influence of sex, gender, self-discrepancies, and self-awareness on anger and verbal aggressiveness among U.S. college students.

Among a sample of 445 U.S. college students, the authors examined the extent to which individual differences (e.g., sex, gender, self-discrepancies, self-awareness) explained anger tendencies and verbal aggressiveness. Regression analyses showed that (a) the tendency to repress anger (anger-in) was explained by masculinity, desire to be masculine, and public self-awareness, R2 = .19, F(11, 433) = 8.44, p < .001; (b) the tendency to express anger (anger-out) was explained by sex, masculinity, and public self-awareness, R2 = .17, F(11, 433) = 7.38, p < .001; and (c) willingness to be verbally aggressive was explained by sex, femininity, and private self-awareness, R2 = .32, F(11, 433) = 16.94, p < .001. In addition, different types of individual difference variables accounted for anger tendencies and verbal aggressiveness across sex and gender categories, suggesting that anger and verbal aggressiveness may be driven by different psychological processes across types of participants.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Suppressed anger and blood pressure: the effects of race, sex, social class, obesity, and age.

We studied 572 men and women who participated in a blood pressure screening program at a government unemployment office. Before having their blood pressures taken, the subjects completed a brief questionnaire that included two items measuring conflict over anger expression. Information was also obtained on obesity, race, sex, social class, and age. Across all subjects, systolic blood pressure was found to be significantly related to suppressed anger (p less than 0.016). Normotensive were twice as likely as hypertensives to be free of suppressed anger. This relationship remained after controlling for the covariates of age, social class, and obesity. The relationship between suppressed anger and systolic blood pressure was significant for white men, exhibited a trend in black men, and was not significant for women. In contrast to the systolic findings, suppressed anger was unrelated to diastolic pressure in all the analyses.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Multiple personality: self-rape.

Multiple personality disorder is the classification given a person for whom two or more distinct personalities are diagnosed. The personalities can be different and vary in character from aggressive to submissive (victimized). The victim alters can be abused and abuse or mutilate self to relieve anxiety or guilt (deserving punishment) or to exert control. Alters may provide a means of expressing anger or other feelings. Aggression towards the body may be sexually oriented, so one may ask whether aggression could make self-rape possible. If so, such expression of self-injuries may be observed in a person with multiple personality as when one alter may injure another. Clinical case material is presented on this concept for a woman who had been formally diagnosed with multiple personality disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Medical student distress. A longitudinal study.

This longitudinal study investigated the relative importance of correlates of psychological distress in first year medical students (N = 312) in September and May. Anxiety levels were one SD above the mean when compared with nonpatient levels in both September and May, and the percentage of students reporting depression doubled over the study period. Problem-focused coping decreased, emotion-focused coping increased, and satisfaction with social supports decreased over the year. In contrast, type A behavior and anger expression were more stable. Students distressed in September were at higher risk for distress in May. Students distressed in May were also characterized by higher scores for suppressed anger and type A behavior in May, even after controlling for distress in September.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Anger, depression, and anxiety following heroin withdrawal.

Residents in a detoxification/motivation program for drug users provided speech samples just after detoxification and again 5 weeks later. Content analysis scales were used to obtain scores for Hostility (Inward, Outward, and Ambivalent), Cognitive Anxiety, Pawn, Origin, and Sociality. Comparisons were made with scores from a previous sample of students, unemployed people, and drug users. At the end of the program there were significant positive changes in all scores except those for Hostility Outward and Pawn. Of particular interest was the anger expressed just after detoxification and maintained at a significantly high level during the following weeks. This suggests a need for drug-treatment programs to include specific anger-management interventions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

[Somatic symptoms of depression].

OBJECTIVE: The somatic component of depression is an important clinical phenomenon. The role of somatic amplification, alexithymia, anger and symptom attribution has been investigated in the genesis of the somatic symptoms of depression. METHOD: The study was carried out with 32 patients attending the outpatient psychiatry clinics of Karadeniz Technical University Medical School, meeting the diagnosis of depression according to DSM-IV, and 34 healthy subjects. The subjects were assessed with the Beck Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, the Somatosensory Amplification Scale, the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire and a data form for recording sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: The sociodemographic characteristics of the sample were similar. The anxiety, alexithymia, and anger-in scores were significantly higher, while anger-control scores were significantly lower in the depressive subjects. Psychologizing attributes were positively correlated with depression and anxiety. Normalizing was negatively correlated with anxiety. Somatizating was correlated with the difficulty in identifying feelings subscale of alexithymia. DISCUSSION: These findings show that depressive patients are more alexithymic, have more difficulty in controlling their anger and introject their anger more compared to the healthy controls. Depressed and anxious subjects psychologize, and subjects with difficulty in identifying emotions somatize their symptoms.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The lived experience of premature ovarian failure.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the lived experience of women who have been diagnosed with idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF). DESIGN: Phenomenology was used to achieve the purpose. Women were asked to share their experiences in living with premature ovarian failure during an approximately 1-hour interview. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed for emergent themes. SETTING: Interviews were conducted in the participants' homes and in a conference room in a hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The six participants were drawn from a multicultural sample of women with idiopathic POF. RESULTS: The women in this study expressed anger at their health care providers for their perceived lack of quality care they had experienced and at the insurance industry for its lack of reimbursement for fertility interventions; they expressed depression and sadness at the prospective outcome of the diagnosis, mixed emotions regarding their significant others, and sadness and resignation about their menopausal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers who create an environment in which women and their significant others will feel supported in asking questions, be assured that their concerns are taken seriously, and be provided with the physical and emotional resources they need can help these women to continue to build and live their lives.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Anger suppression mediates the relationship between optimism and natural killer cell cytotoxicity in men treated for localized prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated relations among optimism, depression, anger suppression and natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) in 61 men treated for localized prostate cancer (PC). METHOD: All participants were assessed at a single time point where demographics, optimism, depression and anger suppression were measured. We also collected peripheral venous blood to assess NKCC. RESULTS: Results showed that greater optimism was associated with greater NKCC (beta=.27, P<.05), less depression (beta=-.63, P<.001) and less anger suppression (beta=-.29, P<.05). Furthermore, less anger suppression (beta=-.35, P<.01) was associated with greater NKCC. In a hierarchical regression model controlling for depression and then anger suppression, the relationship between optimism and NKCC became nonsignificant [beta=.18, t(56)=1.51, P=.14], while anger suppression remained significantly correlated with NKCC [beta=-.29, t(56)=-2.40, P<.05]. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that optimism is associated with NKCC and a greater ability to adaptively express anger. Furthermore, it appears that less anger suppression partially mediates the relationship between optimism and NKCC.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Lamotrigine treatment of aggression in female borderline-patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Anger and aggression are typical in borderline patients. The goal of this study was to compare the efficacy of lamotrigine versus placebo in the treatment of aggression in women meeting the criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD). We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine in 24 female subjects meeting Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) criteria for BPD. The subjects were randomly assigned in a 2: 1 manner ratio to lamotrigine (n = 18) or placebo (n = 9). Treatment duration was 8 weeks. Primary outcome measures were self-reported changes on the anger scales of the Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In comparison with the placebo group, and according to the intention-to-treat principle, highly significant (p < 0.01) changes on four STAXI scales (State-Anger, Trait-Anger, Anger-Out, Anger-Control) were observed in those subjects treated with lamotrigine after 8 weeks. The only exception (p < 0.05) was found on the Anger-In scale, where a difference of only 8.5% (p < 0.2) was found. All the patients tolerated lamotrigine relatively well. Lamotrigine appears to be a safe and effective agent in the treatment of anger in women with criteria-defined BPD as defined by SCID criteria. It did not produce any clinically significant effect on body weight.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

[Perception of schizophrenic patients in classifying pictures of facial expression].

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of schizophrenics in classifying pictures of various facial expressions. Schizophrenics were divided into five groups according to the duration of their hospitalization. In the first experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the pictures of three different kinds of facial expressions, anger, delight (laughing) and sadness (crying), and classify them into any categories they like. In comparison with normals, schizophrenics had a difficulty in recognizing the differences in the various facial expressions. In the second experiment, subjects were instructed to look at the same pictures and classify them into three groups of different facial expressions. In this case, schizophrenics were able to classify them almost as well as normals.

Emotions↗

PubMed2005

Self-talk and affective problems in college students: valence of thinking and cognitive content specificity.

The aim of this study was to develop a Self-Talk Inventory for young adults. This inventory consisted of two scales. The Negative Self-Talk Scale included three categories of self-talk (depressive, anxious, and angry thoughts) and the Positive Self-Talk Scale, three categories (minimization, positive orientation, and coping self-instructions). Participants were 982 undergraduate students (Mean age = 20.35 years, SD = 2.16). They completed the self-talk scales together with the following scales to measure symptoms of affective disorders: the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-T). Factor analyses confirmed the hypothesized structure for the Self-Talk Inventory. The relations between self-talk and symptoms of affective disorders (depression, anxiety, and anger) were also evaluated. In general, states-of-mind -SOM- ratios and negative cognitions showed a greater association with psychological symptoms than did positive cognitions. Results concerning the cognitive characteristics of depression, anxiety, and anger were mixed and partially supported the cognitive content specificity theory.

Adult↗

PubMed2007

HTR2C and HTR1A gene variants in German and Italian suicide attempters and completers.

The serotonin 2C (HTR2C) and 1A (HTR1A) receptors have been involved in suicide-related behaviors. We studied gene variants of both receptors in suicide attempters and completers. The sample was composed of 167 German suicide attempters (affective spectrum n = 107, schizophrenia spectrum n = 35, borderline personality disorder n = 25), 92 Caucasian individuals who committed suicide, 312 German healthy subjects, 152 Italian suicide attempters (major depression n = 68 and bipolar disorder n = 84), and 131 Italian healthy volunteers. HTR2C (SNP: rs547536, rs2192372, rs6318, rs2428707, rs4272555, rs1801412) and HTR1A (SNP: rs1423691, rs878567, and rs6295) variants were analyzed in the German sample. HTR2C rs6318 and HTR1A rs6295 were analyzed in the Italian sample. Haplotype analysis in relation to suicidal behaviors did not reveal any significant association. Single markers and haplotypes were not or only marginally associated with other related features, such as violence of suicide attempt, family history for suicide attempt or State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and Questionnaire for Measuring Factors of Aggression (FAF) scores. In conclusion, our study does not support the notion that HTR2C and HTR1A gene variants are major contributors to suicide-, anger-, or aggression-related behaviors in our sample.

Adolescent↗